庞相军, 赵 娜, 王守庆, 辛桂杰
(吉林大学第一医院 肝胆胰内科, 长春 130021)
甘草酸制剂导致顽固性低血钾1例报告
庞相军, 赵 娜, 王守庆, 辛桂杰
(吉林大学第一医院 肝胆胰内科, 长春 130021)
甘草酸; 低钾血症; 肝炎, 自身免疫性; 病例报告
患者女性,54岁,因“间断皮肤、巩膜黄染7年,加重4 d”于2016年10月12日入院。15 d前出现发热,伴咳嗽、咳痰,自服“众生片”1周(3片/次,3次/d)后好转。4 d前出现皮肤、巩膜黄染,恶心,病程中有胸闷、气短,无腹痛、腹泻,睡眠尚可。既往:7年前使用灭蚊剂4 d后出现上腹不适,皮肤、巩膜重度黄染,肝功能酶学指标明显升高(具体不详),保肝治疗半个月后好转。5个月前出现胸闷、气短,自服中药(具体不详)3个月后好转。否认肝炎、结核病史及接触史,否认饮酒史。入院时查体:血压110/65 mm Hg。皮肤、巩膜重度黄染,无肝掌及蜘蛛痣。双肺呼吸音清,心律齐,无杂音。腹平软,无压痛及反跳痛。肝脾无肿大,肝区叩击痛阳性。辅助检查:HBV血清学标志物抗-HBs、抗-HBe、抗-HBc阳性,HBV DNA载量<50 IU/ml。甲型肝炎及丙型肝炎抗体阴性。血生化:AST 881.0 U/L,ALT 467.3 U/L,GGT 136.7 U/L,ALP 145.9 U/L,ChE 3490 U/L,Alb 33.9 g/L,Glb 50.7 g/L,TBil 292.8 μmol/L,DBil 228.7 μmol/L,IBil 64.1 μmol/L,TBA 149.8 μmol/L,TG 3.78 mmol/L;铜蓝蛋白正常;抗核抗体系列:颗粒型1∶100阳性,肌动蛋白型 1∶320,抗SLA/LP(+++)。IgG 33.00 g/L。CT示脂肪肝、脾大。肝穿刺病理检查:肝细胞弥漫水样变性及气球样变性,可见“玫瑰花结”样肝细胞增生,部分肝细胞及毛细胆管内可见胆汁淤积,重度点灶状坏死及2处桥接坏死,中央静脉周围肝板塌陷,纤维组织增生,肝窦内浆细胞及淋巴细胞为主的混合性炎细胞浸润,汇管区扩张及纤维化,重度界面炎(浆细胞及淋巴细胞破坏肝界面),小胆管增生,未见胆管破坏变性及消失,间质内重度淋巴细胞、浆细胞及散在少许嗜酸性粒细胞浸润,病变程度相当于G4S2改变,病理诊断考虑自身免疫性肝炎,伴药物性肝损伤。结合病史、辅助检查及病理结果,临床诊断为自身免疫性肝炎 3型(药物诱导可能性大)、电解质紊乱-低钾血症。
入院后常规给予甘草酸单胺、丁二磺酸腺苷蛋氨酸、多烯磷脂酰胆碱治疗,患者饮食尚可,无呕吐,无腹泻,未应用利尿剂及胰岛素。1 d后复查血钾3.13 mmol/L,每日积极补钾,但血钾持续下降,3 d后为2.92 mmol/L,停用甘草酸单胺。停药后2 d血钾正常。肝穿刺病理结果回报后,患者拒绝使用免疫抑制剂及激素治疗,再次尝试使用甘草酸单胺治疗,4 d后血钾2.84 mmol/L,补钾治疗3 d后为2.97 mmol/L,再次停用甘草酸单胺后1 d血钾恢复正常。经治疗患者肝功能酶学指标下降明显,后续仍拒绝免疫抑制剂及激素治疗,遂出院。
甘草酸是临床上广泛应用的保肝药,通过抑制炎症反应中发挥核心作用的炎症通路上游调控因子——高迁移率族蛋白1发挥抗炎保肝作用[1]。同时还抑制磷脂酶A2、核因子-κB、活动磷酸肌醇3激酶和丝裂原活化蛋白激酶等多种代谢通路,激活转录因子NF-E2相关因子2和过氧化物酶体增殖物激活受体γ的表达而阻断下游炎症通路,抑制一氧化氮、前列腺素、血栓素B2、白三烯和活性氧的生成,发挥抗炎作用[2-3]。甘草酸在体内代谢的部分中间产物3-单葡糖醛酸甘草次酸(3-Monoglucuronyl glycyrrhretinic acid,3MGA)通过多药耐药蛋白(multi-drug resistant associate protein,Mrp)2经胆汁排泄并存在肝肠循环,正常情况下3MGA不进入血液。但部分肝病患者Mrp2表达下调,Mrp3表达增加,3MGA肝肠循环受阻,并通过Mrp3等转运蛋白进入血液,从而抑制2型11β-羟基类固醇脱氢酶,阻止皮质醇降解为可的松,导致皮质醇增多,激活盐皮质激素受体,产生假性醛固酮作用如钠潴留、低钾血症和高血压[4-6]。当血钾降到2.5 mmol/L以下时容易产生心律失常、周期性麻痹、横纹肌溶解及代谢性碱中毒等严重症状[7-12],且有因过量食用含甘草的食品而导致低钾血症的报道[13]。有研究[14-15]发现胆汁淤积性肝病患者的Mrp2和Mrp3表达分别下调和增加,提示胆汁淤积性肝病患者在应用甘草制剂时可能更容易出现低钾血症。另外,女性、老年人和低体质量患者更易发生低钾血症[16-17]。
此病例患者病程中进食量无明显改变,无呕吐,无腹泻,未应用利尿剂及胰岛素。在两次使用甘草酸单胺保肝治疗时,均出现低血钾,补钾治疗后血钾未恢复正常,停药后经过补钾治疗血钾很快恢复正常,因而考虑患者低钾可能与静点甘草酸单胺有关。目前临床上有多例因使用甘草酸制剂致低血钾的报道,这些制剂包括甘草酸苷、甘草酸二铵、甘草片、甘草糖锭等[7-9,12],临床医师在使用时,应定期复查血钾,警惕低钾血症,且不宜长期应用,对其引起的低钾血症的副作用要给予高度重视。
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引证本文:PANG XJ, ZHAO N, WANG SQ, et al. Intractable hypokalemia caused by glycyrrhizinic acid preparations: a case report [J]. J Clin Hepatol, 2017, 33(7): 1344-1345. (in Chinese) 庞相军, 赵娜, 王守庆, 等. 甘草酸制剂导致顽固性低血钾1例报告[J]. 临床肝胆病杂志, 2017, 33(7): 1344-1345.
(本文编辑:刘晓红)
Intractable hypokalemia caused by glycyrrhizinic acid preparations: a case report
PANGXiangjun,ZHAONa,WANGShouqing,etal.
(DepartmentofHepatology,TheFirstHospitalofJilinUniversity,Changchun130021,China)
glycyrrhizinic acid; hypokalemia; hepatitis, autoimmune; case reports
10.3969/j.issn.1001-5256.2017.07.030
2016-12-12;
2017-01-31。
庞相军(1993-),男,主要从事肝脏相关疾病研究。
辛桂杰,电子信箱:guijiexin@aliyun.com。
R975.5; R575.1
B
1001-5256(2017)07-1344-02