石家庄市冬季大气颗粒物中水溶性离子与重金属成分研究

张鉴达，周美玲，杨小雨，康全影，于国强

(1.河北师范大学资源与环境科学学院，河北石家庄 050024；2.河北省环境演变与生态建设重点实验室，河北石家庄 050024；3.河北省环境科学研究院，河北石家庄 050000)

石家庄市冬季大气颗粒物中水溶性离子与重金属成分研究

张鉴达1，2，周美玲1，2，杨小雨1，2，康全影3，于国强1，2

(1.河北师范大学资源与环境科学学院，河北石家庄 050024；2.河北省环境演变与生态建设重点实验室，河北石家庄 050024；3.河北省环境科学研究院，河北石家庄 050000)

大气污染防治工程；石家庄市；大气颗粒物；重金属；离子

从以上研究可以看出，国内外对于大气颗粒物化学组分的研究主要集中在PM2.5中无机元素、重金属、水溶性无机离子以及有机物等的研究。但是关于石家庄市大气颗粒物中的水溶性离子和重金属含量的报道较少，本文针对石家庄市大气颗粒物PM10和PM2.5中水溶性离子和重金属含量以及相关性进行了分析研究，以期为石家庄市的空气污染防治提供依据。

1 采样和分析

1.1 样品采集

大气采样点设置在河北师范大学校园内(东经114 °10′,北纬37°59′)，采样点周边无大型高层建筑遮挡，环境较洁净。大气采样器采用武汉天虹智能仪表厂提供的TH-150型中流量采样器，流量为100 L/min，采样器上放置PM10和PM2.5的切割器，采样滤膜为90 mm石英纤维滤膜(英国Whatman公司提供)，采样前将滤膜放置于恒温恒湿环境中24 h，采样时间为2015-01-05到2015-01-18，每天采样时间不少于20 h。

1.2 样品处理与分析

将滤膜样品剪碎后放置于塑料试管中，加入10 mL去离子水后采用超声振荡60 min，取上清液经0.22 μm滤膜过滤器过滤后进入离子色谱进行分析。对样品的阳离子分析采用美国戴安公司提供的Dionex 600型离子色谱仪，CS12A 分离色谱柱和CSRS 抑制器，使用20 mmol/L的甲磺酸溶液作为淋洗液，流速为1 mL/min；阴离子分析采用ASRS抑制器(美国戴安公司提供)，AS14分离柱，3.5 mmol/L的Na2CO3作为淋洗液。

滤膜样品的重金属分析(Cr，Cu，Zn，Cd，Pb，Ni)采用ICP-MS(Agilent 7500a，美国安捷伦科技有限公司提供)测定。用HNO3-HClO4方法进行消解，将滤膜样品剪碎后放置于烧杯中，加入20 mL的HNO3和2 mL的HClO4(均由美国Sigma公司提供)，在加热板上消化分解，将溶液蒸发完以后冷却，加纯净水过滤后定容至25 mL待测。

2 结果与讨论

2.1 重金属与水溶性离子的质量浓度

2015-01-05到2015-01-18石家庄市大气PM10和PM2.5中6种重金属元素和8种水溶性离子的平均质量浓度水平见表1。

表1 石家庄市大气颗粒物中重金属和水溶性离子的质量浓度

Tab.1 Water soluble inorganic ions and heavy metal in different diametric atmospheric particles in Shijia- zhuang City μg/m3

2.2 水溶性离子的相关性分析

表2 PM10中水溶性离子相关性分析

注：**表示P<0.01时极显著相关。

表3 PM2.5中水溶性离子相关性分析

注：**表示P<0.01时极显著相关。

2.3 重金属的相关性分析

PM10和PM2.5样品中重金属含量的相关性分析结果见表4和表5。大气颗粒物中重金属相关性分析是确定大气颗粒物中重金属来源的依据之一，如：重金属中汽车尾气排放和冶金行业的特征元素是Pb和Cu，石油燃烧表征元素是Ni，Cd和Cr可认为是煤燃烧的特征元素，Zn是焚烧垃圾和轮胎磨损的特征元素。由表4和表5可以看出，PM10和PM2.5样品中重金属的相关性基本一致，Cr和Ni的相关性较好，表明其可能来源于同一污染源，Cu，Zn和Ni之间的显著性相关说明这3个元素有可能同源，原因很可能是交通运输需要消耗大量的燃油且伴随轮胎的磨损，会同时释放出Cu，Zn，Ni等元素。

