‘富有’甜柿中间砧的早期筛选和嫁接亲和性*

2017-06-23 12:08江锡兵龚榜初刘同祥吴开云
林业科学 2017年5期
关键词:甜柿嫁接苗成活率

汤 丹 江锡兵 龚榜初 刘同祥 徐 阳 吴开云

(中国林业科学研究院亚热带林业研究所 浙江省林木育种技术研究重点实验室 杭州 311400)



‘富有’甜柿中间砧的早期筛选和嫁接亲和性*

汤 丹 江锡兵 龚榜初 刘同祥 徐 阳 吴开云

(中国林业科学研究院亚热带林业研究所 浙江省林木育种技术研究重点实验室 杭州 311400)

【目的】 通过研究‘富有’甜柿中间砧嫁接苗苗期生长、解剖等表现,筛选出早期亲和的嫁接组合,并探讨中间砧嫁接的亲和性机制。【方法】 以浙江柿作基砧,‘兰溪大红柿’、‘南通小方柿’、‘次郎’和‘西村早生’作中间砧(设置10 cm和25 cm 2种长度),嫁接‘富有’接穗,对其苗期生长等表型性状和生理生化指标进行对比分析和综合评价; 采用石蜡切片法和光学显微镜技术,观测各嫁接组合基砧-中间砧、中间砧-接穗嫁接口愈合情况。【结果】 ‘富有’甜柿嫁接苗因中间砧种类和长度不同,在苗期生长指标和解剖结构特征上存在明显差异。浙江柿直接嫁接‘富有’甜柿(对照)成活率、株高等表型性状和生理生化指标较差,且嫁接口存在明显的膨大(膨大指数R=0.980)、隔离层(隔离层产生比例G=88.9%)和导管堵塞(导管堵塞率D=16.3%)现象。4种中间砧中,以‘南通小方柿’和‘西村早生’作中间砧的2年生‘富有’甜柿嫁接苗株高、叶绿素总量、瞬时光合速率、叶片可溶性糖含量、根系可溶性糖含量和根系活力均极显著大于对照(P<0.05),成活率、茎段直径、叶片面积大于对照,且这2种中间砧明显降低植株嫁接口的R值、G值和D值。相同长度下,不同中间砧的嫁接苗生长指标综合评价值Q排序: ‘南通小方柿’>‘西村早生’>‘次郎’>‘兰溪大红柿’。相同中间砧下,10 cm长度中间砧的组合成活率、株高、茎段直径、叶片面积和Q值大于25 cm中间砧的组合,R值、G值和D值则小于25 cm中间砧的组合。G值、D值与Q值极显著负相关(相关系数分别为-0.910,-0.977,P<0.01),表明嫁接口愈合情况直接影响嫁接苗早期表型生长和生理生化特性。【结论】 浙江柿直接嫁接‘富有’甜柿早期不亲和。利用‘南通小方柿’和‘西村早生’作中间砧能改善嫁接口愈合情况,促进浙江柿嫁接‘富有’甜柿亲和; 且以10 cm长度‘南通小方柿’作中间砧的‘富有’甜柿嫁接苗早期亲和性最好(Q=2.71,G=11.1%,D=0)。

‘富有’甜柿; 嫁接; 中间砧; 亲和性; 解剖结构

‘富有’甜柿(Diospyroskaki‘Fuyu’)是日本、韩国、新西兰等国家的甜柿主栽品种,具有商品性强、产量高、品质优良等优点。我国在20个世纪20年代和80年代2次引进‘富有’等甜柿品种,但是受嫁接不亲和限制(王劲风等, 1993; 刘勇等, 1998; 冷平等, 2003; 龚榜初等, 2007),目前‘富有’甜柿仅在浙江等地零星栽培; 且国内关于‘富有’甜柿栽培研究报道极少(龚榜初等, 2007),一直未形成商品生产力。中间砧嫁接作为一种有效的手段,常用于改善果树嫁接不亲和(周开兵等, 2004a; 彭松兴等, 2011)、矮化树势(闫树堂等, 2005; Allaetal., 2008; 姜淑苓等, 2010)、增强抗逆性(曹庆林等, 1986; Shokrollahetal., 2011)和改善果实品质(张宇等, 2011; 张强等, 2013; Curt, 2013)等。在国外,中间砧在甜柿上的研究已见报道,并证明‘次郎’(D.kaki‘Jirou’)、‘西村早生’(D.kaki‘Nishmiurawase’)中间砧可矮化‘富有’的树势(Gotoetal., 1997; Koshitaetal., 2006; 2007); ‘西村早生’等中间砧可矮化‘前川次郎’(D.kaki‘Maekawajiro’)树势(Managoetal., 2000)。然而,国内关于中间砧在甜柿上的研究却少有报道。

