陈超英 张 梦 王霄腾 吕 宾
浙江中医药大学附属第一医院消化内科(310006)
序贯疗法根除幽门螺杆菌疗效的meta分析*
陈超英 张 梦 王霄腾 吕 宾#
浙江中医药大学附属第一医院消化内科(310006)
背景:标准三联疗法对幽门螺杆菌(Hp)的根除疗效已显著下降,甚至低于80%。国外研究显示序贯疗法的疗效明显高于三联疗法,国内缺乏大样本的数据分析明确其疗效。目的:系统评价国内外序贯疗法与三联疗法根除Hp的疗效。方法:计算机检索PubMed、Medline、Embase、Cochrane Library、中国知网、万方、维普、中国生物医学文献数据库,纳入近七年有关序贯疗法与三联疗法根除Hp的随机对照试验(RCT)。由2名研究者独立选择文献、提取资料和文献质量评价后,采用RevMan 5.3软件进行meta分析。结果:共纳入31项RCT共8 371例患者。Meta分析显示,序贯疗法的Hp根除率显著高于三联疗法(83.3%对74.7%;RR=1.13,95% CI: 1.09~1.16)。16项国内研究显示序贯疗法的Hp根除率显著高于三联疗法(88.1%对78.0%;RR=1.13,95% CI: 1.10~1.16),15项国外研究显示序贯疗法的Hp根除率显著高于三联疗法(79.0%对71.8%;RR=1.13,95% CI: 1.06~1.20)。序贯疗法的不良反应发生率与三联疗法无明显差异(20.7%对22.0%;RR=0.94,95% CI: 0.86~1.03)。结论:序贯疗法根除Hp的疗效明显高于三联疗法,且两者不良反应无明显差异。在我国,序贯疗法的Hp根除率明显高于三联疗法且根除率>80%,推荐将其作为铋剂四联疗法的补充方案。
幽门螺杆菌; 序贯疗法; 三联疗法; meta分析
流行病学调查[1]发现我国自然人群幽门螺杆菌(Hp)的总感染率高达56.22%。根除Hp对胃黏膜糜烂、消化性溃疡、胃黏膜相关淋巴样组织淋巴瘤以及早期胃癌等均有重要意义。由质子泵抑制剂(PPI)、克拉霉素和阿莫西林组成的三联疗法是标准的一线Hp根除方案[2]。然而,近年多项研究表明三联疗法的Hp根除率已显著下降,甚至低于80%[3]。Maastricht Ⅳ共识[4]明确提出,在克拉霉素耐药率>15%~20%的地区,不再推荐含克拉霉素的三联疗法,应推荐含铋剂的四联疗法或序贯疗法和非铋剂四联疗法作为一线治疗方案。国外一项meta分析[5]表明序贯疗法根除Hp的疗效明显高于三联疗法,甚至在克拉霉素耐药、非溃疡性消化不良、吸烟或cagA基因缺失的患者中均具有较为可观的根除效果。我国研究亦提示序贯疗法的疗效明显高于三联疗法,但目前尚缺乏大样本的数据分析明确其疗效。本研究通过对近年国内外有关序贯疗法和三联疗法根除Hp的随机对照试验(RCT)行meta分析,旨在比较序贯疗法根除Hp的疗效,从而为临床Hp根除策略的制定提供一定的理论依据。
一、文献检索
计算机检索PubMed、Medline、Embase、Cochrane Library、中国知网、万方、维普、中国生物医学文献数据库近7年(2009年1月—2015年12月)公开发表的临床RCT。英文检索词:Helicobacterpylori, Hp,H.pylori, Sequential therapy, Triple therapy, Clinical randomized controlled trial, RCT;中文检索词:幽门螺杆菌,序贯疗法,三联疗法,临床随机对照试验。对所得文献进一步检索其参考文献,以补充可能遗漏的研究。
二、文献纳入和排除标准
1. 纳入标准:①RCT;②通过尿素呼气试验(UBT)、快速尿素酶试验(RUT)或组织学检查测定Hp阳性;③包括10 d序贯疗法与7 d、10 d或14 d三联疗法疗效的比较;④主要终点为意向性分析(ITT)根除率;⑤Hp根除治疗结束至少4周后行UBT或RUT复检。
2. 排除标准:①会议摘要或综述类文献;②重复发表的文献;③非RCT;④7 d或14 d序贯疗法;⑤对照组为非三联疗法。
三、数据提取
绘制资料提取表格,包括第一作者、出版日期、国家、研究设计、Hp诊断方法、研究对象、Hp根除方案及其根除率。由两名研究者独立纳入数据,如有分歧,通过双方讨论解决或由第三者协助判断。用Cochrane偏倚风险评估工具5.1.0版对纳入的文献行质量评价,通过评估选择偏倚(包括是否采用正确的随机化方法和是否实施分配隐藏)、实施偏倚(对研究对象和方案实施者是否采用盲法)、测量偏倚(对研究结果测量者是否采用盲法)、随访偏倚(结果数据报告是否完整)、报告偏倚(是否存在选择性报告研究结果)、其他偏倚,作出低度偏倚、高度偏倚和不清楚的判断。
四、统计学分析
采用Cochrane协作网提供的RevMan 5.3软件,以相对危险度(RR)及其95% CI评估序贯疗法与三联疗法根除Hp的疗效。P<0.05为差异有统计学意义。纳入研究间异质性的分析采用χ2检验。I2≤50%且P>0.1时认为同质性较好,采用固定效应模型;否则采用随机效应模型。运用漏斗图评估出版偏倚。
一、检索结果
共检索到218篇,通过阅读文题和摘要排除综述、评论、动物实验和非RCT等171篇文献;进一步阅读全文,根据纳入和排除标准,最终得到31篇文献,其中亚洲26篇(中国16篇、韩国6篇、印度2篇、新加坡1篇、巴勒斯坦1篇)、欧洲1篇、非洲2篇、南美洲2篇。治疗对象均为初次治疗患者。所纳入文献的基本特征见表1。
二、纳入文献的质量评价
