崔炜,刘德敏,耿雪
(河北医科大学第二医院河北省心脑血管病研究所心内一科,河北石家庄050000)
2016年心血管病学重要临床进展
崔炜,刘德敏,耿雪
(河北医科大学第二医院河北省心脑血管病研究所心内一科,河北石家庄050000)
临床心脏病学在2016年有了重大改变,尤其是在高血压、心力衰竭、冠心病、降脂治疗及心律失常等方面发表了一系列指南。本文就高血压的控制目标、心力衰竭的药物治疗、冠心病的药物治疗、他汀类药物的多效性及心律失常的器械治疗进行概述。
高血压;心力衰竭;冠状动脉疾病;血脂;心律失常;诊断;治疗;指南
崔炜,男,医学博士。河北医科大学第二医院副院长,博士研究生导师、教授、主任医师。现为中国医师协会心力衰竭专业委员会常委,河北省医师协会内科学分会主任委员,河北省医院协会医疗质量管理专业委员会主任委员,临床荟萃杂志总编辑。自1988年以来,以第一作者或通讯作者在国内外刊物上发表论文500余篇,主编、参编专著15部,获河北省科技进步二等奖2项、三等奖2项,获得实用新型专利3项。
2016年心血管领域进展颇多,多家学术组织更新了临床指南,重要的临床试验也层出不穷。本文重点对临床日常工作有影响的内容进行概述。
更加严格的血压控制能否更多获益尚存争议,血压控制目标再起波澜[1-3]。HOPE-3试验表明,对于不合并心血管疾病的中危高血压人群,强化降压并不能获得明显益处[4]。对VALUE试验的后续分析表明,将收缩压降低到130 mmHg以下并不能获得进一步明显益处[5]。Xie等[6]对19502015年间的19项随机对照试验计44 989例患者所进行的meta分析表明,在平均3.8年的随访期内,强化降压组的平均血压水平为133/76 mmHg,非强化降压组的平均血压水平为140/81 mmHg。与非强化降压组相比,强化降压使主要心血管不良事件发生风险降低14%,心肌梗死风险降低13%,脑卒中风险降低22%,白蛋白尿发生风险降低10%;但是,强化降压对全因死亡、心血管死亡、终末期肾病及心力衰竭的发生风险没有显著影响。严重不良事件在强化降压治疗组的发生风险增高35%,严重低血压的发生风险在强化降压组增加168%。Brunström等[7]对45项计73 738例糖尿病合并高血压患者进行的meta分析表明,对于基线收缩压高于140 mmHg的糖尿病患者,降压治疗可显著降低全因及心血管死亡风险、心肌梗死、脑卒中及终末期肾病风险;但基线收缩压<140 mmHg的患者,降压治疗则会增加心血管死亡风险。CLARIFY研究对22 672例合并高血压的稳定性冠心病患者平均5年的随访研究表明,合并高血压的冠心病患者最适血压大约在130/78 mmHg左右。收缩压低于120 mmHg或舒张压低于60 mmHg会明显增加不良事件风险,呈现出典型的J型曲线现象[8]。2016年发布的欧洲心血管病预防指南也没有推荐严格的血压控制目标[9]。然而,积极的血压控制的声音似乎在重新抬头[10]。对SPRINT试验的后续分析表明,即使对于75岁以上可自由活动的老年人,将血压控制在120 mmHg以下也可以进一步获益[11]。Eryd等[12]对瑞典全国187 106例2型糖尿病患者的注册数据进行分析表明,与收缩压130~139 mmHg组人群相比,较低血压组(收缩压110~119 mmHg)的2型糖尿病患者具有较低的心血管事件风险;但较低血压组的全因死亡风险及心力衰竭风险增加。Ettehad等[13]对发表在19662015年间的123项研究计613 815例受试者所进行的meta分析表明,收缩压每降低10 mmHg会带来主要心血管事件风险降低20%、冠心病风险降低17%、脑卒中风险降低27%,并使全因死亡风险降低13%。Thomopoulos等[14]及Verdecchia等[15]的meta分析也支持将收缩压控制在130 mmHg以下。2016年加拿大高血压指南建议对于某些具有高危心血管风险的高血压患者,可以将收缩压控制在120 mmHg以下[16]。国际高血压协会(ISH)在2016年发表的科学文告中认为多数高血压患者的收缩压应该控制在130 mmHg以下,但不建议控制在120 mmHg以下[17]。
