2016年高考江苏卷任务型阅读以因特网可以拓宽社会义肢系统的范围为主题,从概念定义、社会作用、影响类型等角度考查了考生在信息检索、内容归纳、语言结构等方面的知识与能力。考生普遍反映2016年高考任务型阅读难度是最大的。文章语言流畅,句子长度适中,理解起来难度不大,但题目需要归纳总结的地方较多,考生答题的时间比较紧,所以仍然让考生感到有些压力。这一项仍然是制约考生分数的“拦路虎”。
一、任务型阅读的命题特点和要求
自2005年9月1日起江苏省开始使用译林出版社和牛津大学出版社联合出版的高中英语课标教材,特别重视学生“综合语言应用能力”的培养,“着重提高学生用英语获取信息、处理信息、分析问题和解决问题的能力”,“注重发展学生用英语进行思维和表达的能力”。为体现高中英语课程和课标教材采用的“任务型”教学途径,2008年英语学科考试说明对考试题型、分值以及考试要求做了适当改革,撤下了对话填空题,取而代之以读写相结合的任务型阅读。在总结2008年高考命题经验的基础上,2009年英语学科考试说明对任务型阅读提出了更为明确的要求。2010年以来,“考试说明”对任务型阅读的要求做了调整,改为“根据所读,用恰当的词语补全全文提纲,概括关键内容。”任务型阅读提供了两种示范——树状式和表格式。江苏2008年、2009年、2010年、2015年和2016年高考任务型阅读为表格型; 江苏2011年、2012年、2013年和2014年高考任务型阅读为树状型。题型要求是根据所读内容在表格中的空格里填入一个最恰当的单词, 注意每个空格只填1个单词或有限的几个单词。参考时间为15分钟。其特点是考查考生对文中有效信息进行二次加工,归纳要点、整合零散信息,并根据表格的形式把加工后的信息准确、有序地表达出来。对于表格中所缺的单词,命题者往往重实词(动词和名词)的考查。题目的设置归纳起来可以分为以下三种类型:
1.信息捕捉题(基础题) 要求学生能快速在文章中查找相关细节,锁定信息来源,并用文章中的词或其适当形式填空。信息捕捉题是基础题目,一般可以直接通过将表格和短文进行对照,边读文章边找出与试题相关的句子信息,获取到相关单词,有时试题和原文句型句式不同,需进行简单的逻辑推理然后找到相应单词,不需变化,直接填入。如(2016年江苏卷)71. Internet 原词再现。根据第一段第四句Such systems do not need to operate face-to-face, and its clear to me that the Internet is expanding the range of my own social prosthetic systems.可知因特网可以拓宽社会义肢系统的范围,也就是说网络可以弥补我们精神和情感上的缺陷。
属于使用文章中的原词。再如(2016年江苏卷)75. heart / core 同义句转换。根据第三段第二句“... which helps me dig into the core and understand its meaning”可知网络能让我们找到事物的核心并理解其真正含义。故短语“the core / heart of the matter”和原文中“dig into the core”语义一致。
2.信息转换题(活用题) 灵活考查学生在知识重组基础上,运用多种表达方式表意的能力,突显遣词造句能力的考查。比如,用意义相同或相反的词完成句子的能力。同时,在限定一空一词的要求下,更需要考生有逆向思维的能力。这种类型的题目一般不能直接在文章中找到题目给出的句子,需要考生在捕捉到相关信息之后,将捕捉到的信息进行加工转换。如(2016年江苏卷)73. keeping 词形转换。根据第二段第一句“Once I look up something on the Internet, I dont need to keep all the details...”可知动词短语“keep... in mind记住”,在表格中放在介词without的后面,要使用动名词keeping的形式。再如(2016年江苏卷)74. all / different / various 同义词转换。根据第三段第一句The Internet has made me smarter in matters small and large.可知原文中“matters small and large”就是“all / different / various”的事情。
3.信息综合题(综合概括题) 要求考生能够准确无误地概括出文章的主题或行(栏)的标题,考查学生概括与推断的能力,归纳、抽象并提炼出文章主旨或者重要信息的能力,也就是在语篇结构解读基础上的信息转换能力。 如(2016年江苏卷)77. judge 归纳总结。根据第三段最后一句“Moreover, I can find out whether my reactions to an event are reasonable enough by reading about those of others on the Internet.”而且在网络上阅读其他人的信息,让我判断我的行为是否合理,所以表格里使用动词judge。再如(2016年江苏卷)78. mixed / two 归纳总结。在文章最后两段中既提到了智能手机的优点也提到了其缺点。所以这是智能手机的正反两方面内容,所以使用形容词“mixed / two”。
二、任务型阅读的命题特点可归纳为以下三点
1.突出体现文章结构与层次任务型读写与传统的阅读理解题的主要不同就在于它对文章结构和层次的体现。从大标题(文章主题)到小标题(论述的各个侧面或分析列举),再到各个细节或不同论据,任务型读写以表格的形式形象地展现了文章的框架,让学生对文章进行了从“骨头”到“血肉”的彻底分析。
2.强调捕捉与组织信息的能力。任务型读写设题的初衷是考查学生对信息的综合加工和处理能力,其信息不仅体现在短文阅读中,还体现在对表格信息的比较和理解中。综合《考试说明》中的四种类型所体现的三类命题,即捕捉信息题、组织信息题和归纳信息题,较为恰当的设题比例一般是5∶3∶2。单就这一题型来讲,兼顾了学生的不同层次,有覆盖面也有区分度,从考查学生水平的角度来说,是比较科学和客观的。
3.兼顾阅读理解与文字表述的能力。任务型阅读属于主观题范畴,故其在阅读理解能力的考查之外,适当向文字表达能力倾斜。所有的组织信息题,都需要考查对阅读所得的信息进行加工,同时兼顾空格前后的文字与句式来选择适当的单词。在这一过程中,所有文字表述需要的知识点都会得到相应的考查,例如主谓一致、时态语态、非谓语动词、固定搭配等基础的语言知识。
三、任务型阅读常用词汇及词组转换
1. 常用高频词汇