解剖学观测是预判嫁接是否亲和的有效方法。前人研究表明,嫁接口愈合良好,嫁接将会亲和(Feucht, 1988; Erreaetal., 2001)。嫁接口不愈合引起的维管束连接紊乱、胞间连丝不充分(Pinaetal., 2009)或木质部变异(Pinaetal., 2005; 2009)等,将干扰水分(Goncalvesetal., 2007; Tombesietal., 2010a)、养分(Darikovaetal., 2011)、矿质元素和激素(Webster, 2004)等的传递,导致嫁接苗出现生长不良、细胞色素合成显著降低等现象(Ciobotarietal., 2010),从而嫁接苗早枯或嫁接几年后死亡。但是,在中间砧嫁接苗中,前人的解剖学研究多集中在致矮机制上,尚无确切的关于中间砧改善嫁接亲和性的解剖学研究报道。因此,本试验对9种‘富有’甜柿中间砧嫁接组合苗期生长指标和嫁接口解剖特征对比研究和综合分析,初步评价不同中间砧下‘富有’嫁接苗早期亲和性,筛选出综合表现优良的嫁接组合,并探讨中间砧嫁接的亲和性机制。

1 材料与方法

1.1 试验材料

本试验在中国林业科学研究院亚热带林业研究所(浙江省杭州市富阳区)甜柿苗圃进行。试验材料以‘富有’为接穗,中间砧包括‘次郎’、‘西村早生’、‘兰溪大红柿’(D.kaki‘Lanxidahongshi’)和‘南通小方柿’(D.kaki‘Nantongxiaofangshi’)4种,基砧为浙江柿(D.glaucifolia)。中间砧长度包括10 cm和25 cm 2种。共9种嫁接组合(表1),其中,组合C1为对照。试验苗在2012年3月进行实生育苗。2013年3月,切接法嫁接1年生中间砧,对照嫁接1年生浙江柿。2014年3月,在中间砧上用切接法嫁接1年生‘富有’接穗。各嫁接组合为随机区组设计,每种组合3个重复,每个重复50株嫁接苗。试验区为红黄壤土,微酸性,田间管理条件一致。嫁接苗株行距20 cm×30 cm。

1.2 表型性状测定

1.2.1 成活率、株高、茎段直径和嫁接口膨大统计 2013年5月上旬,统计浙江柿基砧嫁接中间砧的成活率,记为成活率Ⅰ; 2014年5月上旬,统计各组合嫁接‘富有’接穗的成活率,记为成活率Ⅱ。

2014年11月上旬和2015年11月上旬,测量各嫁接苗株高和茎段直径。其中,基砧和接穗直径测量部位为嫁接口上下5 cm处,中间砧直径测量部位为中间部位。

按照表2的分级标准,对各嫁接组合嫁接口膨大情况进行量化统计,计算膨大指数(R):

(1)

式中:i,ni,Pi,N和Pmax分别代表分级、膨大级数为i的苗木数、膨大级数为i的代表值、调查总株数和最大分级的代表值。

表1 ‘富有’甜柿中间砧嫁接组合Tab.1 Combinations of ‘Fuyu’ persimmon grafted onto different interstocks

表2 ‘富有’甜柿嫁接苗嫁接口膨大情况统计标准Tab.2 The statistical standard for grafting union in ‘Fuyu’ persimmon graftings

1.2.2 叶片表型性状测定 2015年7月上旬,每个组合选取30株长势一致的嫁接苗,取中部偏上的健康完整成熟功能叶片50片,采用CI-202便携式叶面积仪测量叶片长度、叶片宽度、叶片面积和叶柄长。其中,叶形指数=叶片长度/叶片宽度; 比叶质量=叶片干质量/叶片面积。

