中国七大水系沉积物中典型重金属生态风险评估

2017-03-05 05:01阳金希张彦峰祝凌燕
环境科学研究 2017年3期
关键词:海河珠江水系

阳金希,张彦峰,祝凌燕

南开大学环境科学与工程学院,环境污染过程与基准教育部重点实验室,天津 300350

中国七大水系沉积物中典型重金属生态风险评估

阳金希,张彦峰*,祝凌燕

南开大学环境科学与工程学院,环境污染过程与基准教育部重点实验室,天津 300350

为评价国内水系重金属生态风险,根据2000—2015年国内外文献报道,选择中国七大水系——长江水系、黄河水系、辽河水系、松花江水系、海河水系、淮河水系和珠江水系的沉积物,以Cu、Cd、Pb、Zn、Ni等5种典型重金属为研究目标,对其质量分数及分布特征进行了系统分析;并利用生物效应数据库法对5种重金属的淡水水体沉积物质量基准值——TEL(临界效应浓度)和PEL(可能效应浓度)进行了更新.结果表明:Cu、Cd、Pb、Zn、Ni的新TEL分别为56.2、2.58、47.3、79.9和35.4 mg kg,新PEL分别为141、19.6、200、461和78.6 mg kg.七大水系以珠江水系沉积物中Cu、Cd、Pb、Zn、Ni的浓度最高,海河水系和黄河水系次之,而长江水系、辽河水系、松花江水系和淮河水系沉积物中重金属浓度较低.通过比较生物效应数据库法更新的沉积物质量基准值与实际沉积物重金属浓度,评价中国重点水系沉积物生态风险所得结论与国内外研究结果基本一致.研究显示,重金属对中国七大水系沉积物的污染大多处于生态风险较小或风险不确定的水平,其中仅有1.15%~7.60%的采样点重金属生态风险较高;七大水系以珠江水系沉积物生态风险最高,其5种重金属质量分数最高,并且超过各自PEL的采样点占比在4.41%~26.8%之间;其次,海河水系沉积物也存在一定的重金属生态风险,其Cu、Zn和Ni的质量分数较高,超过各自PEL的采样点分别占14.1%、15.2%和14.8%.

七大水系;沉积物;典型重金属;风险评价

重金属作为一类重要的环境污染物,通过各种途径进入水体并分布在水相、沉积物、生物体中,表现出不同的环境地球化学行为和生物毒性效应[1-2].研究表明,重金属在沉积物中的含量比上覆水高很多倍[3-4],成为水体污染的内源,持续危害水体生态环境[5].US EPA(美国国家环境保护局)已将水体沉积物重金属作为评价水体环境的重要指标[6].

中国水体沉积物重金属污染备受关注.朱青青等[7]运用潜在生态风险指数法对中国主要水系沉积物中重金属分布特征及来源进行了分析;张静等[8]通过与沉积物背景值比较的方法总结了中国北方河流沉积物中重金属污染现状.这些方法在一定程度上揭示了环境污染状况,但仍存在主观性[9]或未能考虑生态效应[5]等不足.为了科学评价沉积物污染,欧美等早在20世纪就提出了沉积物质量基准的概念并进行研究[10],而相平衡分配法和生物效应数据库法是国际上最常用的两种推导沉积物质量基准的方法[11].在此背景下,课题组系统开展了相关研究,运用这两种方法获得了中国淡水流域中Cu、Cd、Pb、Zn、Ni等的沉积物质量基准阈值,并对所推导的基准值进行了验证[12-16].

由于国内通过沉积物质量基准的方法进行污染评价的报道较为分散[17-18],缺少对七大水系的综合全面评价.综上,该研究根据新收集到的数据对课题组前期提出的沉积物质量基准值进行更新,并应用新基准值对中国重点水系水体沉积物重金属污染进行系统的风险评估.针对七大水系——长江水系、黄河水系、辽河水系、松花江水系、海河水系、淮河水系和珠江水系,选择Cu、Cd、Pb、Zn、Ni 5种典型重金属,研究其在各水系沉积物中的浓度及分布特点,并通过沉积物中重金属含量与沉积物质量基准比较的方法对其生态风险进行评价,以期对中国重点水系沉积物中重金属污染控制提供理论依据.

