张晓侠 聂明辉 王志学 刘新伟 董龙 李汝泓 于铁莉
[摘 要] 目的:觀察右美托咪定预防超声引导臂丛神经阻滞止血带疼痛的临床效果。方法:选择2014年6月至2016年6月于我院在臂丛神经阻滞下行手术治疗的断指、断腕或断臂患者101例,随机分为右美托咪定组(A组,n=50例),罗哌卡因组(B组,n=51例)。止血带充气前0.5h,A组患者先静脉泵注右美托咪定1.0ug/kg,10min后以0.5ug/kg.h的速度恒速泵注至手术结束前15min,B组患者同时间内泵注等体积的生理盐水。记录两组止血带充气前(T1)、止血带充气30min时(T2)、止血带充气60min时(T3)、90min时(T4)及止血带放气10min后(T5)患者生命体征(MAP、HR)变化,并分别于T1~T5时间点采用VAS评分法和Ramsay镇静评分评估患者镇痛、镇静评分,记录患者术中出现的不良反应。结果:两组患者T1和T5时间点MAP和HR相比差异无统计学意义,T2~T4时间点A组患者MAP和HR明显低于B组患者,差异有统计学意义,P<0.05;两组患者T1时间点VAS评分和Ramsay评分相比差异无统计学意义,P>0.05,T2~T5时间点A组患者VAS评分明显低于B组且A组患者的Ramsay评分明显高于B组,差异有统计学意义,P<0.05;B组发生的躁动的患者例数明显高于A组患者,差异有统计学意义,两组患者发生心动过缓、低血压、呼吸抑制的例数相比差异无统计学意义。结论:右美托咪定可安全用于臂丛神经阻滞的手术患者,不仅可以有效减少患者止血带疼痛发生率,而且能减少患者术中烦躁的发生。
[关键词] 右美托咪定;臂丛神经阻滞;止血带疼痛;上肢手术
中图分类号:R614 文献标识码:A 文章编号:2095-5200(2017)01-035-03
DOI:10.11876/mimt201701014
Effect of dexmedetomidine on prevention of tourniquet pain in ultrasound-guided brachial plexus blockade ZHANG Xiaoxia1,NIE Minghui2,WANG Zhixue1,LIU Xinwei1,DONG Long1,LI Ruhong1,YU Tieli1. (1. Department of Anesthesiology,Affiliated Hospital of Chengde Medical university;2. Department of Ultrasonography, Affiliated Hospital of Chengde Medical university,Chengde 067000 China)
[Abstract] Objective: This study objective was to observe the clinical effect of dexmedetomidine on the prevention of tourniquet pain in ultrasound-guided brachial plexus blockade. Methods: 101 patients scheduled for surgery of upper extremities under brachial plexus blockade guided by ultrasonography from June 2014 to June 2016 in our hospital were randomly divided into two groups: dexmedetomidine group (group A, n=50) and ropivacaine group (group B, n=51). 0.5 h before the tourniquet was inflated, the patients in group A were injected with 1.0 μg/kg dexmedetomidine for 10 mins, and then pumped at a constant speed of 0.5 μg/ kg·h until 15 mins before the end of the operation. Group B was pumped into the same volume of saline at the same time. The changes of vital signs (MAP, HR) in the patients before tourniquet inflation (T1), at 30 mins (T2), 60 mins (T3), 90 mins (T4) and 10 mins after tourniquet inflation (T5), and the analgesic and sedation scores were evaluated by Visual Analogue Scale (VAS) and Ramsay Sedation Scale (RSS) at T1-T5 respectively, and the adverse effects were recorded. Results: There was no significant difference in MAP and HR between the two groups at T1 and T5. The MAP and HR of group A were significantly lower than those of group B from the time points of T2 to T4 (P<0.05); There was no significant difference in the scores of VAS and RSS between the two groups at the time point of T1, and the VAS scores of group A were significantly lower than those of group B from the time points of T2 to T5, and the Ramsay score of group A were significantly higher than those of group B from the time points of T2 to T5 (P<0.05). The number of patients with agitation in group B was significantly higher than that in group A (P<0.05). There was no statistical significance between the two groups in the incidence of bradycardia, hypotension and respiratory depression. Conclusions: Dexmedetomidine can safely be used in patients with brachial plexus blockade, which can not only reduce the incidence of tourniquet pain, but also reduce the occurrence of irritability in patients.
