谷文艳, 陈洪涛, 姚庆祯, 张晓琳
(中国海洋大学化学化工学院,山东 青岛 266100)
黄河下游溶解态营养盐季节变化及入海通量研究*
谷文艳, 陈洪涛**, 姚庆祯, 张晓琳
(中国海洋大学化学化工学院,山东 青岛 266100)
黄河;营养盐;浓度;月际变化;通量
河流输送是河口及近海营养盐的主要来源,其在营养要素的生物地球化学循环中发挥着至关重要的作用。营养盐输送量主要取决于河流向河口输送的水沙通量以及与此两载体相关联的氮、磷和硅的含量[1],而河流中营养盐的来源与它们的季节变化以及水情要素有关[2]。营养盐通过地表径流向海洋的输入有利于维持海洋初级生产力,但营养盐过剩则会产生富营养化现象,导致浮游植物异常繁殖,因此关注主要无机营养盐氮、磷和硅的输送通量变化对渤海生态环境所造成的影响具有重要意义。
黄河以其泥沙多,河道善淤、善决、善徙而著称于世,巨量泥沙和营养物质随河流输入渤海,对渤海的营养状况产生直接的影响。近几十年来,受人类活动影响,黄河流域的营养盐含量呈上升趋势[3-6]。但是在自然因素与经济的发展以及不断增长的人口压力等社会因素的共同影响下,近年来黄河入海水沙通量锐减[7-9],严重影响了河口及近海生态环境[10-12]。近年来渤海的生态环境发生了巨大变化[13-19],赤潮频发、水质恶化、海洋生态系统失衡、渔业资源衰退等海洋生态问题日益严重。
已有不少学者对黄河下游及邻近海域营养盐及其分布情况进行过研究[20-25],对黄河下游历史数据的研究发现,数十年来黄河营养盐含量显著升高[26-28],这可能会对河口及渤海海洋环境和生态系统稳定产生重要的影响[18,26]。本研究系统分析了2010年4月—2011年3月期间黄河下游利津站溶解态营养盐及入海通量的变化情况,有助于全面了解人类活动影响下黄河营养盐变化及对渤海生态系统的影响,并为相关研究开展提供营养盐基础数据,丰富已有的关于黄河下游营养盐分布及形成机制的认识,为流域和河口环境问题的解决提供科学依据。
1.1 采样站位
2010年4月—2011年3月期间,每月20日前后在黄河利津大桥下游约20km的浮桥上平均取5个点采集样品,将5个采样点观测数据的平均值作为每次观测的结果。采样地点位于黄河下游的利津水文站附近,距河口104km,以下无重大工业和生活污水排入。
1.2 样品处理及测定方法
2.1 黄河下游营养盐的季节变化
2010年4月—2011年3月黄河利津站流量的变化范围为62—1 850 m3/s。从图1可以看出,黄河下游径流主要集中在7~10月,占全年水量的72.8%,其他月份入海水量较少。
图1 2010年4月—2011年3月黄河利津流量变化
湖北华贵为提高产品生产率和质量投入了大量资金,研发设计了多项拥有专利的生产机械与技术,实现了生产自动化、机械化、标准化。从选品到生产,严格把控分级切割、清洗、冷却、包装杀菌等每一个步骤,保证每一环节的专业化、标准化生产。湖北华贵的产品质量监管严格,2016年通过了HACCP质量体系认证。除此之外,湖北华贵扩大产品市场供应多样性和提高品牌附加值的意识强烈,不断向绿色产品方向拓展。
黄河流域水体中溶解态磷的主要来源包括农业施肥、城市污水及大气干湿沉降等[20]。2010年4月—2011年3月黄河下游磷酸盐的浓度在7~10月存在相对的高值,这可能是因为丰水期黄河高含量的悬浮物中携带的磷发生解吸作用[36-37]导致的。
黄河流域中磷酸盐浓度与中国的其他河流及全球未受污染的河流相近,这归因于磷酸盐在大量悬浮颗粒物上的吸附[32-34]。
图2 2010年4月—2011年3月黄河下游各形态氮浓度月际变化
图3 2010年4月—2011年3月黄河下游磷酸盐浓度月际变化
图4 2010年4月—2011年3月黄河下游硅酸盐浓度月际变化
与位于寒冷干燥的北方的其他河流(如大辽河、淮河)相比,黄河流域的硅酸盐含量较高,而与长江、珠江的含量水平相近,这主要是由于较强的化学风化作用所致[32]。
2.2 黄河下游水体中营养盐含量与径流量的关系
表1 2010年4月—2011年3月黄河下游营养盐含量与径流量的相关性
注:*表示在0.05水平(双侧)上显著相关;样本数为12。*said it had significant correlation at the 0.05 level (double side);Sample of 12.
