宣晓琪,于忠勤,徐建国,张亦鹏,浦晓,王达丰
(江苏省无锡市儿童医院 小儿外科,江苏 无锡 214000)
小儿腹股沟斜疝(indirect inguinal hernia)是腹膜鞘状突先天性未闭所致,可自行复位,但易复发,且一旦发生疝囊嵌顿可导致小肠梗阻,严重甚至出现小肠坏死等后果[1-2],因此需要给予高度重视,目前手术治疗是临床主要方法,其中腹腔镜下疝囊高位结扎术应用广泛,具有创伤小、切口美观、手术适应证广、手术时间短以及安全可靠等特点,同时可探测对侧内环口进而降低异时性疝的发生率[3-4]。但近年来有研究发现,该术式术后复发率较高,导致因素包括患者数量增加、结扎线的选择以及保守手术手法等。因此进一步认识引起该术式术后复发的危险因素,有助于在临床上及时采取措施降低复发几率[5-6]。本研究通过观察小儿腹股沟斜疝行腹腔镜下疝囊高位结扎术术后复发相关的危险因素,为及早进行临床干预提供医学基础。
选取2013年1月—2016年1月期间在我院行腹腔镜下疝囊高位结扎术的306例腹股沟斜疝患儿,所有患儿术前均经全面检查确诊为腹股沟斜疝,整理患儿的病历资料,其中共完成401侧手术;男265例,女41例;年龄3个月至13岁,平均(3.35±2.93)岁;术前发生疝囊嵌顿的有46例;有133例患儿斜疝发生在右侧腹股沟,78例发生在左侧,还有95例双侧均有发生。
对引起小儿腹股沟斜疝腹腔镜下疝囊高位结扎术术后复发的各种危险因素进行分析整理,包括性别、病程、年龄、术前是否发生嵌顿、疝囊部位、内还口直径以及结扎线种类等,并做好记录用于统计学分析。
将本组研究涉及数字录入SPSS 13.0行数据分析,单因素分析采用χ2检验,多因素分析采用Logistic回归分析。P<0.05为差异有统计学意义。
所有行腹腔镜疝囊高位结扎术的腹股沟斜疝患儿共有13例发生术后复发(3.24%),术后1个月内复发3例(23.38%),术后半年复发5例(38.46%),术后1年复发3例(23.08%),术后2年复发2例(15.38%)。复发患儿均于复发后采用传统开放式疝囊高位结扎术进行二次手术。
分析结果显示,腹股沟斜疝患儿行腹腔镜疝囊高位结扎术术后复发与年龄、内环口直径和结扎线有关(χ2=6.275、9.145、11.371,P=0.043、0.010、0.001)(表1)。
分析结果显示,患儿年龄和内环口直径越大以及采用可吸收线进行结扎缝合是斜疝患儿行腹腔镜下疝囊高位结扎术术后复发的独立危险因素(均P<0.05)(表2)。
表1 斜疝患儿腹腔镜下疝囊高位结扎术术后复发影响因素的单变量分析Table 1 Univariate analysis of in fl uential factors for recurrence of indirect inguinal hernia in children after laparoscopic high hernia sac ligation
表2 斜疝患儿行腹腔镜下疝囊高位结扎术术后复发危险因素的多因素Logistic回归分析Table 2 Multivariate Logistic regression analysis of in fl uential factors for recurrence of indirect inguinal hernia in children after laparoscopic high hernia sac ligation
6个月以内的婴幼儿小型腹股沟斜疝是较为常见的一种疝,大部分患儿临床上无需给予疝囊复位,即可自行恢复,自愈率较高[7-8]。研究[9-10]发现斜疝患儿的疝囊极容易发生嵌顿,且年龄越小嵌顿几率越高,危险性越大。所以目前临床上针对斜疝患儿主要采用腹腔镜下疝囊高位结扎术进行治疗,其治愈率较高,创面较小,可有效减少患儿术后疼痛感[11-12]。但是近年来腹腔镜下疝囊高位结扎术的弊端越来越突出,该术式对患儿的心肺功能有较高要求,同时需要给予患儿行全身麻醉,且对术者有较高的操作要求,同时术后复发率高等。
传统的腹腔镜手术方法也未针对该类弊端进行改良,导致斜疝患儿术后复发的几率越来越高,其中因复发导致疝囊嵌顿坏死的患儿也在逐年增加[13-14]。为此研究与斜疝患儿行腹腔镜下疝囊高位结扎术术后复发相关的危险因素并从根本上解决是至关重要的社会问题。
