万玉梅,朱计莲,周军丽
(南昌大学第一附属医院神经外科,南昌 330006)
常规护理措施对重型颅脑损伤患者颅内压的影响
万玉梅,朱计莲,周军丽
(南昌大学第一附属医院神经外科,南昌 330006)
颅内压(intracranial pressure,ICP)增高是一种常见于颅脑损伤和脑血管性疾病的神经外科临床病理综合征。在ICP监测的护理中,应确保监护装置正常和ICP监测的准确,随时观察并记录病情和ICP数值。临床上对于重型颅脑损伤的患者进行的一系列常规护理措施,诸如口腔护理、气管内吸痰术、患者体位的改变、拍背、听觉刺激等能使患者保持呼吸道畅通,预防患者感染、发热和颅内再度出血。本文总结颅脑损伤患者的相关护理技术和细节对ICP的影响。
颅内压监测; 常规护理; 颅脑损伤; 颅内压增高
重型颅脑损伤患者的主要死因之一是伤后颅内压(intracranial pressure,ICP)迅速升高,引起脑血流循环障碍,最终导致脑疝形成而继发脑死亡。伤后通过对ICP的监测和脑血流量的评估是防止重型颅脑外伤患者继发脑损害的关键措施[1-3]。目前,临床上针对这类病情危重患者所进行的一些相关护理措施可能引起患者ICP的增加,继而导致更严重的后果。本文对口腔护理、气管内吸痰术、患者体位的改变和拍背、听觉刺激等相关护理措施对ICP产生的影响以及对患者造成的后果作一综述。
重型颅脑损伤的患者,特别是已行气管插管或气管切开的患者,口腔护理是必不可少的。近年来口腔护理措施已从疾病类型、护理频率、持续时间上转而更多的考虑其是否会引起患者ICP的增加。Szabo等[4]通过分析4项研究成果发现口腔护理会在一定程度上增加ICP而给患者带来相关风险。然而,绝大多数研究[4-7]都把口腔护理作为重型颅脑损伤的常规护理,在这些研究中,口腔护理与ICP增加相关,但考虑到各项研究的样本量较小,而且ICP的改变在口腔护理过程中监测较为困难,精确度有待提高,并且在整个观测过程中还有其他因素会干扰研究结果,如不同口腔护理操作、呼吸道的管理、皮肤护理、体位等因素的影响。目前比较大样本的临床试验是由Prendergast等[5]在2009年完成的:收集了879例患者的临床数据,发现口腔护理无一例患者出现ICP持续增加的现象,在操作后ICP会降到原先水平甚至更低,认为口腔护理在临床护理工作中可以作为一项常规操作。另外,在一项随机对照试验[6]中,观察者针对神经外科ICU病房里的患者,比较使用手动和电动牙刷护理措施,并按照标准的口腔护理措施,每天2次,每次2 min进行口腔清洗,发现ICP会在开始护理的操作中升高1.7 mmHg(0.226 kPa),随着护理结束ICP平均下降了2.1 mmHg(0.279 kPa);2组不同的护理方式患者的ICP变化差异无统计学意义。基本可以认为在口腔护理的过程中,患者ICP会有暂时性增加,并且ICP的短暂增加不会对患者的病情产生不良影响[7-8]。
气管内吸痰通常在已行气管内插管或气管切开的患者中执行的较多。早期研究[9-10]发现气管内吸痰会使患者的ICP平均增加2 mmHg(0.266 kPa),随之平均动脉压(mean arterial pressure,MAP)和脑灌注压(cerebral perfusion pressure,CPP)也相应增加,然而随着ICP进一步升高,MAP和CPP并未随之出现进一步改变。这表明吸痰与ICP增加没有独立的联系,ICP增加可能是由于气管刺激、咳嗽、缺氧等有关。Overend等[11-13]研究证实:在吸痰前患者可以存在短时间持续氧合过度,但要避免常规过度通气。因此,对于气管插管的患者,如呼吸道分泌物较多必须清理时,医务工作者可执行气管内吸痰;在给予吸痰前,建议给予患者短暂性氧合过度,但要避免过度通气。ICP的增加与吸痰、气道刺激和咳嗽有关,短暂的升高1~2 mmHg(0.133~0.266 kPa),可视为安全性操作。
每隔2 h翻身拍背是护理重型颅脑损伤患者的常规措施。拍背,尽管没有翻身常见,但在护理过程中常与翻身相结合。这些护理措施能有效地防止皮肤褥疮、锻炼肺功能和减少因长期卧床的并发症,但同样会引起ICP增加。有研究[14]发现在给予患者翻身时,患者会出现暂时性的ICP增加,一般持续2~6 min。有研究[14-15]总结在翻身的1 min内患者ICP没有显著性的改变(增加或者减少),但翻身5 min后患者的ICP会下降。此外,单中心、多中心临床试验及病案报道[16-19]均发现拍背时引起患者ICP的升高在一定范围内是安全的,有时拍背后患者的ICP会下降。
