赵凌云 齐鲁楠 综述 游雪梅 审校
·综述·
热休克蛋白70在肝细胞癌中的研究进展
赵凌云1,2齐鲁楠1,3综述 游雪梅1,3审校
热休克蛋白70(Heat shock protein 70,HSP70)是高度保守的多肽蛋白,作为分子伴侣,在蛋白稳态、细胞凋亡、侵袭、细胞信号转导中发挥重要的作用。研究表明HSP70的表达水平与肿瘤的发生发展及转归有密切联系,其在正常情况下呈低水平表达,而在肿瘤组织中呈高表达。肝细胞癌起病隐匿,相关研究报道HSP70表达水平的高低可以作为早期肝细胞癌诊断和鉴别诊断的敏感性生物学指标,同时影响着肝细胞癌患者的治疗和预后,本文就此做一综述。
热休克蛋白70;肝细胞癌;诊断;预后
肝细胞癌(Hepatocellular carcinoma,HCC)为全球最常见的恶性肿瘤之一[1],全球癌症相关致死率排名第二,每年平均新增70万病例,其中50%发生在中国[2-3]。提高HCC早期诊断率,可以使患者得到更有效的治疗[4]。血清甲胎蛋白(AFP)及其异质体是目前诊断HCC的重要生物学标志物,但欧洲相关学者认为单以AFP 作为诊断指标特异性和敏感性不高,2010年的美国肝病研究学会(AASLD)指南已经不推荐AFP作为筛查指标[5-7]。
热休克蛋白70(Heat shock protein 70,HSP70)是生物进化中高度保守的多肽蛋白,作为分子伴侣参与细胞蛋白质的合成、折叠等,同时在细胞保护、抗细胞凋亡、参与免疫调节及病毒感染中也发挥着重要作用[8]。相关研究表明HCC组织中存在不同程度的HSP70表达,其表达与组织学分化程度有关,HSP70在HCC的鉴别诊断方面有着重要意义,同时HSP70表达水平的高低与其预后和治疗有着密切关系[9]。提高HCC早期诊断的准确率,延长HCC患者的生存期已成为医学界迫切需要解决的问题。
1962年,Ritossa从果蝇幼虫的唾液腺染色体等部位发现“热休克反应”[10],1974年,Tusseres在Ritossa的基础上,进一步研究证实了果蝇在热环境中的确合成了一组新的蛋白质,并将其命名为“热休克蛋白”(Heat shock protein,HSP)[11]。研究证明几乎所有的活细胞都可被诱导出热休克蛋白,除了非致死性热休克外,缺氧、感染、心理应激、饥饿、创伤、某些药物(如腺苷受体激动剂)、放射线等应激原均可诱导出热休克蛋白。
按照分子质量大小,HSPs分为HSP110、HSP90、HSP70、HSP60、小分子HSP、泛素等6个家系。其中,HSP70研究得最为深入,HSP70具有多种生物学功能,在细胞保护、抗细胞凋亡、免疫调节、抗氧化功能等方面发挥着重要作用[12]。
HSP70在正常细胞中受细胞周期调控,处于低表达水平,而在肿瘤细胞中,HSP70受突变或异常蛋白质的刺激,呈高表达水平[13]。相关研究表明,在肿瘤微环境中,热休克蛋白70/热休克蛋白70-肽复合物(HSP70/HSP70-PCs)发挥着复杂而重要的作用,一方面可以活化免疫细胞,激活机体细胞免疫,促进杀伤肿瘤,另一方面又可能通过复杂的通路,提高肿瘤细胞的免疫逃逸能力,从而减少肿瘤杀伤。进入细胞外的HSP70/HSP70-PCs能促进肝癌细胞发生上皮细胞间质转化,影响肝细胞癌的迁移和侵袭能力,细胞外HSP70/HSP70-PCs首先通过激活TLR2和TLR4,继而激活细胞内的JNK1/2/MAPK信号通路来促进肝癌细胞的增殖[14-16]。
HCC的发生发展与乙型、丙型肝炎病毒的相关性已得到公认[17-19]。齐鲁楠等[20]通过iTRAQ定量蛋白质组学分析广西乙肝病毒/黄曲霉毒素相关性肝细胞癌中的相关差异蛋白表达情况,发现HSP70在乙肝病毒相关HCC中呈高表达。Jin等[21]对77例乙肝病毒相关性HCC患者进行研究,发现HSP70羧基端相互作用蛋白在肿瘤较大、门静脉受侵、血清AFP水平高的乙肝相关性HCC患者中呈高表达水平。Schmitt等[22]对73例丙肝病毒相关性HCC进行研究,分析HSP70和临床病理分级的关系,其中67例患者HSP70呈现高表达,并与病理分级显著相关,提示HSP70表达可能与丙肝相关性HCC的肿瘤分化有关。Akada等[23]研究表明,HSP70的自身抗体在丙肝病毒感染相关性HCC患者的血清中呈高表达,提示HSP70在诊断丙肝病毒感染相关性HCC方面具有一定的临床意义。