31篇文献均对患者的基线情况进行了报道,在文中提及随机,其中16篇交代了具体的随机方法,其中一篇由于研究者在随机序列产生过程中有非随机成分的描述为高风险,7篇对分配隐藏方案进行了描述,所有纳入研究均数据报告完整。
三、Hp根除率分析
纳入的31篇文献间存在异质性(χ2=60.80,P=0.000), 采用随机效应模型。 结果显示序贯疗法的根除率显著高于三联疗法(83.3%对74.7%;RR=1.13,95% CI: 1.09~1.16)。16篇为我国文献,各研究间无异质性(χ2=11.54,P=0.710),采用固定效应模型。结果显示序贯疗法的根除率显著高于三联疗法(88.1%对78.0%;RR=1.13,95% CI: 1.10~1.16)。15篇为国外文献,各研究间存在异质性(χ2=47.11,P<0.000 1),采用随机效应模型。结果显示序贯疗法的根除率显著高于三联疗法(79.0%对71.8%;RR=1.13,95% CI: 1.06~1.20)。
表1 纳入文献的基本特征
纳入文献的基本特征 续表1
A:阿莫西林;B:铋剂;C:克拉霉素;L:兰索拉唑;M:甲硝唑;O:奥美拉唑;R:雷尼替丁;E:埃索美拉唑;T:替硝唑;P:泮托拉唑;Le:左氧氟沙星;Ra:雷贝拉唑;F:呋喃唑酮
15篇国外研究根据不同地区分为亚洲、欧洲、非洲、南美洲四个亚组。结果显示亚洲(84.1%对74.1%;RR=1.13,95% CI: 1.11~1.16;P<0.05)、欧洲(76.5%对64.5%;RR=1.19,95% CI: 1.00~1.41;P<0.05)、非洲(87.7%对71.5%;RR=1.23,95% CI: 1.13~1.35;P<0.05)的序贯疗法根除率显著高于三联疗法,南美洲的序贯疗法根除率显著低于三联疗法(77.4%对82.5%;RR=0.94,95% CI: 0.88~1.00;P<0.05)。
根据疗程不同,将三联疗法分为7 d、10 d、14 d亚组。结果显示序贯疗法的根除率均显著高于7 d(81.1%对73.7%;RR=1.10,95% CI: 1.06~1.14;P<0.05)、10 d(84.2%对73.4%;RR=1.15,95% CI: 1.11~1.19;P<0.05)、14 d(87.2%对80.7%;RR=1.08,95% CI: 1.03~1.13;P<0.05)三联疗法。
四、不良反应
26项研究报道了不良反应,包括头晕、头痛、皮疹、味觉紊乱、腹痛、恶心、腹泻、便秘、腹胀等。序贯疗法和三联疗法的不良反应发生率无明显差异(20.7%对22.0%;RR=0.94,95% CI: 0.86~1.03)。
五、敏感性和出版偏倚分析
将纳入的31项研究逐一排除后对剩余的研究行meta分析,其RR值为1.12~1.13,说明纳入的文献稳定性较好。出版偏倚分析结果显示漏斗图不对称,说明所纳入的研究可能存在出版偏倚。这可能与结果为阴性的研究未发表,试验组和对照组观察的药物种类、剂量和疗程不同,部分研究样本量偏小有关。
Gatta等[37]的meta分析显示序贯疗法的Hp根除率较高且疗效高于三联疗法。Liu等[38]的一项RCT将357例Hp感染患者随机分为两组,分别给予序贯疗法和铋剂四联疗法,结果显示ITT根除率分别为89.4%和92.7%(P=0.36),说明序贯疗法和铋剂四联疗法可作为我国Hp根除的一线方案。张文渊等[39]的meta分析亦发现,序贯疗法的Hp根除率和不良反应与铋剂四联疗法相当,在中国Hp耐药率低的地区可作为铋剂四联疗法的有力补充。
本研究结果显示序贯疗法根除Hp的疗效明显高于三联疗法(RR=1.13,95% CI: 1.09~1.16),且两者的不良反应无明显差异(RR=0.94,95% CI: 0.86~1.03)。进一步分层分析显示,国外文献和国内文献均发现序贯疗法的Hp根除率明显高于三联疗法(RR=1.13,95% CI: 1.10~1.16;RR=1.13,95% CI: 1.06~1.20)。值得注意的是,国外文献的序贯疗法Hp根除率<80%,因此更有效的Hp根除方法仍有待探究。国内文献的序贯疗法Hp根除率>80%,可推荐作为铋剂四联疗法的补充方案。
本研究还发现,在亚洲和非洲,序贯疗法的疗效优于三联疗法且Hp根除率>80%,故序贯疗法在亚洲和非洲值得推荐作为铋剂四联疗法的补充;在欧洲虽然序贯疗法疗效高于三联疗法,但Hp根除率<80%,故更有效的根除方案仍需进一步研究;而在南美洲,三联疗法根除Hp的疗效优于序贯疗法。不同洲之间序贯疗法的疗效不同,这可能是由于Hp的抗菌药物耐药性在不同的地理位置的变异所导致。此外,10 d序贯疗法的疗效亦优于7 d、10 d、14 d三联疗法。本研究虽然纳入了31项RCT,但不同地理位置亚组以及不同疗程亚组纳入的研究数量仍较少,有待扩大样本量行进一步研究。
综上所述,本研究发现在亚洲、非洲,序贯疗法的Hp根除疗效优于三联疗法,且两者的不良反应无明显差异,可考虑作为铋剂四联疗法的补充方案;在我国,序贯疗法的Hp根除率明显高于三联疗法,亦可推荐作为铋剂四联疗法的补充方案。
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(2016-05-03收稿;2016-12-23修回)
Efficacy of Sequential Therapy in Eradication ofHelicobacterpylori: A Meta-analysis
CHENChaoying,ZHANGMeng,WANGXiaoteng,LÜBin.