Tanoue等[15]认为,患儿年龄较大是导致斜疝患儿行腹腔镜下疝囊高位结扎术术后复发的危险因素。3岁以下的幼儿由于腹股沟周围肌肉组织较为薄弱,在结扎疝囊时不会产生过大的张力而阻碍疝囊扎紧导致疝囊突出引起复发,而3岁以上的患儿由于肌肉组织发育较为强健,结扎时容易产生过大的阻力,导致术中疝囊不能扎紧而复发[16-17]。张智勇等[18]认为,引起斜疝患儿行腹腔镜下疝囊高位结扎术术后复发的主要危险因素还包括腹股沟管内环口直径较大。较大的内环口表面的肌肉和筋膜较为薄弱,当术后患儿腹腔内压力突然增加(如咳嗽、便秘或腹泻等)时,对结扎线的作用压力过大致使扎紧的疝囊滑动脱出而导致复发[19-21]。本次研究通过单因素χ2检验和多因素Logistic回归方程对可能引起斜疝患儿行腹腔镜下疝囊高位结扎术术后复发相关的危险因素进行分析发现斜疝患儿的年龄和和腹股沟管内环口的直径是主要的独立因素(均P<0.05)。目前通过改良腹腔镜手术方法将内环口进行荷包式环绕并缝合在腹膜腔内可防止过多的疝外组织和肌肉同时被缝合,从而有效的减少了术后复发的几率[22-23]。
另外,本次研究中还发现采用可吸收线进行疝囊结扎也是斜疝患儿行腹腔镜下疝囊高位结扎术术后复发的独立危险因素之一(P<0.05),其主要原因是可吸收线在内环口疤痕形成之前即可被人体吸收,导致疝囊口结扎不牢固,从而导致术后复发[24-25]。
综上所述,年龄、内环口直径以及可吸收线的使用是导致斜疝患儿行腹腔镜下疝囊高位结扎术术后复发的主要危险因素,另外对腹腔镜下疝囊高位结扎术手术方法进行改良也是有效降低术后复发的一项重要措施,因此临床上应针对该类因素及早进行干预,警惕术后复发的发生。
[1]Chandra P,Phalgune D,Shah S.Comparison of the clinical outcome and complications in laparoscopic hernia repair of inguinal hernia with mesh fixation using fibrin glue vs tacker[J].Indian J Surg,2016,78(6):464–470.doi:10.1007/s12262–015–1410–9.
[2]黄达森.腹股沟疝的微创诊疗研究进展[J].微创医学,2012,7(5):536–538.doi:10.3969/j.issn.1673–6575.2012.05.035.Huang DS.Advances in minimally invasive treatment of inguinal hernia[J].Journal of Minimally Invasive Medicine,2012,7(5):536–538.doi:10.3969/j.issn.1673–6575.2012.05.035.
[3]Miyake H,Fukumoto K,Yamoto M,et al.Risk factors for recurrence and contralateral inguinal hernia after laparoscopic percutaneous extraperitoneal closure for pediatric inguinal hernia[J].J Pediatr Surg,2017,52(2):317–321.doi:10.1016/j.jpedsurg.2016.11.029.
[4]Soeta N,Saito T,Ito F,et al.Preperitoneal Suction Technique to Secure the Proper Mesh Position During Laparoscopic Herniorrhaphy[J].Surg Laparosc Endosc Percutan Tech,2016,26(6):e167–170.
[5]苏铭,张俊.腹腔镜疝囊高位结扎术治疗小儿腹股沟疝(附125例报告)[J].腹腔镜外科杂志,2013,18(10):751–753.Su M,Zhang J.Laparoscopic high ligation of hernia sac in the treatment of pediatric inguinal hernia:with a report of 125 cases[J].Journal of Laparoscopic Surgery,2013,18(10):751–753.
[6]Prassas D,Rolfs TM,Sirothia N,et al.Lightweight Titanium-coated Mesh Versus Standard-Weight Polypropylene Mesh in Totally Extraperitoneal Inguinal Hernia Repair (TEP):A Cohort Analysis[J].Surg Laparosc Endosc Percutan Tech,2016,26(6):e113–116.