由于HCC早期缺乏典型的临床表现,因此HCC早期诊断十分困难,并且早期分子病理学的诊断标准尚不统一[24]。近年来,HSP70已经逐渐成为HCC早期诊断重要的生物学指标之一。Tremosini等[25]以60例超声检查发现0.5~2.0 cm结节的肝硬化患者为研究对象,观察HSP70的表达,结果发现其中40例最终被诊断为早期HCC,以HSP70作为标志物进行HCC早期诊断的敏感性和特异性分别为57.5%和85%,如果增加Glypican 3或Glutamine synthetase指标,则敏感性和特异性可高达60%和100%。Wang等[26]对80例HCC、30例早期HCC、30例慢性肝炎、30例肝硬化、30例正常组织运用免疫组织化学对HSP70的表达水平进行检测,发现HSP70在HCC表达水平高于其他三组,其敏感性和特异性分别为78.2%、77.8%。Ojima等[27]研究发现在低级别不典型增生结节(LGDN)、高级别不典型增生结节(HGDN)、早期HCC中,HSP70表达水平呈明显的递增趋势,表明HSP70的高表达可作为早期HCC诊断的生物学指标之一。Gehrmann等[28]研究发现,血清HSP70在慢性肝炎、肝硬化、HCC中的表达水平呈递增趋势,对HCC的早期诊断有一定价值。
肝细胞形态学改变存在很大的重叠性及相似性,为某些不典型HCC的诊断造成困难[29]。因此,相关检测有利于评估患者的肝癌风险,并通过早期干预治疗改善患者的生存期[30]。Shin等[31]对392例HCC和120例没有肝肿瘤的肝组织进行免疫组化染色,HCC中282例HSP70出现阳性表达,占71.9%,伴有显微血管侵犯、大肝癌和高Edmonson-Steiner分级者,HSP70均呈现高表达,通过生存分析还发现,HSP70表达与患者的生存时间相关。此外,有研究表明,HSP70高表达与肝癌门静脉浸润有关[32]。Lagana等[33]选择了30例HCC和18例肝脏腺瘤,发现HSP70在其中的14例HCC中呈现高表达,而在18例肝脏腺瘤中没有表达,敏感性为46%,特异性为100%,提示HSP70有助于HCC和肝脏腺瘤的鉴别诊断。Di等[34]通过对增生性结节和高分化型HCC的研究,发现HSP70诊断高分化型HCC的敏感性和特异性分别为72.9%和100%。Nguyen等[35]研究发现HSP70在非典型肝细胞肿瘤、高分化HCC中阳性率分别为10%,67%。以上研究表明,HSP70在与肝细胞腺瘤、非典型肝细胞肿瘤、高分化肝细胞癌的鉴别诊断中有重要意义。
HCC患者5年的复发率高达70%,如何有效降低HCC的高复发率目前仍是临床上治疗HCC的巨大挑战[36-37]。Ataide等[38]对90例HCC肝移植后患者的生存期、复发率以及运用免疫组织化学对组织中HSP70、谷氨酰胺合成酶等表达水平进行观察,发现HSP70表达阳性率高的HCC患者预后较差,这些生物学标志物可以辅助评估HCC肝移植后的预后情况。综上所述,HSP70在HCC组织中呈高表达,其表达水平与肿瘤大小、门静脉受侵、血清AFP含量呈正相关;同时,HSP70高表达的患者,其术后无瘤生存期短,说明HSP70的高表达可能是影响HCC患者预后的不利因素[21,32]。
近年来,肿瘤免疫治疗受到越来越多的关注,研究表明热休克蛋白70-肽复合物/树突状细胞(HSP70-PC/DCs)瘤苗能够激活CD4+/CD8+及T淋巴细胞,有效的激发抗肿瘤免疫反应[39]。Wang等[40]研究发现成熟的树突细胞(DC)结合HSP70/乙型表面抗原(HBsAg)能够刺激自体T细胞增殖,诱导HCC特定的细胞毒T细胞生成,从而杀伤肿瘤细胞。HSP70在丙肝相关性HCC中呈高表达,这表明HSP70可能是HCC治疗的分子目标[41]。AFP作为肝癌的相关性抗原能促进肝癌细胞增殖,已成为HCC免疫治疗的新靶点,热休克蛋白70-甲胎蛋白抗原表位肽疫苗(HSP70-P/AFP-P)可引起特定的抗肿瘤免疫反应[42-43]。相关免疫疗法在HCC预防和治疗方面起到了一定作用。