DepartmentofGastroenterology,theFirstAffiliatedHospitalofZhejiangChineseMedicalUniversity,Hangzhou(310006)
LÜ Bin, Email: lvbin@medmail.com.cn
Helicobacterpylori; Sequential Therapy; Triple Therapy; Meta-Analysis
10.3969/j.issn.1008-7125.2017.03.010
*本课题由国家自然科学基金(81470814)资助
#本文通信作者,Email: lvbin@medmail.com.cn
Background: The efficacy of standard triple therapy forHelicobacterpylori(Hp) eradication has been significantly decreased, or even less than 80%. Abroad studies have shown that Hp eradication rate of sequential therapy is significantly higher than that of triple therapy. At home, we lack a large sample of data analysis to clarify the efficacy of sequential therapy. Aims: To systematically review the efficacy of sequential therapy and triple therapy in Hp eradication at home and abroad. Methods: PubMed, Medline, Embase, Cochrane Library, CNKI, Wanfang, VIP and CBMdisc were retrieved to collect the randomized controlled trials (RCT) comparing sequential therapy and triple therapy in the treatment of Hp infection in last 7 years. Article selection, data extraction and quality evaluation were conducted independently by two reviewers. Meta-analysis was conducted by RevMan 5.3 software. Results: A total of 31 RCT involving 8 371 subjects were included. Meta-analysis showed that Hp eradication rate of sequential therapy was significantly higher than that of triple therapy (83.3%vs. 74.7%; RR=1.13, 95% CI: 1.09-1.16). Sixteen domestic studies showed that Hp eradication rate of sequential therapy was significantly higher than that of triple therapy (88.1%vs. 78.0%; RR=1.13, 95% CI: 1.10-1.16), fifteen abroad studies showed that Hp eradication rate of sequential therapy was significantly higher than that of triple therapy (79.0%vs. 71.8%; RR=1.13, 95% CI: 1.06-1.20). No significant difference in incidence of adverse reactions was found between sequential therapy and triple therapy (20.7%vs. 22.0%; RR=0.94, 95% CI: 0.86-1.03). Conclusions: Sequential therapy achieves higher Hp eradication rate than standard triple therapy, and no significant difference in incidence of adverse reactions is found between sequential therapy and triple therapy. Hp eradication rate of sequential therapy is significantly higher than that of triple therapy and is higher than 80% in China, which can be recommended as a Hp eradication supplement of bismuth quadruple therapy.