1.3 叶片和根系生理生化指标测定

2015年7月上旬,选择晴朗天气3~4天,上午9:00—11:00测定嫁接苗瞬时光合速率。试验仪器为Li-6400便携式光合作用测定仪。

选取中部偏上的健康完整成熟功能叶片50片、直径2 mm以下的细根10 g用液氮速冻处理,充分研磨后测定各生理生化指标。每个指标重复测3次。其中,叶绿素含量测定参照李合生等(2000)方法; 叶片和根系可溶性糖含量采用蒽酮比色法测定,根系活力采用TTC法测定(张志良等, 2003)。

1.4 嫁接口解剖学观测

2015年3月下旬,每个组合选取9株长势一致的嫁接苗,从上下2个嫁接口各截取1 cm茎段,立即放入FAA混合固定液中固定,采用石蜡切片法制片。将制作完成的切片放置到OLYMPUS-BX53显微镜中拍照、观测。每张切片观测20个视野。根据观测结果计算:

隔离层比例(G)=(出现隔离层的植株株数/观测总株数)×100%;

(2)

导管堵塞率(D)=

(3)

式中:j和M分别指观测的第j张切片、总切片数。

1.5 数据处理

采用Excel 2007和SPSS 19.0软件进行Duncan’s多重比较、Pearson相关性分析和综合评价。

2 结果与分析

2.1 ‘富有’甜柿中间砧嫁接苗早期表型性状对比分析

成活率统计显示,浙江柿嫁接不同中间砧时,各处理的成活率均较高(成活率Ⅰ≥0.856); 嫁接‘富有’接穗时,试验组成活率明显大于对照(C1,成活率Ⅱ=0.579),且相同中间砧下,10 cm长度中间砧的组合成活率大于25 cm长度中间砧的组合。2014年11月的株高和茎段直径测定结果(图1、表3)显示,组合C5、C9与对照(C1)株高差异不显著,但这3种组合的株高均极显著大于组合C2、C3、C6、C7和C8(P<0.05); 除组合C2和C3外,各嫁接组合的茎段直径差异不显著(P>0.05)。

图1 ‘富有’甜柿嫁接苗株高多重比较Fig.1 The multiple comparison of plant height in ‘Fuyu’ persimmon graftings不同字母代表测量指标在同一时期组合间存在极显著差异(P<0.05)。下同。Different letters indicate significant differences in experimental indexes (P< 0.05) in the same period. The same below.

组合Combination成活率ⅠSurvivalrateⅠ成活率ⅡSurvivalrateⅡ2014-112015-11基砧直径Rootstockdiameter/mm中间砧直径Interstockdiameter/mm接穗直径Sciondiameter/mm基砧直径Rootstockdiameter/mm中间砧直径Interstockdiameter/mm接穗直径Sciondiameter/mmC10.9110.57916.5±0.7a14.1±0.6ab12.7±0.5a18.7±1.1a14.5±0.3cd13.3±0.6bC20.9670.73714.7±1.1b12.1±0.6c11.3±0.7b15.7±1.2b13.1±1.4d12.1±0.5cC30.9670.82515.1±0.5b13.3±0.4b12.6±0.6a16.0±1.2b15.0±0.7c13.6±0.9bC40.9660.78217.3±0.8a14.8±0.8a13.2±1.0a19.0±0.9a17.3±1.1ab14.9±0.5aC50.9660.89817.2±0.8a15.1±0.8a13.5±0.8a19.8±1.4a18.2±0.7a15.2±0.7aC60.8560.69816.8±1.1a14.0±1.3ab12.5±0.8a18.8±0.9a14.7±0.4cd13.4±0.9bC70.8560.77317.4±1.1a15.5±1.0a13.4±0.9a19.0±1.1a16.9±0.7b14.7±1.1abC80.9230.80517.7±1.2a14.5±0.4a12.8±0.7a19.1±1.3a16.6±1.0b14.4±0.8abC90.9230.82717.8±0.9a15.6±1.3a13.4±0.8a20.0±0.8a17.3±0.8ab14.9±0.4a

① 成活率Ⅰ和Ⅱ分别指基砧-中间砧、中间砧-接穗的嫁接成活率。不同字母代表测量指标在同一时期组合间存在极显著差异(P<0.05); 下同。Survival rate Ⅰ and Ⅱ represent the survival rate between rootstock and interstock, interstock and scion, respectively. Different letters indicate significant differences in experimental indexes (P< 0.05) in the same period; The same below.