肾交感神经去除术(RDN)治疗高血压的效果仍然存在争议。Sharp等[18]对英国18个医学中心的253例接受RDN患者的观察性研究表明,RDN可有效地降低患者的血压;有趣的是,与药物治疗相似,RDN降低血压的幅度与基线血压呈正相关。DENERHTN试验表明,RDN能有效地降低患者6个月时的血压[19]。Rohla等[20]的单中心研究(采用Simplicity RDN导管消融系统)表明,RDN的治疗有效(6个月时ABPM平均收缩压至少降低5 mmHg以上)率为45.6%。新的meta分析也提示RDN可以有效地降低顽固性高血压患者的血压水平[21-22]。除降低血压之外,多项研究提示RDN还有其他额外效应。如Kiuchi等[23]证明RDN可以改善肾脏功能、减少蛋白尿;Donazzan等[24]研究表明RDN可以降低心脏交感神经活性;Dörr等[25]的研究表明RDN可使患者的血压明显下降,并伴有血浆miRNA表达增加。但是,Krakoff等[26]的meta分析则表明,RDN虽可降低血压,但其效果却不优于药物治疗;Oliveras等[27]对24例顽固性高血压患者的研究表明,加用螺内酯(50 mg/d)较RDN能更加有效地控制血压。
心力衰竭的主要治疗目标之一是降低再住院率。Donzé等[28]研究表明,HOSPITAL计分系统可以有效地预测心力衰竭患者的30天再住院风险;积分越高,30天内再住院风险越高。Yazdan-Ashoori等[29]证明基于床边的临床指标计算的LACE计分系统可以较好地预测心力衰竭患者出院30天死亡或再住院风险,LACE积分≥13分患者出院30天内死亡或再住院风险增加91%。心力衰竭患者非心力衰竭或非心脏原因再住院日益引起重视。Vader等[30]对744例心力衰竭患者的研究发现,出院后早期再住院的原因更多是非心力衰竭原因。首次欧洲心力衰竭调查(EHFS-1)数据表明,非心力衰竭住院的比率高达43%,而心力衰竭作为第一诊断入院者仅40%。出院3个月内,以心力衰竭入院患者的病死率为7%,而非心力衰竭原因住院者也高达5%[31]。Adamson等[32]采用CardioMEMS监测心力衰竭患者的肺动脉压力,并以此指导治疗。结果表明,以肺动脉压为指导的治疗策略可以使出院30天心力衰竭再住院风险降低49%,使全因再住院风险降低58%。
心力衰竭合并心房颤动(房颤)构成了心力衰竭患者中的一个特殊人群,对这样的一个特殊心力衰竭人群的治疗一直缺乏坚实的循证医学治疗证据。Nielsen等[33]进行的大规模前瞻性观察性研究表明,合并房颤的心力衰竭患者仍然可以从β-受体阻断剂治疗中获益。在205 174例房颤患者中,39 741例合并心力衰竭。应用β-受体阻断剂可使1年的全因死亡风险降低25%。Kotecha等[34]对11项试验计13 833例左心室射血分数减低心力衰竭(HFrEF)患者所进行的meta分析表明,对于窦性心律的HFrEF患者,β-受体阻断剂的治疗获益不依赖于年龄及性别。
