《华氏451度》

2017-06-05 22:15
新东方英语·中学版 2017年5期
关键词:华氏克拉消防员

雷·布拉德伯里(Ray Bradbury, 1920~2012),美國小说家、编剧。其作品多属于幻想文学、科幻小说、恐怖小说和神秘小说。他一生中每天都在写作,十分高产,共著27部小说和600多篇短篇小说,《华氏451度》(Fahrenheit 451)是他最著名的代表作。

这部小说将背景设在未来的美国,那时的消防员不再灭火,而是负责烧书。一个名叫蒙泰戈(Montag)的消防员在遇到一个古怪的女孩克拉丽丝(Clarisse)后开始反思当下,从烧书人变为偷书人最后又变为流浪的背书人。小说大篇幅采用意识流手法,反映了书被禁后,人们精神世界的荒芜以及人物内心的空洞、虚无和痛苦。书中对未来的预测令人细思恐极,因为你会发现,当下世界似乎正朝着那样的未来发展。不过,小说尽管读来十分沉重,却在最后给人以希望的曙光。作者曾说:“人们希望我预测未来;可我却想要阻止未来。”可以说,这部小说给当下的人类敲响了警钟。

下文选自小说第一章,讲述了蒙泰戈与克拉丽丝的一段交谈,从克拉丽丝的话中,我们能看到当时人们濒临崩溃的精神世界。

One two three four five six seven days. And as many times he1) came out of the house and Clarisse was there somewhere in the world. Once he saw her shaking a walnut tree, once he saw her sitting on the lawn knitting a blue sweater, three or four times he found a bouquet of late flowers on his porch2), or a handful of chestnuts3) in a little sack4), or some autumn leaves neatly pinned to a sheet of white paper and thumbtacked5) to his door. Every day Clarisse walked him to the corner ...

"Why is it," he said, one time, at the subway entrance, "I feel I've known you so many years?"

"Because I like you," she said, "and I don't want anything from you. And because we know each other."

"You make me feel very old and very much like a father."

"Now you explain," she said, "why you haven't any daughters like me, if you love children so much?"

"I don't know."

"You're joking!"

"I mean—" He stopped and shook his head. "Well, my wife, she ... she just never wanted any children at all."

The girl stopped smiling. "I'm sorry. I really thought you were having fun at my expense6). I'm a fool."

"No, no," he said. "It was a good question. It's been a long time since anyone cared enough to ask. A good question."

"Let's talk about something else. Have you ever smelled old leaves? Don't they smell like cinnamon7)? Here. Smell."

"Why, yes, it is like cinnamon in a way."

She looked at him with her clear dark eyes. "You always seem shocked."

"It's just I haven't had time—"

"Did you look at the stretched-out billboards8) like I told you?"

"I think so. Yes." He had to laugh.

"Your laugh sounds much nicer than it did."

"Does it?"

"Much more relaxed."

He felt at ease and comfortable. "Why aren't you in school? I see you every day wandering around."

"Oh, they don't miss me," she said. "I'm anti-social, they say. I don't mix. It's so strange. I'm very social indeed. It all depends on what you mean by social, doesn't it? Social to me means talking about things like this." She rattled9) some chestnuts that had fallen off the tree in the front yard. "Or talking about how strange the world is. Being with people is nice. But I don't think it's social to get a bunch of people together and then not let them talk, do you? An hour of TV class, an hour of basketball or baseball or running, another hour of transcription10) history or painting pictures, and more sports, but do you know, we never ask questions, or at least most don't; they just run the answers at you, bing, bing, bing, and us sitting there for four more hours of film-teacher. That's not social to me at all. They run us so ragged11) by the end of the day we can't do anything but go to bed or head for a Fun Park to bully people around, break windowpanes12) in the Window Smasher place or wreck13) cars in the Car Wrecker place with the big steel ball ... I guess I'm everything they say I am, all right. I haven't any friends. That's supposed to prove I'm abnormal. But everyone I know is either shouting or dancing around like wild or beating up one another. Do you notice how people hurt each other nowadays?"

"You sound so very old."