2015年对2年生嫁接苗株高等表型性状多重比较显示,叶片宽度(组合C2除外)、叶形指数、叶柄长和比叶质量在组合间差异不显著(表4)。株高和茎段直径在组合间的差异性较1年生嫁接苗明显增大(图1、表3)。9种嫁接组合中,组合C4、C5和C9的株高、中间砧直径、接穗直径和叶片面积极显著大于对照(组合C1,P<0.05); 25 cm长度的‘兰溪大红柿’作中间砧的嫁接组合(C2)早期株高、基砧直径、中间砧直径、接穗直径、叶片长度、叶片宽度和叶片面积均小于C1等嫁接组合。相同中间砧下,10 cm长度中间砧的组合株高、基砧直径、中间砧直径、接穗直径和叶片面积均大于25 cm长度中间砧的组合; 且中间砧长度对株高的影响尤为明显,相同中间砧下,2种长度中间砧的嫁接组合株高差异显著(P<0.05)。

表4 各嫁接组合叶片表型指标多重比较Tab.4 The comparative analysis of leaf morphological indexes in grafting combinations

嫁接口膨大是早期不亲和的外在体现,常表现为嫁接口外部膨大或开裂,导致嫁接苗死亡或从嫁接口断裂。‘富有’嫁接苗的膨大情况观测及其分级统计(图2)显示, 2014年11月,‘富有’1年生嫁接苗在基砧-中间砧、中间砧-接穗的嫁接口均无明显膨大现象(R值变幅0.043~0.220); 2015年11月,受嫁接不亲和影响,组合C1、C2、C3、C6、C7、C8和C9的嫁接口存在明显膨大或开裂(R值变幅0.478~0.980)。‘兰溪大红柿’等4种中间砧下的嫁接苗膨大指数均小于对照(R=0.980),且‘南通小方柿’作中间砧的嫁接苗嫁接口无明显膨大现象(组合C4和C5,R值分别为0.045、0.080)。9种嫁接组合中,对照组C1在中间砧-接穗的嫁接口存在明显的膨大现象(R2=0.891),而基砧-中间砧的嫁接口无明显膨大(R1=0.089); ‘次郎’作中间砧的嫁接苗(组合C6和C7)膨大现象主要发生在基砧-中间砧的嫁接口(R1>R2),‘兰溪大红柿’和‘西村早生’作中间砧的嫁接苗则主要在中间砧-接穗的嫁接口观测到膨大现象(R1

图2 ‘富有’甜柿嫁接苗膨大指数(R)Fig.2 The swell index (R) in ‘Fuyu’ persimmon graftingsR1和R2分别指基砧-中间砧、中间砧-接穗间嫁接口的膨大指数,R=R1+R2。R1, R2 represent the swell index between rootstock and interstock, and interstock and scion, R=R1+R2。

2.2 ‘富有’甜柿中间砧嫁接苗叶片和根系生理生化指标对比分析

叶绿素含量、光合速率等生理生化指标是评价苗期生长状况常用指标。以‘南通小方柿’、‘次郎’和‘西村早生’作中间砧(图3、图4),‘富有’嫁接苗叶绿素总量(C6除外)、瞬时光合速率(Pn)、叶片可溶性糖含量、根系可溶性糖含量和根系活力均极显著大于对照(组合C1,P<0.05),表明这3种中间砧下的嫁接苗早期生理适应性高于浙江柿直接嫁接‘富有’。9种嫁接组合中,以C2的叶绿素总量等5种生理生化指标最低。相同中间砧下,以‘南通小方柿’或‘西村早生’作中间砧,2种长度中间砧的组合在叶绿素总量等生理生化指标上差异不显著; 以‘兰溪大红柿’或‘次郎’作中间砧,10 cm长度中间砧的组合叶绿素总量、瞬时光合速率(Pn)、叶片可溶性糖含量(组合C6和C7除外)、根系可溶性糖含量和根系活力均极显著大于25 cm长度中间砧的组合(P<0.05)。

2.3 ‘富有’甜柿中间砧嫁接苗嫁接口解剖学观测

图3 ‘富有’甜柿嫁接苗叶绿素总量、光合速率(Pn)和叶片可溶性糖含量多重比较Fig.3 The multiple comparisons of chlorophyll (a+b) content, photosynthetic rate(Pn), and leaf soluble sugar content in ‘Fuyu’ persimmon graftings

图4 ‘富有’甜柿嫁接苗根系可溶性糖含量和根系活力多重比较Fig.4 The multiple comparisons of root soluble sugar content and root activity in ‘Fuyu’ persimmon graftings