左心室射血分数保存心力衰竭(HFpEF)仍然是研究热点。2016年欧洲心力衰竭指南对HFpEF的诊断进行了限定。在新指南中,HFpEF的心力衰竭诊断必须有血浆BNP或NT-proBNP水平的升高;而HFrEF诊断则不必满足这一条件[35]。脑钠肽(BNP)预测急性失代偿心力衰竭的价值发生的价值在HFpEF和HFrEF患者也不相同。BNP在3天内升高超过200 ng/L发生急性失代偿性心力衰竭在HFpEF患者中的风险明显升高(HR=4.0),但对预测HFrEF患者发生急性失代偿则没有价值。此外,短期(3天内)明显的体重增加(5磅,≈2.27 kg)无论对HFpEF和HFrEF患者均预示急性失代偿心力衰竭的发生增加,但轻度体重增加(2磅,≈0.91 kg)在HFpEF患者预示急性失代偿心力衰竭发生风险增加[36]。Wan等[37]对ROSE AHF试验的后续分析表明,低剂量多巴胺(2 μg/kg/min)可以增加HFrEF患者尿量、降低血浆胱抑素-C水平,但对HFpEF患者则可能有不利影响。由于HFpEF患者缺乏有效改善预后的治疗方法,因此2016年发表了一些有趣的令人耳目一新的治疗方法,包括通过在房间隔放置造口器完成的房间隔造口术可以改善HFpEF患者运动状态下的血流动力学指标等[38]。
心力衰竭的药物治疗有了新的进展。2016年无论欧洲心脏病学会(ESC)、美国心脏病学会/美国心脏学会(ACC/AHA)还是加拿大心脏病学会均在心力衰竭的药物治疗中增加了LCZ696和伊伐布雷定作为HFrEF的治疗用药[35,39-40]。Meta分析也显示,对于HFrEF患者,应用LCZ696可以进一步改善患者远期预后[41]。
心脏再同步化治疗(CRT)的适应证在2016年有收紧的趋势。2016年ESC心力衰竭指南认为对于QRS间期<130 ms的心力衰竭,不建议进行CRT治疗,而此前的建议为QRS间期<120 ms不推荐CRT治疗[35]。Sharma等[42]对6项研究计1 764例患者所进行的meta分析表明,基线下右心室功能不能预测CRT植入后的反应。Asbach等[43]的研究表明,植入CRT时将右心室电极置于中部室间隔对心功能改善及心电图QRS波群宽度并无显著影响,也不增加室性心律失常及埋藏式心律转变除颤器(ICD)的风险,但似乎可延缓心力衰竭的住院。
Huang等[44]在218例扩张型心肌病终末期心力衰竭患者中发现,血浆BNP水平与预后呈现U型曲线关系。在终末期心力衰竭患者,低水平或正常水平的BNP预示着更加不良的预后。此外,肺脏超声在肺淤血的评价方面的价值得到了初步确认[35,45]。
比伐卢定在冠状动脉介入治疗(PCI)术中抗凝的价值得到进一步确认。Shah等[46]对6项试验计14 095例患者进行的meta分析表明,PCI术中应用比伐卢定抗凝可以使30天全因死亡风险降低19%,使心血管死亡风险降低34%,但对心血管不良事件、心肌梗死、靶血管重建等风险无显著影响。比伐卢定使急性支架内血栓风险增加231%(RR=3.31,95%CI=1.79~6.10),但使主要出血风险降低37% (出血风险降低主要见于经非桡动脉途径、使用GPⅡb/Ⅲa受体拮抗剂者及使用氯吡格雷者)。Ng等[47]对REPLACE-2,ACUITY及HORIZONS-AMI等3项试验的汇总分析表明,比伐卢定在女性患者出血降低的获益较男性更明显。Fahrni等[48]进行的meta分析表明,PCI术后持续静脉输注比伐卢定(1.75 mg/kg/h)3小时可以消除比伐卢定相关的急性支架内血栓形成风险,同时不增加出血风险。2016年中国PCI术指南也推荐比伐卢定的这种用药方案[49]。
支架植入术后双联抗血小板治疗(DAPT)的时程仍然是临床关注的热点,多数学者主张应个体化[50]。2016年版的中国PCI指南有限度地支持较短时程的DAPT方案,建议稳定性冠心病患者药物支架(DES)术后DAPT的时程为6个月,高危出血风险者甚至可短至1~3个月;但对急性冠状动脉综合征(ACS)患者仍坚持1年以上的DAPT[49]。2016年ACC/AHA相关指南对此也有相似的推荐[51]。中国的I-LOVE-IT 2试验结果表明,对于覆膜可降解的雷帕霉素药物支架,6个月的DAPT治疗效果不逊于12个月的DAPT[52]。