腹腔镜联合胆道镜在胆囊结石合并胆总管结石治疗中的应用

2017-02-23 14:22奚剑波法镇中闵震宇
中国医学创新 2017年1期
关键词:胆道镜开腹手术腹腔镜

奚剑波 法镇中 闵震宇

【摘要】 目的:探讨腹腔镜联合纤维胆道镜双镜治疗胆囊结石合并胆总管结石的临床疗效。方法:选取2014年1月-2015年12月江苏大学附属武进医院普外科行手术治疗胆总管结石患者60例,其中行腹腔镜联合胆道镜治疗30例作为腔镜组,开腹手术治疗30例作为开腹组,观察并比较两组临床疗效结果。结果:60例手术均获成功,腔镜组在术中出血量、胃肠功能恢复时间、住院天数、术后切口感染发生率方面均优于开腹组(P<0.05)。结论:腹腔镜和胆道镜双镜联合治疗胆总管结石具有损伤小、恢复快、术中出血少、住院时间短及术后并发症少等优点,是目前治疗胆道结石较理想的微创术式,临床上值得推广。

【关键词】 腹腔镜; 胆道镜; 胆总管探查术; 开腹手术

【Abstract】 Objective:To observe the experience of laparoscope joint choledochoscope in treatment of cholecystolithiasis combined with choledocholithiasis.Method:The clinical data of 60 patients with cholecystolithiasis combined with choledocholithiasis were divided into laparoscopic group of 30 cases and laparotomy group of 30 cases, which were treaded in our hospital from January 2014 to December 2015.Result:60 patients were successfully completed.The intraoperative blood loss,gastrointestinal function recovery time,hospitalization time and incision infection rate in the laparoscopic group were better than those of laparotomy group,the differences were statistically significant(P<0.05).Conclusion:Laparoscope joint choledochoscope in treatment of cholecystolithiasis combined with choledocholithiasis has such advantages as less trauma,rapid recovery,less intraoperative bleeding,shorter hospitalization time and lower postoperative complications rate compared with traditional open surgical method.

【Key words】 Laparoscope; Choledochoscope; Choledochotomy; Laparotomy

First-authors address:Jiangsu University Affiliated Wujin Hospital,Changzhou 213002,China

doi:10.3969/j.issn.1674-4985.2017.01.007

膽囊结石是普外科的常见病、多发病,相关文献[1]报道有4%~15%胆囊结石合并胆总管结石。随着腔镜技术的迅猛发展,胆囊结石合并胆总管结石的治疗方法趋于微创化。根据不同的情况,70%~90%胆总管结石可应用微创技术治疗,且治疗成功率可达97.79%[2]。如今胆囊结石合并胆总管结石的治疗方案多样,包括传统开腹手术、腹腔镜胆囊切除术(laparoscopic cholecystectomy,LC)+经十二指肠镜逆行胰胆管造影(endoscope retrograde cholangiopancreatography,ERCP)+内镜下乳头括约肌切开术(endoscopic sphincterotomy,EST)、腹腔镜胆囊切除术+两镜(胆道镜及腹腔镜)联合胆总管探查术、腹腔镜胆囊切除术+三镜(十二指肠镜、胆道镜及腹腔镜)联合胆总管探查术等,且各手术方式的临床疗效及并发症各有不同[3]。本文通过对照研究,分析腹腔镜联合胆道镜对比开腹手术两种不同方法治疗胆囊结石合并胆总管结石60例,比较其治疗效果及临床价值,现报道如下。

1 资料与方法

1.1 一般资料 收集江苏大学附属武进医院2014年1月-2015年12月胆囊结石合并胆总管结石患者60例,根据手术方式不同,分为腔镜组(行腹腔镜联合胆道镜手术)和开腹组(行常规开腹手术)两组,每组各30例,两组的一般资料比较差异均无统计学意义(P>0.05),见表1。

1.2 纳入与排除标准 纳入标准:(1)初次接受治疗者;(2)年龄18~70岁者;(3)术前经彩超、磁共振胰胆管造影(magnetic resonance cholangiopancreatography,MRCP)检查,提示胆囊结石合并胆总管结石,并经手术证实者;(4)符合内镜手术指证者。排除标准:(1)既往有腹部手术史者;(2)合并胆道狭窄、胰腺炎、十二指肠憩室者;(3)患有严重心、肺、肝、肾功能障碍者。