嫁接口解剖(图5)显示,各嫁接组合因砧穗间亲和性差异,嫁接口愈合情况存在明显的不同。不亲和的嫁接苗生长1年后,嫁接口能分化出愈伤组织,但是,嫁接口的细胞变异或坏死,形成隔离层,且部分组合(如C1、C2等)嫁接口伴随着导管堵塞现象。嫁接口隔离层比例(G)和导管堵塞率(D)统计(表5)显示,对照组(C1)和‘兰溪大红柿’作中间砧的组合(C2和C3),隔离层和导管堵塞主要产生在中间砧-接穗的嫁接口[G1(基砧-中间砧)≤G2(中间砧-接穗),D1(基砧-中间砧)G2,D1>D2)。9种嫁接组合中,C4、C5、C7、C8和C9早期嫁接口愈合情况优于对照,且以‘南通小方柿’作中间砧的组合早期愈合良好(C4和C5,G值分别为22.2%、11.1%,D=0),以‘兰溪大红柿’作中间砧的组合早期愈合最差(C2和C3,G值分别为133.3%、111.1%,D值分别为21.7%、14.2%)。相同中间砧下,10 cm长度中间砧的组合比25 cm长度中间砧的组合愈合更好。

图5 解剖取样示意(A)及部分组合嫁接口愈合情况观测Fig.5 Anatomical sampling (A) and observation of compatible status in combinationsa: 愈伤组织; b: 隔离层; c: 堵塞的导管; d: 木质部; e: 髓。Ⅰ和Ⅱ分别指基砧-中间砧、中间砧-接穗嫁接口解剖图; C5、C9和C6分别代表嫁接口愈合优良、愈合一般和愈合差的嫁接组合。a: Callus; b: Isolation layer; c: Vessel jam; d: Xylem; e: Pith. Ⅰ and Ⅱ represent the anatomic structure between rootstock and interstock, interstock and scion; C5, C9 and C6 represent good, middling, and poor compatibility in the grafting union.

组合CombinationQ隔离层比例Theproportionofisolationlayer(%)导管堵塞率Theproportionofvesseljam(%)G1G2GD1D2DC1-1.8511.177.888.90.016.316.3C2-4.6466.766.7133.44.017.821.7C3-2.2644.466.7111.13.510.614.2C42.1811.111.122.20.00.00.0C52.710.011.111.10.00.00.0C6-0.8377.822.2100.06.80.06.8C71.3355.622.277.82.90.02.9C81.0944.433.377.43.00.03.0C92.2833.311.144.41.40.01.4与Q值Pearson相关PearsoncorrelationwithQ1-0.506-0.872**-0.910**-0.471-0.881**-0.977**

①G1和G2分别指基砧-中间砧、中间砧-接穗嫁接口隔离层比例,D1和D2则分别指基砧-中间砧、中间砧-接穗嫁接口导管堵塞率; 且G=G1+G2,D=D1+D2。**,P<0.01; *,P<0.05; 下同。G1,G2,D1, andD2represent the proportion of isolation layer(G) or vessel jam(D) between rootstock and interstock(G1,D1), and interstock and scion(G2,D2), respectively. AndG=G1+G2;D=D1+D2. **,P<0.01; *,P<0.05; the same below.

2.4 ‘富有’中间砧嫁接苗相关分析及其综合评价

早期表型和生理生化指标综合评价(表5)显示,组合C4-C9的综合评价值(Q)大于对照(C1,Q=-1.85),且以组合C5(浙江柿基砧+10 cm‘南通小方柿’中间砧+‘富有’接穗)的Q值最高(Q=2.71),C9等组合次之。相同长度下,不同中间砧的‘富有’嫁接苗Q值由大到小顺序为‘南通小方柿’、‘西村早生’、‘次郎’、‘兰溪大红柿’; 相同中间砧下,10 cm长度中间砧的嫁接组合Q值大于25 cm长度中间砧的嫁接组合。