[7]Wakasugi M,Tei M,Anno K,et al.Single-incision totally extraperitoneal inguinal hernia repair is safe and feasible in elderly patients:a single-center experience of 365 procedures[J].Asian J Endosc Surg,2016,9(4):281–284.doi:10.1111/ases.12298.
[8]杨远红.腹腔镜联合血浆冷沉淀与开放式无张力疝修补术治疗腹股沟复发疝的临床对比研究[J].中华临床医师杂志:电子版,2015,9(6):925–928.doi:10.3877/cma.j.issn.1674–0785.2015.06.010.Yang YH.The comparative study of transabdominal preperitoneal prosthetic (TAPP) combined with blood cryoprecipitate and open tension-free herniorrhaphy in treating patients with recurrent inguinal hernia[J].Chinese Journal of Clinicians:Electronic Edition,2015,9(6):925–928.doi:10.3877/cma.j.issn.1674–0785.2015.06.010.
[9]李炳根,聂向阳.儿童腹股沟疝的腹腔镜手术治疗进展[J].中华外科杂志,2013,51(4):328–330.doi:10.3760/cma.j.issn.0529–5815.2013.04.011.Li BG,Nie XY.Progress of laparoscopic surgery for inguinal hernia in children[J].Chinese Journal of Surgery,2013,51(4):328–330.doi:10.3760/cma.j.issn.0529–5815.2013.04.011.
[10]Muschalla F,Schwarz J,Bittner R.Effectivity of laparoscopic inguinal hernia repair (TAPP) in daily clinical practice:early and long-term result[J].Surg Endosc,2016,30(11):4985–4994.
[11]惠远见,周勤慧,狄茂军,等.单孔腹腔镜疝囊高位结扎术治疗小儿腹股沟斜疝的疗效[J].中华实用儿科临床杂志,2015,30(17):1353–1354.doi:10.3760/cma.j.issn.2095–428X.2015.17.019.Hui YJ,Zhou QH,Di MJ,et al.Efficacy of single port laparoscopic high ligation of the hernia sac oblique inguinal hernia in children[J].Journal of Applied Clinical Pediatrics,2015,30(17):1353–1354.doi:10.3760/cma.j.issn.2095–428X.2015.17.019.
[12]Ordorica-Flores R,Figueroa-Portillo R,Pérez-Escamirosa F,et al.Pediatric inguinal hernia repair with a single-incision approach using an Endo Close™ suturing device[J].Surg Endosc,2016,30(11):5134–5135.
[13]赵永祥,李艳,张瑞敏,等.开放与腹腔镜手术治疗小儿鞘状突未闭的临床对比研究[J].中华腔镜外科杂志:电子版,2015,8(6):45–48.doi:10.3877/cma.j.issn.1674–6899.2015.06.011.Zhao YX,Li Y,Zhang RM,et al.The comparative clinical study of open surgery and laparoscopic surgery in the treatment for patent processus vaginalis in children[J].Chinese Journal of Laparoscopic Surgery:Electronic Edition,2015,8(6):45–48.doi:10.3877/cma.j.issn.1674–6899.2015.06.011.
[14]王文瑞,李健文,王骥,等.复发性腹股沟疝的临床特点和腹腔镜手术方式选择[J].中华消化外科杂志,2015,14(10):827–831.doi:10.3760/cma.j.issn.1673–9752.2015.10.009.Wang WR,Li JW,Wang J,et al.Clinical characteristics and choice of laparoscopic surgical procedures for recurrent inguinal hernia[J].Chinese Journal of Digestive Surgery,2015,14(10):827–831.doi:10.3760/cma.j.issn.1673–9752.2015.10.009.
[15]Tanoue K,Okino H,Kanazawa M,et al.Single-incision laparoscopic transabdominal preperitoneal mesh hernioplasty:results in 182 Japanese patients[J].Hernia,2016,20(6):797–803.doi:10.1007/s10029–016–1540–4.
[16]Arcerito M,Changchien E,Bernal O,et al.Robotic Inguinal Hernia Repair:Technique and Early Experience[J].Am Surg,2016,82(10):1014–1017.