OPTIDUAL试验表明,对于植入DES的患者(60%为第2代DES),超过1年的DAPT并不会有更多的获益[53]。IVUS-XPL试验也支持6个月的DAPT[54]。但是,Bittl等[55]对10项随机对照试验(RCT)共计31 666例植入第二代DES患者所进行的meta分析表明,较短时间的DAPT(3~12个月)较较长时间的DAPT(12~36个月)使全因死亡风险降低17%、主要出血风险降低40%,但使心肌梗死及支架内血栓风险分别增加34%及75%。进一步风险/效益分析表明,较短的DAPT可减少3个死亡及5个出血/1 000人/年,但增加4个心肌梗死及3个支架内血栓/(1 000人·年)。多项meta分析虽支持6个月的DAPT作为标准疗程[56-61],但心肌梗死患者及ACS患者可在延长的DAPT中获益,接受复杂PCI手术、合并糖尿病及外周血管病患者似乎也可从延长的DAPT中获益[59,62-68]。但如何在临床选择延长时间的抗血小板治疗策略呢?Yeh等[69]的研究为临床提供了一种解决思路,并验证了一套计分系统,如果患者的积分<2分,则不推荐双联抗血小板药物超过1年;如果积分≥2分,则推荐DAPT时间超过1年。这套计分系统值得进一步研究和验证。
2016年新版中国PCI指南发布,其中几点需要注意:①ACS患者抗血小板治疗时,P2Y12受体拮抗剂优选替格瑞洛;②对PCI术中采用比伐卢定进行抗凝的推荐力度加大,并建议以维持量持续至术后4小时;③不建议PCI术前给予负荷剂量的他汀类药物;④对于管径狭窄<90%的稳定性冠心病患者,需要获得明确的缺血证据方可进行PCI治疗;⑤对无复流的患者,除冠脉内给予钙通道阻断剂、硝普钠、腺苷、硝酸酯类药物外,还可以冠脉内给予替罗非班;⑥对急性支架内血栓的患者,除常规方法外可进行冠状动脉内溶栓[49]。
β-受体阻断剂在冠心病治疗中的地位趋于降低。Motivala等[70]对NCDR注册数据的研究表明,在接受PCI的老年(≥65岁)稳定型心绞痛患者,如果没有心肌梗死病史、没有心力衰竭或左心室收缩功能减退,长期应用β-受体阻断剂没有任何心血管获益。Puymirat等[71]的多中心前瞻性人群研究表明,对于没有心力衰竭的心肌梗死患者,虽然早期应用β-受体阻断剂可以减低30天死亡风险;但1年后停用β-受体阻断剂并不会增加远期死亡风险。2015年版欧洲NSTE-ACS诊治指南也认为,在现代治疗的背景下,长期应用β-受体阻断剂在没有左心功能减退或心力衰竭的NSTE-ACS患者的获益缺乏证据;在NSTE-ACS早期,当左心功能状态不明时应避免使用β-受体阻断剂[72]。但对于有心肌梗死病史或心力衰竭者,应用β-受体阻断剂仍可获益。Hioki等[73]的研究表明,在接受PCI的心肌梗死患者,即使是KillipⅠ级,长期应用β-受体阻断剂可以改善患者的预后。BETA-AMI试验表明,在接受成功急诊PCI的KillipⅠ、Ⅱ级的STEMI,早期静脉给予艾司洛尔有助于减轻心肌损伤[74]。
2016年中国发布了新的血脂治疗指南,其中以下几点需要临床关注:①坚持血脂目标治疗导向。对于高危人群,低密度脂蛋白胆固醇(LDL-C)的靶目标调至<1.8 mmol/L(70 mg/dL);对于不能达到此目标者,LDL-C应较基线降低50%以上;LDL-C数值在目标值以内者,应进一步下降30%。②倾向于降低LDL-C采用联合治疗策略。首先推荐对国人采用中等强度的他汀类药物治疗,如果不能达标则推荐中等强度的他汀与依折麦布联合应用[75]。2016年ESC也推出了新的血脂治疗指南和心血管病预防指南。与中国血脂治疗指南相比,欧洲血脂治疗指南及心血管病预防指南中针对血脂治疗的指导思想很相似,仍然坚持靶目标导向的治疗策略[9,76]。但欧洲血脂治疗指南也有些变化:①血脂检查不再强调空腹血检测血脂。②推荐了PCSK9抑制剂作为顽固性高脂血症的治疗药物。③与中国指南不同的是,欧洲指南认为当LDL-C介于达标值之上、正常高限之下时,LDL-C降幅至少应达到50%以上。④为了达标,欧洲指南建议他汀类药物应使用到最大剂量。⑤对于2型糖尿病患者,将ApoB纳入了治疗指标[76]。2016年,加拿大也推出了新的血脂治疗指南,其特点是全面推荐ApoB作为血脂治疗的评价指标,并将达标值确定为<0.8 g/L[77]。