Pearson相关性分析(表5)显示,隔离层比例和导管堵塞率与Q值均存在极显著负相关(相关系数分别为-0.910、-0.977,P<0.01),表明嫁接口愈合越好,越有利于嫁接苗苗期生长。G2、D2与Q在P<0.01水平上呈极显著负相关(相关系数分别为-0.872、-0.881),表明在‘富有’中间砧嫁接苗中,中间砧-接穗的嫁接口愈合情况是影响嫁接苗早期生长状况的主导因子。各表型和生理生化指标(表6)中,除成活率、叶形指数、叶柄长和比叶质量外,株高等11种指标均与根系活力、根系可溶性糖含量呈显著或极显著相关,且光合速率(Pn)和叶片可溶性糖含量分别与根系可溶性糖含量、根系活力相关最高(相关系数分别为: 0.950,0.970,P<0.01)。表明在多重嫁接体系中,砧穗间存在明显的相互作用,基砧根系活力和根系可溶性糖直接影响接穗光合速率等生长指标。

3 讨论

本研究中,浙江柿直接嫁接‘富有’在成活率、株高等生长指标上均表现较差,且嫁接口存在明显的膨大、隔离层和导管堵塞现象(R=0.980,G=88.9%,D=16.3%),表明浙江柿嫁接‘富有’早期不亲和,研究结果与刘勇等(1998)相符。

表6 ‘富有’甜柿嫁接苗地上部分与根系性状相关分析Tab.6 Correlation analysis of traits between overground part and root in ‘Fuyu’ persimmon graftings

‘富有’甜柿嫁接不亲和在解剖结构上表现为嫁接口细胞变异或坏死,形成隔离层,这与Ermel等(1999)研究结果一致。隔离层的形成能阻断嫁接口进一步愈合,引起形成层的不连续和维管束连接中断,从而限制水分向上传递,导致木质部导管在水分胁迫下产生堵塞现象(Tyreeetal., 1991; Bauerleetal., 2011); 并促使接穗合成的淀粉等养分在嫁接口积累(Ermeletal., 1999),导致愈伤组织分化成大量的薄壁细胞,引起嫁接口外部明显膨大。前人研究表明,嫁接口和木质部导管特性是调控接穗水分供应和植株树势的重要因素(Olmsteadetal., 2006; Goncalvesetal., 2007; Tombesietal., 2010b)。本研究发现,嫁接口愈合情况是引起‘富有’嫁接苗苗期表型性状和生理生化指标差异的主要原因之一(G、D与Q极显著负相关,相关系数分别为-0.910、-0.977,P<0.01)。

作为基砧和接穗间的连接桥梁,中间砧因其特殊的空间位置,能调节养分(Jones, 1976)和激素(Webster, 2004; Lietal., 2012)在砧穗间的分配,影响根系矿质代谢水平和叶片矿质元素含量(周开兵等, 2002; 2004a; 2004b),或限制水分上下传递(Tombesietal., 2010a)等,引起基砧和接穗因中间砧而异的形态与生理效应。本研究结果表明,在‘富有’甜柿中间砧嫁接苗中,中间砧的特殊空间位置效应或因其与基砧、接穗亲和性差异引起。4种中间砧中,‘兰溪大红柿’和‘次郎’作中间砧,浙江柿嫁接‘富有’存在明显的局部不愈合现象,嫁接口产生的隔离层和导管堵塞能物理性地限制接穗水分供应和砧穗间养分分配等,抑制嫁接苗生长。利用‘南通小方柿’和‘西村早生’作中间砧能明显降低嫁接口膨大、隔离层产生和导管堵塞,促进嫁接愈合,从而基砧根系吸收的水分、矿质元素等得以顺畅通过中间砧运输到接穗,促进叶片生长、叶绿素合成和光合能力恢复等。接穗积累的养分等则可通过输导组织向下传递至基砧根系,根系可溶性糖和根系活力增加,进而对矿质元素吸收和代谢增强。试验结果亦表明,中间砧长度对嫁接亲和性影响具有累加效应。相对10 cm长度中间砧而言,25 cm长度的中间砧将增加植株嫁接口隔离层产生和导管堵塞,抑制嫁接苗成活率及株高、茎段直径、叶片面积等表型生长; 且这种累加效应在早期愈合差的组合尤为明显(例如: ‘兰溪大红柿’作中间砧的嫁接组合)。