[17]Ponsky TA,Nalugo M,Ostlie DJ.Pediatric laparoscopic inguinal hernia repair:a review of the current evidence[J].J Laparoendosc Adv Surg Tech A,2014,24(3):183–187.doi:10.1089/lap.2014.9998.
[18]张智勇,杜泉,罗冬冬,等.单孔腹腔镜手术在小儿腹股沟斜疝治疗中的应用[J].陕西医学杂志,2014,43(11):1490–1491.doi:10.3969/j.issn.1000–7377.2014.11.019.Zhang ZY,Du Q,Luo DD,et al.Application of single port laparoscopic surgery in treatment of pediatric oblique inguinal hernia[J].Shaanxi Medical Journal,2014,43(11):1490–1491.doi:10.3969/j.issn.1000–7377.2014.11.019.
[19]熊伟,董科,俞小炯.腹腔镜疝囊高位结扎治疗小儿腹股沟斜疝临床分析[J].四川医学,2013,34(4):461–463.doi:10.3969/j.issn.1004–0501.2013.04.013.Xiong W,Dong K,Yu XJ.Clinical analysis of laparoscopic high ligation for indirect inguinal hernia in children[J].Sichuan Medical Journal,2013,34(4):461–463.doi:10.3969/j.issn.1004–0501.2013.04.013.
[20]周凯,杨向东,付晓君,等.小儿腹腔镜疝囊高位结扎术与传统疝囊高位结扎术的临床研究[J].中华全科医学,2015,13(5):719–722.Zhou K,Yang XD,Fu XJ,et al.Clinical studies of high ligation of hernia sac of inguinal hernia by classic open technique and laparoscopic techniques in children[J].Chinese Journal of General Practice,2015,13(5):719–722.
[21]罗鹏,曾宪良,林文,等.腹腔镜疝囊高位结扎术治疗小儿腹股沟疝的临床体会[J].腹腔镜外科杂志,2013,18(10):754–757.Luo P,Zeng XL,Lin W,et al.Clinical study of laparoscopic hernia sac high ligation in the treatment of pediatric inguinal hernia[J].Journal of Laparoscopic Surgery,2013,18(10):754–757.
[22]侯崇智,卞军,施伟栋,等.腹腔镜下单通道自制疝气针完全腹膜外疝囊高位结扎术治疗小儿腹股沟斜疝163例[J].中国微创外科杂志,2014,14(6):519–521.doi:10.3969/j.issn.1009–6604.2014.06.012.Hou CZ,Bian J,Shi WD,et al.Single-port laparoscopic total extraperitoneal high ligation of hernia sac in children:an analysis of 163 cases[J].Chinese Journal of Minimally Invasive Surgery,2014,14(6):519–521.doi:10.3969/j.issn.1009–6604.2014.06.012.
[23]王小艳,李权林,李阳,等.腹腔镜小儿斜疝疝囊高位结扎术后疝复发相关因素分析[J].中华小儿外科杂志,2016,37(10):758–761.doi:10.3760/cma.j.issn.0253–3006.2016.10.010.Wang XY,Li QL,Li Y,et al.Recurrent factors after laparoscopic high ligation of hernia sac for pediatric indirect inguinal hernia[J].Chinese Journal of Pediatric Surgery,2016,37(10):758–761.doi:10.3760/cma.j.issn.0253–3006.2016.10.010.
[24]孙铁柱,毕洁亮,张卫华.小儿腹腔镜疝囊高位结扎术的临床疗效分析[J].腹腔镜外科杂志,2015,20(5):380–383.Sun TZ,Bi JL,Zhang WH.The clinical curative effect analysis of laparoscopic hernia sac high ligation in children[J].Journal of Laparoscopic Surgery,2015,20(5):380–383.
[25]段宣旺,田茂霖,刘素君.腹腔镜疝囊高位结扎术治疗小儿腹股沟疝的应用体会[J].中华疝和腹壁外科杂志:电子版,2012,(4):978–980.doi:10.3877/cma.j.issn.1674–392X.2012.04.025.Duan XW,Tian ML,Liu SJ.Experience in the treatment of hernia by laparoscopic high ligation[J].Chinese Journal of Hernia and Abdominal Wall Surgery:Electronic Version,2012,(4):978–980.doi:10.3877/cma.j.issn.1674–392X.2012.04.025.