他汀类药物非降脂效应的临床意义继续受到否定。Billings等[78]的研究表明,在心脏外科手术围手术期应用高强度阿托伐他汀并不能降低围手术期急性肾损伤发生风险。STICS研究表明,对于接受冠状动脉搭桥手术(CABG)和(或)主动脉瓣置换术的窦性心律患者,围手术期应用20mg/d的瑞舒伐他汀并不能降低术后房颤的发生风险及围手术期心肌损伤风险,反而使围手术期急性肾损伤发生风险增加[79]。
新型口服抗凝剂(NOAS)在房颤患者的临床上应用日趋广泛。2016年欧洲房颤治疗指南优先推荐NOAC做为房颤抗凝的首选药物,华法令仅用于不能使用NOAC的情况。此外,新指南不推荐采用抗血小板治疗用于体循环栓塞的预防。值得提出的是,新指南认为,对于高危卒中患者,即使消融后维持了窦性心律也应接受长期的口服抗凝药物治疗[80]。2016年的加拿大房颤治疗指南也在非瓣膜病房颤患者优先推荐使用NOAC进行抗凝治疗。加拿大指南的房颤抗凝策略选择主要基于年龄是否超过65岁及CHADS2计分值,此点和欧美相关指南不同[81]。Munoz等[82]对4项临床试验计58 338例房颤患者的meta分析表明,即使在轻-中度肾功能减退的患者,与华法令相比,NOAC仍可进一步降低房颤患者体循环栓塞风险,并降低主要出血风险。Dahal等[83]对11项研究的meta分析表明,在非终末期肾脏病的房颤患者,接受华法令抗凝治疗可使体循环栓塞及死亡风险下降,出血风险不增加;但对于终末期肾脏病患者,华法令抗凝治疗并不降低体循环栓塞及死亡风险,反而明显增加出血风险。对接受抗凝治疗的房颤患者的主要担忧是出血,目前预测出血的计分系统不少,但哪种计分系统预测出血的价值更好却少有研究。Senoo等[84]对AMADEUS试验进行的后续分析表明,对于接受华法令抗凝的房颤患者,HASBLED计分系统预测出血的价值优于ATRIA及ORBIT系统。但即使HAS-BLED计分系统,其总体预测价值也并不优秀。至于预测房颤患者卒中风险的效能,Aspberg等[85]对瑞典房颤患者的人群研究表明ATRIA计分系统优于CHADS2及CHA2DS2-VASc计分系统。Ruff等[86]对ENGAGE AF-TIMI 48试验的后续分析表明,引入诸如肌钙蛋白、NT-proBNP、D-二聚体等生物学标志物可显著增加CHA2DS2-VASc计分系统对非瓣膜病房颤患者脑卒中的预测价值。
众所周知,房颤会明显增加脑卒中的风险,并且一直是房颤治疗的主要关注点之一。然而,Odutayo等[87]对104项人群研究计9 686 513例房颤患者的meta分析表明,房颤不但使全因死亡及脑卒中的风险增高,还使心血管死亡、主要心血管不良事件、缺血性心脏病、猝死、心力衰竭、慢性肾脏病及外周血管病风险明显增加。值得注意的是,在上述所有终点中,绝对和相对风险增加最多的是心力衰竭,而脑卒中是风险增加最低的。包括47个国家在内的大规模房颤人群(n=15 400)的1年随访研究表明,病死率高达11%(单纯房颤者病死率为6%,合并其它疾病者则高达16%)。在1年随访期内,卒中发生率仅为4%。与Odutayo等[88]的研究结果相似,心力衰竭所致死亡高达30%,而脑卒中所致死亡仅占8%。Violi等[89]所完成的meta分析表明,即使进行抗凝治疗,房颤患者发生心肌梗死的风险仍明显增高,特别是那些合并动脉粥样硬化性疾病的患者尤其明显。以上研究可能影响房颤治疗的重点和关注点,提示对房颤患者不应仅重视脑卒中的预防,更应关注其他心血管终点事件的防控。