翻身拍背是一个非常重要的护理措施,用于防止患者出现褥疮和减少长期卧床所致的坠积性肺炎等危害。这些措施会在一开始引起ICP轻微增加,随后会降到原来水平。可以认为此项护理措施对于重症颅脑损伤患者ICP影响不大,属于安全操作[11]。
对于神经外科的一些重型患者,听觉刺激对促进和发现患者意识恢复有一定的帮助。临床上,呼喊患者名字判断其意识状况是常规的护理措施。与此同时,护理人员会鼓励家属在床旁与患者交流以促进其康复[12,20]。有研究[21-24]显示听觉刺激有助于神经功能障碍患者功能的恢复。针对听觉刺激对ICP的影响,有研究[25]报道床旁有家属或护理人员进行唤醒的听觉刺激和没有这项干预对ICP的改变无明显差异。另一项研究[26]针对不同类型的听觉刺激(分3组:戴耳塞、音乐刺激、病房的噪音刺激)对格拉斯哥评分(Glasgow coma scale,GCS)<9的脑外伤患者的影响,发现不同类型的听觉刺激对患者ICP的改变差异统计学意义。听觉刺激不会引起神经功能损伤患者ICP的增加,被认为是一个安全的护理措施。听觉刺激甚至有可能降低ICP水平,特别是家属的声音。
随着现代化科学技术进步,ICP监护仪常常被用于动态、早期监测重型颅脑损伤患者,同时也越来越受到神经外科医护工作者的高度重视。ICP监护仪的应用,使临床上在实施ICP监测的同时为患者提供一系列护理措施来强化治疗,并能早期发现患者ICP变化情况。临床上的一系列常规护理措施诸如口腔护理、气管内吸痰术、患者体位的改变和拍背、听觉刺激等都会在一个安全的范围内对患者ICP产生影响,而且对患者心理和生理功能的恢复和改善预后起着举足轻重的作用。
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EffectofRoutineNursingProceduresonIntracranialPressureinPatientswithSevereCraniocerebralInjury
WANYu-mei,ZHUJi-lian,ZHOUJun-li
(DepartmentofNeurosurgery,theFirstAffiliatedHospitalofNanchangUniversity,Nanchang330006,China)
Increased intracranial pressure (ICP) is a common clinicopathological syndrome in craniocerebral injury and cerebrovascular disease.It is necessary to ensure that the monitoring device is normal and the ICP monitoring is accurate in ICP nursing care.In addition,illness condition and ICP values should be recorded at any time.A series of routine nursing measures,such as oral care,tracheal aspiration,position change,back-patting and auditory stimulation,have been used to keep airway open and to prevent infection,fever and intracranial rebleeding in patients with severe craniocerebral trauma.This paper summarizes the influences of nursing techniques and details on ICP in patients with craniocerebral injury.
intracranial pressure monitoring; conventional nursing; craniocerebral injury; increased intracranial pressure
2017-03-31
万玉梅(1981—),女,本科,主管护师,主要从事神经外科的护理研究。
R473.6
A
1009-8194(2017)09-0098-03
10.13764/j.cnki.lcsy.2017.09.038
(责任编辑:钟荣梅)