1 研究方法

1.1 沉积物质量基准值的估算

以生物效应数据为基础的生物效应数据库法(biological effect database approach,BEDA)是国际上最为广泛接受的沉积物质量基准推算方法之一[19].根据统计方法的不同将其分为单值基准法、双值基准法和三轴图法3类.其中,双值基准法避免了单值基准因统计方法过于简单而不准确的问题,并且可以根据评价目标选择基准值[11].该方法定义的基准值用两个数值来表示,即临界效应浓度(threshold effect level,TEL)和可能效应浓度(probable effect level,PEL).推算过程大致分为生物效应数据库的建立、水体沉积物重金属质量基准值TEL和PEL的确定以及对TEL和PEL的检验及讨论等步骤[13].课题组[13]前期应用生物效应数据库法推算了中国淡水水体沉积物重金属质量基准值.但为了更准确评估沉积物质量基准,有必要补充沉积物对底栖生物的毒性数据,并不断进行更新[20].在前期研究的基础上,通过重金属对中国本土底栖生物的毒性研究以获得毒性效应阈值,同时查阅各种相关文献,补充淡水水体沉积物中重金属的化学与生物数据,增加相关生物效应数据74个、无生物效应数据11个,并对5种重金属Cu、Cd、Pb、Zn、Ni的TEL和PEL进行了重新估算.表1列出了相关重金属生物效应数据库中的数据量及基准值的更新结果.

1.2 数据收集

通过查阅中国重点水系沉积物重金属的相关文献,以中国知网、维普网、Web of science为文献检索来源,以“重金属”和“沉积物”为主要检索词,搜集2000—2015年来国内外公开发表的关于中国七大水系(长江水系[21-30]、黄河水系[31-38]、辽河水系[39-44]、松花江水系[45-54]、海河水系[55-66]、淮河水系[67-78]和珠江水系[18,79-86])水体沉积物中5种重金属含量的数据,包括Cu、Cd、Pb、Zn、Ni的采样点位数共1 576个.数据的搜集和筛选遵循以下原则:①数据来源为各水系干流及其主要支流;②文献中重金属主要来源于各水系表层沉积物;③所测定的含量为重金属总量(以干质量计),单位为mg kg.符合相关原则的浓度数据共2 564个.各类数据点分布:Cu 583个、Cd 503个、Pb 584个、Zn 565个、Ni 329个.

1.3 统计方法

各水系沉积物重金属浓度数据的分析及作图采用软件Origin 8.5完成.

1.4 沉积物重金属生态风险评估

根据单因素试验结果如表7所示,5个蒸汽喷射时间条件下鸭肉b*有显著差异(p<0.05),b*在2~4s内随蒸汽喷射时间延长而增加,在4~6s内随蒸汽烤制时间的延长b*先减小后增大;鸭皮的亮度值L*在2~6s内随蒸汽喷射时间的延长先增大后减小;在2~4s范围内鸭肉弹性随蒸汽喷射时间的延长先减小后增大,在4~6s范围内鸭肉弹性波动规律与2~4s相同;鸭皮弹性随蒸汽喷射时间的延长先减小后增大,在4~6s范围内鸭皮弹性先增大后减小。

沉积物生态风险评估是在生物毒性基础上对沉积物中污染物是否对底栖生物构成潜在威胁的一种评估和判断[87].由生物效应数据库法推导出的TEL是判定“有”或“无”明显效应的污染物浓度分界线.当污染物浓度低于TEL时,认为污染物对水体生物没有显著危害.PEL则是判定危害“可能”或者“经常”发生的污染物浓度分界线,污染物浓度超过PEL时,认为污染物经常对生物造成不利影响.若沉积物中化学物质的浓度介于二者之间,表示不确定是否会产生负面生物效应[88].

由此,通过对中国七大水系沉积物重金属含量与对应基准值进行比较,分别统计各水系沉积物中Cu、Cd、Pb、Zn、Ni低于TEL、高于PEL及介于二者之间所占的采样点百分比,运用饼图直观显示沉积物中重金属浓度与基准值比较的结果,描述不同重金属在不同水系的生态风险.

2 结果与讨论

2.1 沉积物质量基准值的更新结果及对比

通过补充沉积物中重金属对底栖生物的毒性数据,对沉积物质量基准值进行更新,更新后的数值相比原始值略有变化,但变化不大.其中,Pb的TEL保持不变,Cu、Zn、Ni的TEL及Cd、Zn、Ni的PEL略有增大,Cd的TEL和Cu、Pb的PEL略有减小.具体数值如表1所示.

2.2 沉积物中重金属的质量分数及分布特征

5种重金属在各水系沉积物中的质量分数分布见表2、图1.