4 结论

本文通过对‘富有’甜柿中间砧嫁接苗苗期生长、解剖等表现综合研究表明,浙江柿直接嫁接‘富有’甜柿早期不亲和。‘南通小方柿’和‘西村早生’可作为优良中间砧,改善浙江柿嫁接‘富有’早期亲和性,促进嫁接苗苗期生长。9种嫁接组合中,以组合C5(浙江柿基砧+10 cm‘南通小方柿’+‘富有’接穗)早期亲和最好(综合评价值Q=2.71,隔离层比例G=11.1%,导管堵塞率D=0),C4(浙江柿基砧+25 cm‘南通小方柿’+‘富有’接穗)、C9(浙江柿基砧+10 cm‘西村早生’+‘富有’接穗)等组合次之。但是,‘富有’甜柿作为多年生果树,其嫁接亲和性及‘南通小方柿’等中间砧对果实产量、品质等经济性状是否有影响仍需开展进一步的研究。

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(责任编辑 徐 红)

Early Selection of Interstocks for Improving Grafting Compatibility inDiospyroskaki‘Fuyu’

Tang Dan Jiang Xibing Gong Bangchu Liu Tongxiang Xu Yan Wu Kaiyun

(Key Laboratory of Tree Breeding of Zhejiang Province Research Institute of Subtropical Forestry, Chinese Academy of Forestry Hangzhou 311400)

【Objective】Early growth and anatomic structure of grafted plants ofDiospyroskaki‘Fuyu’ with different interstocks were studied in order to screen optimum grafting combinations with good early compatibility, and to understand the mechanisms of compatibility of the interstocks.【Method】Scions from variety ‘Fuyu’ were grafted ontoD.kaki‘Lanxidahongshi’,D.kaki‘Nantongxiaofangshi’,D.kaki‘Jirou’, andD.kaki‘Nishimurawase’ as interstocks (each with 10 cm and 25 cm in length respectively), andD.glaucifoliaas rootstock. Comparative analysis of early phenotypic traits and physio-biochemical indicators were analyzed to evaluate growth performance and physio-biochemical characteristics of the grafted plants. Paraffin section and optical microscope technology were used to observe anatomical properties of grafting union between rootstock and interstock, interstock and scion.【Result】Interstocks and their lengths were important factors influencing early growth and anatomic structure. WhenD.glaucifoliawas directly grafted to ‘Fuyu’ persimmon (the control), the grafted plants had a poor phonotypical performance such as low survival rate and short in plant height, and poor physio-biochemical properties, and the graft union displayed an obvious swelling (swelling indexR=0.980), and at the graft union occur isolation layer (the proportion of isolation layerG=88.9%) and vessel jam (the proportion of jam vesselsD=16.3%). When ‘Nishimurawase’ or ‘Nantongxiaofangshi’ were used as interstock, for the two-year-old grafted plants, the height, chlorophyll (a+b) content, photosynthetic rate, leaf and root soluble sugar contents, and root viability were very significantly higher than those observed in the control (P< 0.05). Survival rate, stem diameter, and leaf area were larger than those of the control. And both persimmons as interstock significantly reduced the values ofR,G, andD. With the same length of interstock, the ranks of comprehensive evaluation score (Q) on growth traits was in the following order (according to division of intestock): ‘Nantongxiaofangshi’ > ‘Nishimurawase’ > ‘Jirou’ > ‘Lanxidahongshi’. With the same interstock, survival rate, plant height, stem diameter, leaf area, andQwere better when the length of interstock was 10 cm.G,D, andQhad a significantly negative correlation (correlation coefficients were -0.910 and -0.977, respectively;P< 0.01), demonstrating that the status of the grafting union had a direct impact on early growth and physiological properties of the grafted plants.【Conclusion】There was incompatibility whenD.kaki‘Fuyu’ directly grafted toD.glaucifolia, whenD.kaki‘Nantongxiaofangshi’ or ‘Nishimurawase’ were used as the interstock, the grafting union can be better developed consequently improving the compatibility of ‘Fuyu’ grafted toD.glaucifolia. And optimum combination wasD.glaucifolia/D.kaki‘Nantongxiaofangshi’ (the length of interstock is 10 cm) /D.kaki‘Fuyu’ (Q=2.71,G=11.1%,D=0).Key words:Diospyroskaki‘Fuyu’; graft; interstock; affinity; compatibility structure

10.11707/j.1001-7488.20170507

2016-05-24;

2016-07-22。

国家林业局948项目(编号2013-4-26);浙江省科技厅“果品农业新品种选育”重大科技专项重点项目(2012C12904-10)。

S723.2

A

1001-7488(2017)05-0054-09

*龚榜初为通讯作者。

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