1.3 方法

1.3.1 开腹组 采用全身麻醉,取右上腹经腹直肌纵行切口,长10~20 cm。进腹后探查胆囊及胆管结石情况,解剖胆囊三角,游离胆囊动脉及胆囊管。结扎并切断胆囊动脉、胆囊管,剥除胆囊、彻底止血,显露并纵行切开胆总管前壁1.5~2.0 cm,取石钳取出胆总管结石,若取石钳取石困难可在纤维胆道镜下用取石网篮取石,胆道镜探查确定胆总管、左右肝管无残余结石后留置T管。常规放置引流管于温氏孔,引流管一般于术后2~3 d拔除,术后第6周行胆道造影排除结石残留后拔除T管。

1.3.2 腹腔镜组 采用全身麻醉,气腹压力

14 mm Hg,常规三孔法操作,消毒铺巾后连接好腹腔镜使用的镜头线,冷光源等,首先在脐部正中置入气腹针并充气,当腹腔内CO2压力达到14 mm Hg后停止充气,脐部用10 mm套管针穿刺作为操作通道,30°置入腹腔镜。在腹腔镜下于剑突下约2 cm偏右,10 mm套管针穿刺作为主操作孔,右腋中线与腋前线之间脐上水平处做5 mm切口,置入套管为辅助操作孔。解剖显露胆囊三角,显露三管关系,分清胆总管、肝总管、胆囊管以及胆囊动脉后,将胆囊管及胆囊动脉夹闭用Hemlock夹闭后切断,暂时保留胆囊,抓住胆囊壁牵引用,然后分离胆总管前壁,纵行切开胆总管前壁1.5~2.0 cm,置入硅胶管以生理盐水冲出活动结石,通过主操作孔将胆道镜置入胆管,同时注入0.9%氯化钠注射液,使胆道扩张,视野清晰,检查左右肝管,肝外胆管的结石情况,再在纤维胆道镜下用取石网篮取石,胆道镜再次探查确定胆总管、左右肝管无残余结石后留置T管,确定胆管下端通畅后切除胆囊。常规放置引流管于温氏孔,术后第6周行胆道造影排除结石残留后拔除T管。

1.4 观察指标 比较分析开腹组与腔镜组的手术时间、术中出血量、术后通气时间、术后住院时间、总住院时间、总住院费用及术后并发症发生情况。

1.5 统计学处理 使用SPSS 18.0统计软件进行分析,计量资料使用(x±s)表示,比较采用t检验,计数资料使用 字2检验,以P<0.05为差异有统计学意义。

2 结果

2.1 两组患者术中及术后恢复情况比较 腔镜组手术时间、总住院费用与开腹组比较差异均无统计学意义(P>0.05)。但腔镜组术中出血量少,术后通气时间早,术后住院时间及总住院时间短,两组比较差异均有统计学意义(P<0.05),见表2。

2.2 两组患者并发症发生情况比较 腔镜组术后出血、胆漏及残余结石与开腹组比较差异均无统计学意义(P>0.05)。但腔镜组术后切口感染率低,两组比较差异有统计学意义(P<0.05),见表3。

3 讨论

膽道结石由多种因素引起,包括胆固醇过饱和、胆汁的理化性质、胆汁和胆固醇的沉淀、异常的胆囊功能以及胆道细菌和寄生虫感染[4-5],其中以胆固醇结石最常见,其在胆囊结石中约占60.4%,而在胆总管结石中约占42.7%,且大多位于胆总管下端或十二指肠壶腹部[6]。去除结石、解除梗阻及通畅引流是治疗胆道结石的基本原则,该病的传统治疗方法是行开腹胆囊切除、胆总管切开取石和T管引流术,临床效果确切,但该方法存在着手术创伤大、手术风险高、且术后愈合慢、并发症较多等缺点。随着微创技术的发展,腹腔镜技术逐渐被应用到胆道外科中。研究表明,腹腔镜联合胆道镜治疗胆道结石的成功率高达92.8%[7],同时既取得了较好的疗效,又保证了Oddi括约肌的功能,并大大降低了术后的并发症,该术式具有取石彻底、术后康复快、创伤小、住院时间短和治疗费用低等优点,是临床微创治疗胆囊结石合并胆总管结石的有效方法[8-13]。

