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摘要:评价理论是在人际意义的研究上发展出来的词汇,是对系统功能语言学的补充和拓展。本篇论文运用评价系统中的态度子系统对SISTER CARRIE中Hurstwood的话语进行分析,从而揭示其话语所表达的态度、立场以及人际意义。
关键词:评价理论;态度资源;话语分析;人际意义
1.评价理论
从 20 世纪 90 年代初,James Martin便开始研究评价理论,随后,他出版了多部有关评价理论的著作,使得“评价系统”或“评价理论”为研究学者们所知。Martin将评价理论分成三个系统:态度系统、介入系统和级差系统。态度系统包括情感、判断和鉴赏三个字系统;介入系统包括借言和自言两个子系统;级差包括语势和聚焦两个子系统。
本研究主要运用态度(Attitude)系统作为理论基础,态度系统指评价者对行为、文本以及现象所表达的各种情感,包括情感、判断和鉴赏三个子系统。(Martin & Rose, 2003)情感是评价者对事物或现象的主观反应,具有非常明确的主观性。判断,是评价者对人物的性格和行为的判断,与特定的社会文化相关,是在一定的社会伦理价值框架下解释人们肯定或否定的行为。(Painter,2003)鉴赏,是对物质或事情做出肯定或否定的评价,而并不针对人的行为。(White,1998)
2. 实例研究及分析
2.1研究对象和方法
本研以SISTER CARRIE中Hurstwood的话语为研究对象,分别选取Hurstwood与嘉莉相爱到私奔阶段的24个语篇,在各语篇中选出态度词汇(174),然后分别归入情感、判断和鉴赏三个类别,并计算各资源的占比。
2.2 研究结果及分析
统计发现,关于Hurstwood 的情感词汇有98个,占比56.3%,判断词汇53个,占比30.5、鉴赏词汇23个,占比13.2%。
2.2.1 对情感资源的具体分析
“You think,” he said, “I am happy[ affect,+], that I ought not to complain [ affect,-]? If you were to meet all day people who care absolutely nothing about [ affect,-]you, if you went day after day to a place where there was nothing but show indifference[ affect,-] if there was not one person in all those you knew to whom you could appeal for sympathy[affect,-] or talk to with pleasure[ affect,+], perhaps you would unhappy[affect,-] too.”
该段落是Hurstwood与嘉莉之间的一个对话,背景是Carrie与Hurstwood秘密约会了几次后,Hurstwood向嘉莉表露他生活、感情的辛酸,控诉自己不幸的生活。在该段落中,Hurstwood运用了较多的情感词汇,一方面描述了别人眼中的自己,如,“happy”,“not complain”,另一方面又向嘉莉倾诉自己的不幸,如“care nothing about”,“indefference”,“unhappy”等,这样的词汇能够得到嘉莉对自己的同情,让嘉莉接受他。
2.2.2 对判断资源的具体分析
“Its a lie[ judgement,-], I tell you,”he said, in a low ,sharp voice. “Youve been searching around for some cheap accusation[ judgement,-] for mouths, and now you think you have it. You think you will spring something and get the upper hand.
該段落是Hurstwood与他的妻子之间的对话。该段落中,“lie”,“cheap accusation”、“dictate”等与道德判断相关的词来评价妻子的行为。为了掩盖自己的行为,Hurstwood将过错推到妻子身上去,这是一种懦弱的人际行为。
2.2.3对鉴赏资源的具体分析
With his minds eye he looked into her comfortable[ appreciation,+] room in Odgen Place, where he had spent such delightful[ appreciation,+] evenings,and thought how charming [ appreciation,+]it would be when Drouet was disposed of entirely and she was waiting evenings in cosey [ appreciation,+]little quarters for him.
该段落是Hurstwood在妻子、儿女对自己的态度不像以前那样尊敬、钦佩后,自我安慰的一段心理独白。该段落中,运用“comfortable”,“cosey”“delightful”,“charming”等鉴赏词汇描述他与Carrie幸福而甜蜜温馨的生活,这幅蓝图从侧面衬托出Hurstwood对嘉莉的爱。
3.结论
在评价理论的框架下对Hurstwood的话语进行分析,揭示了其话语所表达的态度和立场,及其实现人际意义的根本途径。
参考文献:
[1]Martin, J. R. & Rose, D. Working with Discourse: Meaning Beyond the Clause [M]. London: Continuum, 2003.
[2]Painter,C. Developing Attitude:An Ontogenetic Perspective on Appraisal [J]. Text,2003.
[3]Theodore Dreiser. Sister Carrie [M]. New York: Holt, Rinehart and Winston, Inc. 1957.
[4]White,P. R. R. Telling Media Tales:The News Story as Rhetoric [D]. Sydney:University of Sydney,1998.