同时,相关研究表明射频消融(RFA)可以诱导HSP70的表达,HSP70的表达可以增强细胞的免疫原性,从而损伤肿瘤细胞,对于HCC的治疗有临床意义,HSP70可以作为HCC患者射频治疗疗效的重要生物学指标[44]。
HSP70作为HCC早期诊断、鉴别诊断的重要生物学标志物,对HCC的预防、治疗及预后起着重要作用。针对热休克蛋白及其特异性抑制剂的进一步研究有望改善HCC患者的治疗效果,但目前对于热休克蛋白特异性抑制剂的研究较少。因此,对于热休克蛋白的深入研究有可能成为肿瘤学、药物学等学科的共同研究方向,为进一步揭示肿瘤发生、发展和预后的规律提供新的途径。
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Researchprogressofheatshockprotein70inhepatocellularcarcinoma
ZHAOLingyun1,2,QILunan1,3,YOUXuemei1,3
1.Affiliated Tumor Hospital of Guangxi Medical University,Nanning 530021,China;2.Guangxi Medical University;3.Guangxi Liver Cancer Diagnosis and Treatment Engineering and Technology Research Center
Heat shock protein 70(HSP70)is a highly conserved polypeptide protein,which plays an important role in protein homeostasis,apoptosis,invasion and cell signaling transduction.Many studies have shown that the expression level of HSP70 is closely related to the development and progression of tumor,which is a low expression in normal tissues and the overexpression in tumor tissue.Hepatocellular carcinoma(HCC)is concealed,and the related study reported that the expression of HSP70 can be used as a sensitive biological index for the diagnosis and differential diagnosis for early HCC,and also affects the treatment and prognosis of patients with HCC.This article will summary the relationship between the expression of HSP70 and HCC.
Heat shock protein 70;Hepatocellular carcinoma;Diagnosis;Prognosis
国家自然科学基金资助项目(81160262);国家科技重大专项课题(2012X10002010001009);广西卫计委科研基金资助课题(S201417-03,GZLC16-36)
1.广西医科大学附属肿瘤医院肝胆外科(南宁 530021);2.广西医科大学;3.广西肝癌诊疗工程技术研究中心
赵凌云,女,(1988-),硕士研究生,从事肝胆肿瘤方向的研究。
游雪梅,E-mail:397845319@qq.com
R735.7
A
10.11904/j.issn.1002-3070.2017.06.009
(收稿:2017-06-14)