本研究中腔镜组大部分患者术后第1天即可排气并可以少量进食,与开腹组相比,机体生理功能恢复明显更快。因腹腔镜手术将视野放大,术中操作精细,腹腔镜组术中平均出血量明显低于开腹组,两组比较差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。腹腔镜组患者治疗时间、住院时间、治疗成本明显低于对照组,主要与术式特点有关,腹腔镜与胆道镜联合治疗,可以实现单次手术同时清除胆总管结石与胆囊结石,将创伤降到最低[14-16]。因此,患者恢复更快,治疗成本更低,尽管手术操作时间短,但是纤维式胆道镜可以延伸至十二指肠乳头、左右肝管,涉及范围大,保证了取石效果。结石残留率方面治疗方法未见明显差异,提示微创手术可以取得确切的临床效果[17-18]。在本研究中成功施行30例腹腔镜下胆囊切除术、胆总管切开取石还是具有以下明显的优点:相对于传统手术较大的切口,给患者术后带来痛苦不适,而且术后恢复较慢,腹腔镜组具有小切口,术后疼痛轻,早期下床活动,有利于胃肠功能的恢复,可以早期进食,在手术时由于腹腔镜的放大效应视野清楚,操作更精确。在传统的开腹手术基础上,经过腹腔镜技术的培训,掌握一定的腹腔镜技术,施行腔镜胆总管切开取石手术应该能够很快熟练开展[19-20]。两组患者的住院总费用比较差异无统计学意义(P>0.05),同时腹腔镜手术后住院时间明显缩短,加决了床位的周转率和使用率,有效地提高了卫生资源的使用效率,缓解看病难的问题[21-22]。

腹腔镜联合胆道镜治疗胆管结石是微创手术,创伤小、痛苦少、恢复快,使患者术后通气时间快、进食时间早。另外,腹腔镜手术中最大程度地保护了切口免受标本污染,避免切口感染[23]。本研究显示,腔镜组术后切口感染数明显低于开腹组,两组比较差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。然而,腔镜组术后出血、胆漏、残余结石等并发症发生率与开腹组相当,差异均无统计学意义(P>0.05)。对于并发症,术中的精细操作和熟悉解剖是减少出血的重要环节。胆漏发生则有多种原因:术者腹腔镜下缝合技术欠熟练以及助手配合不熟练;选择了不适合的缝合线;手术过程中刺激Oddi括约肌痉挛或术后十二指肠乳头水肿,引起胆道内压力增高,胆汁排出障碍;由于术中结石未取净,再次引起胆道梗阻,胆管内压力增高,缝合处会渗漏胆汁;缝合时候胆管壁水肿,术后水肿消退后缝合针眼处即可渗漏胆汁[24-26]。学习腹腔镜技术是一个循序渐进的过程,要逐步开展,应避免急于求成,从而给患者带来医源性的损伤,造成严重的后果。

综上所述,腹腔镜和胆道镜双镜联合治疗胆总管结石具有损伤小、恢复快、术中出血少、住院时间短及术后并发症少等优点,是目前治疗胆道结石较理想的微创术式,临床上值得推广。

参考文献

[1] Hungness E S,Soper N J.Management of common bile duct stones[J].J Gastrointest Surg,2006,10(4):612-619.

[2]于江涛,黄强,王军,等.腹腔镜胆道探查术与传统开腹手术治疗胆囊结石合并胆总管结石的临床价值比较[J].安徽医科大学学报,2012,47(5):615-617.

[3] Tzovaras G,Baloyiannis I,Zachari E,et al.Laparoendoscopic rendezvous versus preoperative ERCP and laparoscopic cholecystectomy for the management of cholecysto-choledocholithiasis: interim analysis of a controlled randomized trial[J].Ann Surg,2012,255(3):435-439.

[4] Krska Z,Sváb J,Schmidt D,et al.Laparoscopic surgery in senior age[J].Cas Lek Cesk,2008,147(9):482-486.

[5] Shamiyeh A,Wayand W.Current status of laparoscopic therapy of cholecystolithiasis and common bile duct stones[J].Dig Dis,2005,23(2):119-126.

[6] Degovtsov E N,Vozliublennyǐ S I,Vozliublennyǐ M S.Improved minilaparotomical choledochoscopy and litoextraction in cholecystocholedocholithiasis[J].Eksp Klin Gastroenterol,2008,(6):48-50.

[7] Bansal V K, Misra M C, Garg P,et al. A prospective randomized trial comparing two-stage versus single-stage management of patients with gallstone disease and common bile duct stones[J].Surg Endosc,2010,24(8):1986-1989.

[8] Khaled Y S,Malde D J,Souza C,et al.Laparoscopic bile duct exploration via choledochotomy foUowed by primary duct closure is feasible and safe for the treatment ofcholedocholithiasis[J].Surg Endosc,2013,27(11):4164-4170.

[9]羅昆仑,方征,余锋,等.腹腔镜经胆囊管开口微切开胆管并一期缝合胆管治疗胆囊结石合并胆管结石[J].中华肝胆外科杂志,2013,19(5):349-351.