"Sometimes I'm ancient. I'm afraid of children my own age. They kill each other. Did it always used to be that way? My uncle says no. Six of my friends have been shot in the last year alone. Ten of them died in car wrecks. I'm afraid of them and they don't like me because I'm afraid. My uncle says his grandfather remembered when children didn't kill each other. But that was a long time ago when they had things different. They believed in responsibility, my uncle says. Do you know, I'm responsible. I was spanked14) when I needed it, years ago. And I do all the shopping and house-cleaning by hand. "

"But most of all," she said, "I like to watch people. Sometimes I ride the subway all day and look at them and listen to them. I just want to figure out who they are and what they want and where they're going. Sometimes I even go to the Fun Parks and ride in the jet cars when they race on the edge of town at midnight and the police don't care as long as they're insured. As long as everyone has ten thousand insurance, everyone's happy. Sometimes I sneak around and listen in subways. Or I listen at soda fountains15), and do you know what?"

"What?"

"People don't talk about anything."

"Oh, they must!"

"No, not anything. They name a lot of cars or clothes or swimming-pools mostly and say how swell16)! But they all say the same things and nobody says anything different from anyone else. And most of the time in the cafes they have the jokeboxes17) on and the same jokes most of the time, or the musical wall18) lit and all the coloured patterns running up and down, but it's only colour and all abstract. And at the museums, have you ever been? All abstract. That's all there is now. My uncle says it was different once. A long time back sometimes pictures said things or even showed people."

一二三四五六七天。很多次他一走出家門,总能发现克拉丽丝的踪影。有一次,他看到她正在摇晃一棵胡桃树。还有一次,他看到她坐在草坪上织着一件蓝毛衣。还有三四次,他在自家门廊上发现一束晚开的花,或是一把装在小小麻布袋里的栗子,又或是发现自家门上钉着一张白纸,一些秋叶整齐地固定在白纸上。每一天,克拉丽丝都会陪他一起走到街角……

“为什么,”一次他在地铁口问道,“我觉得自己已经认识你好多年了?”

“因为我喜欢你呀,”她答道,“而且我也不想向你索取什么。还因为我们了解彼此。”

“你让我觉得自己很老,特别像一个父亲。”

“那你解释一下,”她说,“要是你这么喜欢孩子,为什么没有一个像我似的女儿呢?”

“我不知道。”

“你在开玩笑!”

“我的意思是——”他停下来,摇了摇头,“嗯,我的妻子,她……她就是一点都不想要孩子。”

女孩收起了笑容。“对不起。我以为你刚刚是在拿我开玩笑。我是个笨蛋。”

“不,不,”他连忙说道,“问得好。已经好久没人关心这些,愿意问我这样的问题了。是个好问题。”

“我们来聊点别的事吧。你有没有闻过枯叶?它们闻起来是不是很像肉桂?来,闻闻看。”

“啊,是呀,确实有点像肉桂的气味。”

她用那对清澈的深色眼睛望着他:“你好像总是显得很吃惊。”

“那只是因为我没有时间——”

“你有没有像我说的那样看那些拉长的广告牌?”

“我想算是有。没错。”他忍不住笑了起来。

“你的笑声听起来比以前可爱多了。”

“是吗?”

“轻松了许多。”

他感觉很自在,也很舒坦。“你为什么不去学校呢?我见你每天都在到处转悠。”

“哦,他们不会想我的,”她说,“他們说我反社交。我不合群。这太奇怪了。其实我很喜欢社交的。这完全取决于你对社交的定义,不是吗?对我来说,社交就是谈论像这样的事情。”她把从前院树上掉下来的栗子晃得哗啦作响。“或者讨论这个世界有多么奇怪。和人们待在一起很愉快。但我觉得把一伙人聚在一起却不让他们说话可不是社交,你觉得呢?一小时的电视课程,一小时的篮球课、棒球课或跑步,然后是一小时的历史录像或画画,接着又是运动,但是你知道吗,我们从不问问题,至少大部分人不问。他们只会把答案直接咻咻咻丢给你,然后我们再呆坐上四个小时,听屏幕上的老师讲课。那对我来说根本不是社交。一天下来,他们把我们搞得筋疲力尽,到了晚上我们什么都做不了,只能去睡觉,要么就去趣味公园欺负周围的人,或者去砸窗馆砸窗户,到毁车馆用大钢球毁汽车……我想我就是他们所说的那样,好吧。我没有任何朋友。那应该能证明我不正常。但是我认识的人不是大喊大叫,就是疯了似的乱跳,要么就相互厮打。你有没有注意到现在人们都是怎样地互相伤害?”