重金属w(Cu)在各水系的范围为1.51(海河水系)~829 mg kg(珠江水系).浓度几何均值由高到低为珠江水系>海河水系>长江水系>黄河水系>淮河水系>辽河水系>松花江水系.w(Cd)在各水系的范围为nd(黄河水系)~76.0 mg kg(珠江水系),几何均值由高到低为珠江水系>黄河水系>长江水系>辽河水系>海河水系>淮河水系>松花江水系.w(Pb)的范围为4.60(淮河水系)~2 352 mg kg(珠江水系),几何均值由高到低为珠江水系>黄河水系>海河水系>长江水系>辽河水系>淮河水系>松花江水系.w(Zn)在各水系的范围为7.60(辽河水系)~4 203 mg kg(海河水系),几何均值由高到低为珠江水系>海河水系>长江水系>松花江水系>黄河水系>淮河水系>辽河水系.w(Ni)的范围为3.20(辽河水系)~249 mg kg(海河水系).由于所收集的黄河水系沉积物中w(Ni)的数据较少,暂未对其作讨论.除黄河水系外,Ni浓度的几何均值由高到低为珠江水系>海河水系>长江水系>淮河水系>辽河水系>松花江水系.

林文杰等[89]研究表明,珠江水系某些支流沉积物中Cu、Cd、Pb等重金属均超过GB 15618—1995《土壤环境质量标准》二级标准限值,并且以Cu和Cd的污染为首[18].究其原因,是因为电子废物的处理处置对当地环境造成了严重的污染[90].重金属污染除与一定的生活污染和工业污染等有关外,还可能受到污染事件的影响[91].总之,珠江水系较高浓度的重金属与工业废水和生活污水大量排入[7]有关.

除珠江水系外,海河水系中 w(Cu)、w(Zn)、w(Ni)和黄河水系中w(Cd)最高,并且重金属w(Pb)在这两个水系沉积物中均较高.海河水系和黄河水系中Pb污染较为普遍,可能与北方的燃煤习惯有一定关系[8].此外,天津市是以制造业、纺织、轻工业、钢铁等传统产业为主的老工业基地[7],海河干流重金属质量分数普遍偏高,可能与其流经天津市区有关.

2.3 各水系沉积物重金属生态风险评估

图2为5种重金属在七大水系沉积物中质量分数与基准值比较的结果.由图2可见,重金属Cu在海河和珠江水系中分别有29.3%、35.0%采样点的质量分数在TEL~PEL之间,超过PEL的采样点分别占14.1%、26.8%,而其在长江水系、黄河水系、辽河水系、松花江水系、淮河水系等水体沉积物中的质量分数较低.重金属Cd除在黄河水系沉积物中有15.8%采样点的质量分数在TEL~PEL之间、珠江水系中有10.2%采样点的值高于PEL外,在其他水系90%以上采样点的质量分数均低于其TEL.重金属Pb在黄河水系中有11.5%采样点的质量分数高于PEL,海河水系有30.1%的采样点在TEL~PEL之间,而珠江水系则分别有54.1%和10.2%的采样点其质量分数处于TEL~PEL之间及高于PEL,在其余水系中沉积物中质量分数低于TEL的采样点占绝大多数.重金属Zn在各水系沉积物中的分布差异较大,其中其在长江水系、黄河水系、辽河水系、松花江水系、海河水系、淮河水系和珠江水系质量分数在TEL~PEL之间的采样点分别占64.8%、40.3%、12.5%、37.0%、53.3%、33.1%和61.5%,并且海河和珠江水系中高于PEL的采样点分别占15.2%、25.3%.重金属Ni在长江水系中有37.5%的采样点的质量分数在TEL~PEL之间,没有出现高于PEL的样点,松花江水系中仅有8.33%的采样点质量分数超过PEL,海河水系则有29.6%采样点的质量分数在TEL~PEL之间且14.8%的采样点高于PEL,在珠江水系有66.2%采样点的质量分数在TEL~PEL之间且4.41%的样点高于PEL,在辽河和淮河水系中采样点的质量分数均较低.

总体看来,5种重金属质量分数<TEL(负面生物效应较少发生)的采样点占40.4%~90.5%,在TEL~PEL(不确定是否发生负面生物效应)之间的采样点占8.35%~46.0%,>PEL(负面生物效应经常发生)的采样点占1.15%~7.60%.由此,中国重点水系5种重金属基本未达到严重污染的程度,主要处于风险较小和风险不确定的范围内.这与朱青青等[7]运用潜在生态风险指数法的研究结果存在一定差异,其研究表明,中国主要水系表层沉积物中重金属Cd属于轻微到极强生态危害,其中大部分样点属于强至极强生态危害.这可能与收集数据的数量、质量及评价方法不同有关.但从各水系来看,重金属在珠江水系中采样点质量分数处于生态风险不确定范围或产生严重生态风险的比例最大:5种重金属质量分数在TEL~PEL之间的采样点分别占35.0%~66.2%不等,并且每种重金属质量分数高于PEL采样点在4.41%~26.8%之间.NIU等[18]通过计算平均可能效应浓度商数得出,珠江流域已被严重污染且重金属毒性较高,与该研究结果有一定相似性.海河水系沉积物中除Cd外,Cu、Pb、Zn、Ni的的质量分数在TEL~PEL之间、超过PEL的采样点分布也占有一定比例.其他水系重金属质量分数整体较低.这与朱青青等[7]对中国主要水系表层沉积物中重金属的复合污染状况评价结果较一致,即综合污染状况以海河干流和珠江干流最为显著[7].因此相比于其他水系,珠江水系重金属质量分数最高,风险最大,尤以Zn、Cu显著.其次是海河水系,Cu、Zn、Ni质量分数较高,风险较大.