[Key words] dexmedetomidine; brachial plexus blockade; tourniquet pain; upper extremity surgery
上肢手术操作精细而复杂,手术时间长,在麻醉方面不仅要求镇痛良好,而且需要患者患肢相对静止,上肢外伤手术患者常选择臂丛神经阻滞麻醉[1-2]。气压止血带是术中常用的辅助工具之一,恰当使用可以显著降低术中出血,使术野清晰,但使用不当则会出现严重不良反应,止血带疼痛则是其一[3-4]。减轻患者术中的止血带疼痛不仅可以提高患者术中的舒适度,而且可以增加患者术中的配合,有利于手术的顺利进行。右美托咪定具有镇静、镇痛、抗焦虑、抗交感神经等作用[5]。本研究将探讨右美托咪定预防超声引导臂丛神经阻滞止血带疼痛的临床效果。
1 资料与方法
1.1 一般资料
选择2014年6月至2016年6月于我院在臂丛神经阻滞下行手术治疗的断指、断腕或断臂患者101例,ASA I~II级,18~65岁。随机分为两组,右美托咪定组(A组,n=50例),罗哌卡因组(B组,n=51例)。排除有严重心、肺疾病、肝肾功能不全、对局麻药过敏、局部穿刺禁忌证、高血压、糖尿病、窦性心动过缓、精神病患者、长期服用镇静药或抗交感神经药物史等患者。两组患者年龄、性别比、体重指数、止血带压力和手术时间相比差异无统计学意义,本研究经我院伦理委员会批准,且所有患者均签署知情同意书。
1.2 方法
清醒入室后,鼻导管吸氧(2~3L/min),持续监测心电图、无创动脉血压、脉搏氧饱和度,开放上肢外周静脉通道,给予乳酸林格式液补充生理需要量,所有患者均给予2mg咪达唑仑进行镇静。两组患者均取平卧位,头部向健侧偏转30度左右,对患者患侧的肌间沟进行识别标记,常规使用碘伏纱布消毒、铺巾。超声仪探头频率调至10Hz并套上无菌保护膜,在超声的引导下,缓慢刺入穿刺针至臂丛神经的位置,在其周围注入0.375%的罗哌卡因,直至麻醉药物完全覆盖神经表面,总剂量控制在18mL左右。止血带充气前0.5h,A组患者先静脉泵注右美托咪定1.0ug/kg,10min后以0.5ug/kg.h的速度恒速泵注至手术结束前15min,B组患者同时间内泵注等体积的生理盐水。两组患者均使用成人上肢低压止血带,系于肱骨中上1/3处,充气压力为200~250mmHg,每次充气时间为90min,间隔10min。两组患者均由同一组外科医生施行手术,术中顺利。
1.3 观察指标
记录两组患者止血带充气前(T1)、止血带充气30min时(T2)、止血带充气60min时(T3)、90min时(T4)及止血带放气10min后(T5)患者平均动脉压(MAP)、心率(HR)变化,并分别于T1~T5时间点采用视觉模拟评分法(visual analogue scale,VAS)和Ramsay镇静评分评估患者镇痛、镇静评分,记录患者术中出现的不良反应(躁动、心动过缓、低血压、呼吸抑制)。
1.4 统计学方法
采用SPSS19.0统计学软件进行统计学分析,计量资料采用t检验或方差分析,计数资料采用χ2检验,P<0.05为差异有统计学意义。
2 结果
2.1 两组患者不同时间点生命体征的变化
兩组患者T1和T5时间点MAP和HR相比差异无统计学意义,T2~T4时间点A组患者MAP和HR明显低于B组患者,差异有统计学意义,P<0.05,见表1。
2.2 不同时间点VAS评分和Ramsay评分比较
两组患者T1时间点VAS评分和Ramsay评分相比差异无统计学意义,P>0.05,T2~T5时间点A组患者VAS评分明显低于B组且A组患者的Ramsay评分明显高于B组,差异有统计学意义,P<0.05,见表2。
2.3 两组不良反应发生情况比较
B组发生的躁动的患者14例,例数明显高于A组患者的2例,差异有统计学意义,两组患者发生心动过缓、低血压、呼吸抑制的例数均为0例,差异无统计学意义。
3 讨论
止血带是骨科手术中常用辅助工具之一,为长时间的骨科手术提供了清晰的手术视野。但长时间的止血带捆扎固定会造成患者肢体出现强烈的烧灼感、疼痛感、麻木感和沉重感,即止血带疼痛[6]。止血带疼痛机制复杂,通过激活外周性伤害性感受器、刺激神经干轴索以及激活神经C类纤维,激发脊髓背角交感神经系统反应,进而引起儿茶酚胺类等递质释放的增加,产生疼痛反应[7-8]。止血带疼痛常使患者出现躁动不配合甚至终止手术,临床上常使用阿片类镇痛药来减轻止血带疼痛,但常无法取得理想效果[9-10]。臂丛神经阻滞麻醉是骨科上肢手术患者常选择的麻醉方式,它通过向臂丛神经干周围区域注入局麻药而达到阻滞神经传导目的[11]。对于术中出现的止血带疼痛再次施行臂丛神经阻滞不仅不易施行,而且增加了患者局麻药中毒的风险[12]。
右美托咪定是一种选择性的α2肾上腺素受体激动剂,起效快,达峰时间短,广泛应用于临床麻醉和重症监护患者中[13-14]。本研究中T2~T5时间点A组患者VAS评分明显低于B组且A组患者的Ramsay评分明显高于B组,差异有统计学意义,主要是由于右美托咪定作用于脊髓后角突触前膜、蓝斑以及中间神经元的突触后膜α2肾上腺素受体,不仅抑制了疼痛信号的传导,而且抑制了突触前膜P物质、伤害性肽类物质的释放以及外周C类神经纤维,产生了镇静镇痛作用[15],因此A组患者镇痛评分低于B组患者而镇静评分高于B组患者。T2~T4时间点A组患者MAP和HR明显低于B组患者是由于右美托咪定激活α2肾上腺素受体可以产生抗交感神经的作用,抑制患者体内肾上腺素和去甲肾上腺素的释放,减轻患者的应激反应[16],因此A组患者生命体征的变化也明显低于B组患者,同时这种减轻应激反应的作用也可以减轻患者的疼痛反应。由于A镇静镇痛效果优于B组,因此A组术中躁动发生率明显低于B组,两组患者均未出现严重不良反应,表明右美托咪定的使用具有良好的安全性。
综上所述,美托咪定可安全用于臂丛神经阻滞的手术患者,不仅可以有效减少患者止血带疼痛的发生率,而且能减少患者术中烦躁的发生。
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