表4 PM10中各重金属元素间的相关性分析

注：**表示P<0.01时极显著相关。

表5 PM2.5中各重金属元素间的相关性分析

注：**表示P<0.01时极显著相关。

3 结 论

本文通过对石家庄市冬季大气颗粒物中PM10和PM2.5中水溶性离子和重金属进行采样分析，得到如下结论。

3)PM10和PM2.5样品中重金属的相关性基本一致，Cr和Ni的相关性较好，表明可能来源于同一污染源，Cu，Zn和Ni之间的显著性相关说明这3个元素有可能同源。

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Study on water soluble ions and heavy metals in atmospheric particulates in winter in Shijiazhuang City

ZHANG Jianda1,2, ZHOU Meiling1,2， YANG Xiaoyu1,2， KANG Quanying3， YU Guoqiang1,2

(1.College of Resources and Environmental Science, Hebei Normal University, Shijiazhuang, Hebei 050024, China； 2. Hebei Key Laboratory of Environmental Change and Ecological Construction, Shijiazhuang, Hebei 050024, China； 3. Hebei Academy of Environmental Sciences, Shijiazhuang, Hebei 050000,China)

In order to study the composition of atmospheric particulates in Shijiazhuang, PM10and PM2.5samples are collected in Shijiazhuang in January， 2015. Ion chromatography and ICP-MS are used to determine the contents of 8 kinds of water soluble ions and 6 kinds of heavy metal elements. The results show that the concentrations of Cr, Cu, Zn, Cd, Pb, Ni in PM10are in the range of 0.02～1.72 μg/m3. The average concentration of water-soluble inorganic ions is 125.5 μg/m3, and Cl-, NO-3, SO2-4and NH+4are the main components, whose ion mass fraction are 11.6%, 7.8%, 43.4% and 19.0%, a total of 81.8%. The concentration range of 6 kinds of heavy metals in PM2.5is 0.01～1.23 μg/m3, and the average concentration of water-soluble inorganic ions is 104.9 μg/m3. Cl-, NO3, SO2-4and NH+4are the main components, whose ion mass fraction are 12.5%, 7.2%, 43.3% and 18.7%, a total of 81.7%. NH+4has good correlation with SO2-4in PM10and PM2.5, and NH+4may exist mainly as sulfate. The correlation of heavy metals in PM10and PM2.5samples is basically the same. The correlation between Cr and Ni is good and may be derived from the same source, and the significant correlation between Cu, Zn and Ni indicates that these three elements are likely to be homologous.

air pollution prevention and control engineering； Shijiazhuang City； atmospheric particulate matter； heavy metals； ions

1008-1534(2017)03-0202-06

2017-04-13;

2017-04-27；责任编辑：王海云

国家自然科学基金(41401562)；河北省高等学校青年拔尖人才计划项目(BJ2014041)；中国博士后基金(2014M561197)；河北省自然科学基金(E2013205067)；河北师范大学校内科研基金(L2013Z04)

张鉴达(1981—)，男，河北东光人，副教授，博士，主要从事区域环境污染分析评价方面的研究。

E-mail:zjdrf@163.com

X513

A

10.7535/hbgykj.2017yx03009

张鉴达，周美玲，杨小雨，等.石家庄市冬季大气颗粒物中水溶性离子与重金属成分研究[J].河北工业科技,2017,34(3):202-207. ZHANG Jianda, ZHOU Meiling， YANG Xiaoyu，et al.Study on water soluble ions and heavy metals in atmospheric particulates in winter in Shijiazhuang City[J].Hebei Journal of Industrial Science and Technology,2017,34(3):202-207.