[10] Ding G,Cai W,Qin M.Single-stage vs two-stage management for concomitant gallstones and common bile duct stones:a prospective randomized trial with long-term follow-up[J].J Gastrointest Surg,2014,18(5):947-951.

[11] Tian J,Li J,Chen J,et al.Laparoscopic hepatectomy with bile duct exploration for the treatment of hepatolithiasis: an experience of 116 cases[J].Dig Liver Dis,2013,45(6):493-498.

[12]杨孙虎,侯军丽,阿不都斯木,等.腹腔镜治疗胆囊结石合并肝外胆管结石临床研究[J].中国普外基础与临床杂志,2014,21(7):872-874.

[13]钟崇,罗琦,苏小康,等.腹腔镜联合内镜取石治疗胆囊结石并胆总管结石[J].中华普通外科杂志,2012,27(8):676-677.

[14] Reinders J S,Gouma D J,Ubbink D T,et al.Transcystic or transductal stone extraction during single-stage treatment of choledochocystolithiasis:A systematic review[J].World Journal of Surgery,2014,38(9):2403-2411.

[15] Phillips M S,Marks J M,Roberts K,et al.Intermediate results of a prospective randomized controlled trial of traditional four-port laparoscopic cholecystectomy versus single-incision laparoscopic cholecystectomsy[J].Surg Endosc,2012,26(5):1296-1303.

[16] Weiss H G,Brunner W,Biebl M O,et al.Wound complications in 1145 consecutive transumbilical single-incision laparoscopic procedures[J].Ann Surg,2014,259(1):89-95.

[17] Lee H M,Min S K,Lee H K.Long-term results of laparoscopic common bile duct exploration by choledochotomy for choledocholithiasis:15-year experience from a single center[J].Ann Surg Treat Res,2014,86(1):1-6.

[18] Ram D,Sistla S C,Karthikeyan V S,et al.Comparison of intravenous and intraperitoneal lignocaine for pain relief following laparoscopic cholecystectomy:a double-blind, randomized,clinical trials[J].Surg Endosc,2014,28(4):1291-1297.

[19] Teitelbaum E N,Soper N J,Santos B F,et al.A simulator-based resident curriculum for laparoscopic common bile duct explorations[J].Surgery,2014,156(4):880-887.

[20] Sasaki K,Watanabe G,Matsuda M,et al.Original single-incision laparoscopic cholecystectomy for acute inflammation of the gallbladder[J].World J Gastroenterol,2012,18(5):944-951.

[21] Arezzo A,Scozzari G,Famiglietti F,et al.Is single-incision laparoscopic cholecystectomy safe? Results of a systematic review and meta-analysis[J].Surg Endosc,2013,27(10):2293-2304.

[22] Van P B,Velthuis S,Lourens H J,et al.Single-incision and NOTES cholecystectomy, are there clinical or cosmetic advantages when compared to conventional laparoscopic cholecystectomy? A case-control study comparing single-incision, transvaginal, and conventional laparoscopic technique for cholecystectomy[J].World J Surg,2014,38(1):25-32.

[23] Chang S K,Wang Y L,Shen L,et al.A randomized controlled trial comparing post-operative pain in single-incision laparoscopic cholecystectomy versus conventional laparoscopic cholecystectomy[J].World J Surg,2015,39(6):897-904.

[24]尹飛飞,孙世波,李志钰,等.双镜联合胆总管探查胆道一期缝合术后胆漏的防治[J].中华肝胆外科杂志,2015,21(2):113-116.

[25] Trastulli S,Cirocchi R,Desiderio J,et al.Systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized clinical trials comparing single-incision versus conventional laparoscopic cholecystectomy[J].British Journal of Surgery,2013,100:191-208.

[26] Garg P,Thakur J D,Garg M,et al.Single-incision laparoscopic cholecystectomy versus conventional laparoscopic cholecystectomy:a meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials[J].Journal of Gastrointestinal Surgery,2012,16:1618-1628.

(收稿日期:2016-09-02) (本文编辑:周亚杰)

猜你喜欢
胆道镜开腹手术腹腔镜
腹腔镜疝修补与传统开放疝修补的比较
腹腔镜在子宫肌瘤治疗中的应用分析
腹腔镜下胃袖式切除术在基层医院的运用
腹腔镜联合胆道镜治疗胆结石的临床效果观察
对比腹腔镜与开腹手术治疗结直肠癌的临床疗效与安全性
胆结石合并糖尿病50例治疗及效果评析
腹腔镜和胆道镜联合治疗胆总管结石的疗效分析
腹腔镜和胆道镜联合治疗胆总管结石临床分析
腹腔镜治疗结肠癌27例临床观察