“你听起来像是已经一大把年纪了。”

“有时候我很老成。我害怕同龄的孩子,他们相互残杀。过去也一直都是这样吗?我叔叔说不是。单去年一年,我就有六个朋友被枪杀。还有十个在毁车时死掉了。我怕他们,他们也因此不喜欢我。我叔叔说在他祖父的记忆中孩子们不会相互残杀。不过那是很久以前的事了,那时候和现在不同。我叔叔说那时的人相信责任和义务。你知道吗,我现在很有责任心的。几年前,我还因缺乏责任心挨过打。现在我亲手做所有购物和打扫房间的事情。”

“但最重要的是,”她说,“我喜欢观察别人。有时候我会成天待在地铁上,观察人们,听他们说话。我就是想弄明白他们是谁,想要什么,要到哪去。有时候我甚至会去趣味公园,在午夜坐在他们的喷气式汽车里跟着他们一起在城镇边缘赛车,只要他们买了保险,警察是不会管的。人们只要买了一万元的保险,那就谁都没意见。有时候我会悄悄溜达,在地铁里听别人讲话。或者在冷饮柜台边听别人讲话,但你知道吗?”

“知道什么?”

“人们什么都没说。”

“哦,他们一定说了什么!”

“不,什么都没。他们大多数时候会提到各种汽车、衣服或者泳池,然后赞叹说‘真了不起!但是他们说的都是一样的内容,每个人说来说去都没什么不同。在咖啡店,他们大都开着笑话机,听的笑话也大都是一样的,或者开着音乐墙,墙上各种彩色图案来回变幻,但那只不过是颜色,全都是抽象的。还有在博物馆,你去过吗?全都是抽象的东西,现在里面只有这样的东西了。我叔叔说以前不是这样的。很久以前,图片是有含义的,上面甚至还有人物。”

华氏451度,即摄氏233度,既是令纸张燃烧的温度,也是当代科幻小说大师雷·布拉德伯里最经典的代表作的名字。在这部科幻小说里,作者虚拟了一个压制思想自由的未来世界。在那里,消防员的工作不是灭火维护安全,而是焚书破坏文明。此书主题深沉凝重,引人深思:没有书籍,人类会过怎样的生活?没有书籍,人类的文明如何得以延续?没有书籍,人类自身如何得以发展?带着这一系列问题,让我们走入《华氏451度》的世界。

故事的主人公虽是以烧书为乐的消防员蒙泰戈,但真正使剧情得以逆转的却是他的新邻居克拉丽丝——一个爱思考爱读书爱观察他人的小女孩。在遇到克拉丽丝之前,蒙泰戈看上去与那个时代的其他消防员并没有太多不同,每天规律地奔波于上班与回家两点一线的生活中,在焚烧书籍、看到火光、闻到煤油味的瞬间感受快乐与荣耀。从小说一开始的叙述中,至少从表面上看,他是以自己的工作为荣的。

然而与克拉丽丝相遇后,随着两人了解加深,蒙泰戈不得不承认自己不快乐以及不爱任何人的真相。从克拉丽丝的陈述中,我们不难发现当时焚书的原因:限制、禁止思想交流。思想的匮乏使得人们的精神世界成为一片荒原,学校的学生只会疯跑疯闹、互相攻击,做的都是些毫无意义的事情。对此并不认同的克拉丽丝在学校显得不合群,常常逃学,自然也有机会与蒙泰戈时常见面。克拉丽丝渐渐改变着蒙泰戈,他学会了欣赏生活中细微之处的美,同时也开始对烧书这一行为以及当下人们所处的状态产生质疑。他发现身边的人(包括自己的妻子)一个个形同行尸走肉,空虚麻木,却佯装快乐,唯有克拉丽丝如此鲜活,成为照亮他生命的一缕阳光。然而,遗憾的是,没过多久小女孩竟意外遭遇车祸身亡。