① Water discharge
2.3 黄河下游营养盐的入海通量
表2列出了2010年4月~2011年3月期间黄河下游水体中各形态营养盐的入海通量,其计算公式如下[43]:
Qi=Ci˙qi,
(1)
Q=∑Qi(i=4,5,6,......12,1,2,3)。
(2)
其中:Qi为营养盐入海月通量(t/m);Ci为营养盐含量(μg/L);qi为黄河下游月径流量(109m3);Q为营养盐入海年通量(t/a)。
从表2中可以看出,黄河下游营养盐的入海通量随季节有明显变化,最高值均在2010年7、8月,最低值均出现在2011年2月。
表2 2010年4月~2011年3月黄河下游各形态营养盐通量
注:表中溶解无机氮通量均以N计,磷酸盐均以P计,硅酸盐以Si计。Flux of Dissolved inorganic nitrogen are calculated in N, phosphate in P, silicate in Si in the table.
表3是2010年4月—2011年3月期间黄河下游营养盐入海通量与径流量的相关关系。从表中可以看出,各营养盐入海通量与径流量间均存在显著的正相关关系,说明影响黄河下游营养盐入海通量的主要因素是流量而非营养盐浓度。这种河流输送营养盐通量主要取决于径流量的现象在九龙江河口和长江口也有报道[45-46]。
表3 2010年4月~2011年3月黄河下游营养盐月入海通量与径流量的相关性
注:**表示在0.01水平(双侧)上显著相关,*表示在0.05水平(双侧)上显著相关;样本数为12。said it had significant correlation at the 0.01 level (double side),*said it had significant correlation at the 0.05 level (double side);Sample of 12.
① Water discharge
(1)溶解无机氮的季节变化明显,表现为枯水期含量较高,丰水期含量较低;磷酸盐的变化与其相反;硅酸盐一年中最大浓度出现在9月,为受降水影响而流量较大的月份。
(2)磷酸盐浓度与径流量显著正相关,硅酸盐浓度与流量存在一定的正相关关系;而溶解无机氮与径流不存在相关关系。
(4)丰水期黄河向渤海输送的溶解无机氮、磷酸盐及硅酸盐是全年输送通量的主要贡献者,营养盐通量的主要控制因素是径流量。
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责任编辑 徐 环
Seasonal Variation and Fluxes of Dissolved Nutrients in the Lower Reaches of the Huanghe
GU Wen-Yan, CHEN Hong-Tao, YAO Qing-Zhen, ZHANG Xiao-Lin
(College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266100, China)
The monthly variations and fluxes of dissolved inorganic nutrients were studied, based on continuously observation data in the lower main channel of the Huanghe (Lijin station) during the period from April,2010 to March,2011.The results showed that concentrations ranged from 190.4 to 361.3 for dissolved inorganic nitrogen(DIN),177.1 to 332.5 μmlo/L for nitrate,0.74 to 13.81 μmol/L for nitrite, 2.27 to 26.44 μmol/L for ammonia nitroge,with averages of 277.5,269.3,4.90 and 5.26 μmol/L,respectively.Concentrations of phosphateand silicateranged from 0.027 to 0.138 μmlo/Land from 92.5 to 146.0 μmol/L,with averages of 0.094 and 118.1 μmol/L respectively. The concentrations of DIN were lower in the flood season than those in the dry season,whilewas opposite.was the predominant species of DIN and fluxes ofwere the main contributors of DIN transport fluxes from the river into the Bohai. The concentrations ofhad positive linear correlation with fresh water discharge. Nutrient fluxes in the flood season were the main contributors to the annual loads and nutrient transport patterns highly depended on freshwater discharge.
Huanghe; nutrients; concentration; monthly variation; flux
国家自然科学基金项目(41276070)资助 Supported by Natural Science Foundation of China(41276070)
2015-08-20;
2015-12-11
谷文艳(1989-),女,硕士生。E-mail:avagwy@163.com
** 通讯作者: E-mail:chenht@mail.ouc.edu.cn
P734.4+4
A
1672-5174(2017)03-074-07
10.16441/j.cnki.hdxb.20150293
谷文艳, 陈洪涛, 姚庆祯, 等. 黄河下游溶解态营养盐季节变化及入海通量研究[J]. 中国海洋大学学报(自然科学版), 2017, 47(3): 74-79.
GU Wen-Yan, CHEN Hong-Tao, YAO Qing-Zhen, et al. Seasonal variation and fluxes of dissolved nutrients in the lower reaches of the Huanghe[J]. Periodical of Ocean University of China, 2017, 47(3): 74-79.