3 结论

a)在整个研究范围内,沉积物中重金属生态风险较高的采样点仅占1.15%~7.60%,说明除少数区域外,重金属对中国七大水系均未造成严重污染,大多处于生态风险较小或风险不确定水平.

b)5种重金属在表层沉积物中的质量分数均以珠江水系最高,相比而言,珠江水系沉积物重金属尤其是Zn、Cu在中国七大水系中具有最高的生态风险:这两种重金属超过PEL的比例分别占25.3%、26.8%;其次,海河水系沉积物中重金属存在一定风险且以Cu、Zn、Ni为主,这3种重金属在该水系中的质量分数仅低于珠江水系,并且它们在海河水系中超过PEL的采样点分别占14.1%、15.2%、14.8%.

c)运用生物效应数据库法推导并更新沉积物质量基准值,通过与实际沉积物重金属浓度比较来评价中国重点水系沉积物的生态风险,所得结论与国内外研究结果基本一致.但由于所收集的重金属数据在各水系存在采样点分布不均等原因,使其生态风险评估结果存在一定的不确定性.因此,未来应建立更加科学的沉积物污染数据收集规范,而采用更加合理的生态风险评估方法等也是今后的重点研究方向.

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Pollution and Risk Assessment of Typical Heavy Metals in River Sediments of Seven Major Watersheds in China

YANG Jinxi,ZHANG Yanfeng*,ZHU Lingyan
Key Laboratory of Processes and Environmental Criteria,Ministry of Education,College of Environmental Science and Engineering,Nankai University,Tianjin 300350,China

In order to evaluate the ecological risks of heavy metals in freshwater sediments,according to the data reported in the literatures over the past 16 years(2000 to 2015),the concentrations and distributions of five typical heavy metals(i.e.,Cd,Cu,Ni,Pb and Zn)in the sediments of seven major watersheds in China,including Yangtze River,Yellow River,Liaohe River,Songhua River,Haihe River,Huaihe River and Pearl River,were systematically analyzed.The sediment quality guidelines,including the threshold effect levels(TEL)and probable effect levels(PEL),for the five heavy metals were updated based on the biological effect database.TELs and PELs of Cu,Cd,Pb,Zn and Ni were 56.2,2.58,47.3,79.9,35.4 mg kg and 141,19.6,200,461,78.6 mg kg respectively.The concentrations of Cu,Cd,Pb,Zn and Ni in the sediments of the Pearl River were the highest among the seven rivers,followed by the Haihe and Yellow Rivers.The concentrations of heavy metals in the Yangtze River,Liaohe River,Songhua River and Huaihe River were relatively low.Comparing the heavy metal concentrations with the corresponding sediment quality guidelines,the ecological risks of the five heavy metals in the river sediments were evaluated,and the results were basically identical with the domestic and foreign research.The results indicated that the ecological risks of heavy metals in most of the river sediments were relatively low or not clear.Among all of the investigated river sediments,1.15%-7.60%displayed relatively high risk of heavy metals.The sediments of the Pearl River displayed the highest ecological risks,given that the concentrations of the five heavy metals were the highest and 4.41%-26.8%of the sampling sitesexceeded the PELs,which was followed by Haihe River.The concentrations of Cu,Zn and Ni in the sediments of Haihe River were relatively high,and 14.1%,15.2%and 14.8%of the sampling sites exceeded their corresponding PELs.

watersheds;sediment;typical heavy metals;risk assessment

X82

1001-6929(2017)03-0423-10

A

10.13198 j.issn.1001-6929.2017.01.61

阳金希,张彦峰,祝凌燕.中国七大水系沉积物中典型重金属生态风险评估[J].环境科学研究,2017,30(3):423-432.

YANG Jinxi,ZHANG Yanfeng,ZHU Lingyan.Pollution and risk assessment of typical heavy metals in river sediments of seven major watersheds in China[J].Research of Environmental Sciences,2017,30(3):423-432.

2016-06-17

2016-10-25

国家水体污染控制与治理科技重大专项(2012ZX07501-003-04);国家公益性行业(农业)科研专项(201503108)

阳金希(1992-),女,四川宜宾人,yangjinxi@mail.nankai.edu.cn.

*责任作者,张彦峰(1977-),男,河南安阳人,副教授,主要从事环境化学研究,zhangyf@nankai.edu.cn

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