接下来对蒙泰戈影响较大的人分别是因焚书精神错乱的图书馆男人、宁愿与书同归于尽的老妇人以及退休的英语教授费博,这些人使得蒙泰戈逐步坚定地踏上了保护书籍的道路。我们发现蒙泰戈从焚书场偷了一本书,然后又惊讶地发现这原来不是他偷的第一本书。在他家的角落里,早已藏了好几十本。他的内心早就背叛了消防员这一职业,在他隐隐觉得这个世界不正常的时候,在他还不知道自己此举有什么意义的时候,他就下意识地做出了行动。而与妻子之间毫无有意义交流的事实、克拉丽丝对他良知的启发、目睹爱书人与书共存亡所受到的心灵的震撼,这一切让他压抑了许久的内心开始爆发。他藏书的举动终被发现,不得不因此踏上逃亡之路。

全书中最动人之处莫过于蒙泰戈在山林中与流浪学者们的汇合。在限制思想自由、焚烧人类书籍的时代,这些流浪汉般游走于城市边缘的学者为保存人类文明,硬生生把一部部值得留下的著作一字一句地背了下来:这个人是斯威夫特,那个人是达尔文,另一位是叔本华……他们告诉蒙泰戈:“如果你喜欢,也可以是阿里斯托芬、圣雄甘地、释迦牟尼佛、孔子、托马斯·洛·皮科克、托马斯·杰弗逊和林肯。”让读者颇感意外的是,他们既是为传承文明耗尽心血的背书人,也是为确保自身安全、背完即焚的烧书人。至此,我们可以恍然大悟小说之前提到的一句话:“书本身根本就没有什么魔法,魔法在于书里的内容,在于它们是如何拼凑起宇宙的碎片,为我们缝制出一件完整的衣服。”书籍的内容正是前人思想的凝聚,而这些背书人之所以把自己变成一本本书,正是为了留存思想火种、重建文明。

通过全文后半部分字里行间的描述,我们不难确定蒙泰戈已经加入背书人的行列,一直往前走,直到赶上别人。结尾岸边的生命树,一个月结一个果实,是否也是人类文明果实不断繁衍生息的体现?而“树叶可以用于拯救世界”及全文最后一句“当我们到达城市的时候”不正是作者对于即使身处黑暗时代,依旧能盼到重现文明之光的乐观精神的表达么?因此,即使小说话题凝重,读来并不让人心生愉悦,甚至还有些沉甸甸,我们倒也大可不必因此悲观。至少,生命之树常在,有生命,就会有果实,有果实,就有希望。

《华氏451度》虽被归类为科幻小说,但其细致的心理描写、深邃的哲学思考、感人的传承精神,对现实世界也有深刻的借鉴意义。从某种程度上来讲,小说对未来的预言也着实让人毛骨悚然。蒙泰戈在消防队的队长曾经有一段长篇大论来解释为何书籍的命运会沦落至此,其原因竟然是出于人们自己的选择。在娱乐至死的年代,人们读书越来越少,书籍被各种只会让人傻乐的娱乐节目和铺天盖地的碎片化信息所取代。这样的演变让读书人变成了稀缺品种,而作为绝大多数的思想空洞的大众容不下这些少数因读书而聪明过人的人们的存在,渐渐开始用各种方式对他们进行压制,其中最重要的举措就是烧书。尽管我们现在所处的境况还远没有书中那样糟糕,但也有惊人相似的苗头——比如越来越多的人只刷微博和朋友圈,却不愿捧起一本书来读。而《华氏451度》则向人类敲响了警钟:当娱乐设备发展越来越完善,我们是否能坚持阅读,在阅读中保留心灵的独立,不被娱乐的浪潮所淹没,不让我们的精神世界变得荒芜?

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