Sapp等[90]对259例植入ICD后仍有顽固性室性心动过速(室速)的缺血性心肌病患者进行了研究,发现与进一步强化抗心律失常药物治疗相比,对室速进行射频消融治疗可获得更好的临床预后,但并未降低死亡和ICD正确放电风险。Santangeli等[91]对14项研究所做的meta分析表明,胺碘酮及射频消融术均可有效地治疗植入ICD患者的复发性室速,胺碘酮还可以降低不正确放电的风险。然而,无论胺碘酮还是射频消融手术均不能进一步降低此类患者的病死率,胺碘酮反而有增加病死率的趋势。
北京阜外医院团队采用射频消融技术消融左心房迷走神经节丛治疗顽固性血管迷走性晕厥取得了较好的效果,值得进一步研究[92]。Rivarola等[93]对1例迷走神经介导的严重房室传导阻滞患者进行了心房心内膜下迷走神经消融并获得成功。
Kwok等[94]对14项观察性研究计400 750例受试者所做的meta分析表明,房室传导阻滞会使死亡风险增加24%,使心力衰竭或心功能不全的风险增加39%,使房颤的风险增加45%;但一度房室传导阻滞不增加心血管死亡,冠心病或心肌梗死,卒中或TIA的风险。Tanboa等[95]对合计40 437例患者所进行的meta分析表明,伊伐布雷定可使房颤的发生风险增加15%以上。
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The year in cardiology 2016
Cui Wei,Liu Demin,Geng Xue
First Department of Cardiology,the Second Hospital of Hebei Medical University and the Institute of Cardiocerebrovascular Disease of Hebei Province,Shijiazhuang 050000,China Corresponding author:Cui Wei,Email:cuiwei21c@163.com
Many guidelines and a lot of progresses in cardiology have been changed in 2016,especially in hypertension,heart failure,coronary artery disease,lipid lowering,and cardiac arrhythmias.This review focuses on the target of hypertension control,drug treatment of chronic heart failure and coronary artery disease,pleiotropic effects of statins in cardiovascular disease,and device treatment for cardiac arrhythmias.
hypertension;heart failure;coronary artery disease;lipid;cardiac arrhythmia;diagnosis;treatment; guideline
R541
A
1004-583X(2017)02-0093-09
10.3969/j.issn.1004-583X.2017.02.001
2017-01-13编辑:武峪峰
崔炜,Email:cuiwei21c@163.com