标题、话题:title; topic;主题:theme;观点:ideas / opinions / views / thoughts;理由:reason / reasons; why;起因:cause; why;过程:process; course; procedure;结果:result / results; consequence / consequences;结论:conclusion;解决的办法:solution;现象:phenomenon / phenomena;因素:factor / factors;建议:tip / tips; advice; suggestion / suggestions; instruction / instructions;优点、好处:advantage / advantages; benefit / benefits;缺点、坏处:disadvantage / disadvantages;影响:influence / influences; effect / effects; (positive / negative);损失:damage / damages; harm / harms;地点:place / location / where;情况:situation;事件:event;内容:content;起源:origin;概要:summary;态度:attitude;评论:comment / comments; remark / remarks;分析:analysis / analyses;问题:problem / problems; doubt / doubts / question / questions;质量:quality;功能:function;证据:evidence;百分比:percentage;项目:item;方面:aspect;背景:background;情节:plot;时间: time / when;阶段:period;stage;日期:date;特点:characteristic / characteristics; feature / features;目的:aim / aims; purpose / purposes; goal / goals; intention / intentions;方法:way / ways; method / methods; means; measure / measures; step / steps;种类:kind / kinds; type / types; species; category / categories;比较:comparison; contract;国籍:nationality;技能:skill;成就:achievement;全面发展:all-round development;区别:difference;相似:similarity
2. 高频词性/短语变换
able (a.)—be able to do—ability (n.);disabled (a.)—disability (n.);capable (a.)—be capable of—capability (n.);absent (a.)—be absent from—absence (n.);present (a.)—be present at—presence (n.);abundant (a.)—be abundant in—abundance (n.);access (n.)—have access to—accessible (a.);value (n. / v.)—be of great value—valuable (a.);acquire (v.)—acquisition (n.);responsible (a.)—responsibility (n.);possible (a.)—possibility (n.);communicate (v.)—communication (n.);analyze (v.)—analysis (n.);aware (a.)—be aware of—awareness (n.);prepare (v.) —preparation (n.)—make preparations for;familiar (a.)—sth. be familiar to sb. / sb. be familiar with sth.—familiarity (n.);describe (v.)—description (n.);pronounce (v.)—pronunciation (n.);explain (v.)—explanation (n.); necessary (a.)—unnecessary (a.)—necessity (n.);create (v.)—creativity (n.);imagine (v.)—imagination (n.)—imaginative (a.)(想象力丰富的)—imaginable (a.)(可以想象的)—imaginary (a.)(想象中的);motivate (v.)—motivation (n.)—motivated (a.)
3. 高频同义词/词组替换
mention—refer to(referring, referred);put off / hold up(通常用被动)—delay / postpone;call off—cancel;be in favor of—support;be of (great) value / importance / significance—valuable / important / significant;on purpose—deliberately;in particular—particularly;deal with / do with sth.—handle sth.;ask sb. for advice—consult sb.;get over—overcome;come into being / existence—exist;at times—sometimes / occasionally;make progress—improve;inform sb. of sth. —keep sb. informed of;dont want to—be unwilling to;most of +n. —the majority of+n.;in spite of—despite; despite the fact (that);rather than—instead of;burst into tears / laughter—burst out crying / laughing;set out to do—set about doing
4. 高频转换类常用句型
100 years = 1 century = 10 decades;take advantage of = make use of;parental attention = with the help / aid / assistance of parents;oppose the move = be against the move = object to = disagree with;consider... = take... into consideration / account;at the beginning = at first;be responsible for = take / shoulder / bear responsibility for;since the beginning of human evolution = throughout human history;Americans have been migrating south and west for decades in search of better job opportunities. = Americans have been migrating south and west for decades, seeking a better job / searching / looking for a better job.;housing-related reasons = reasons related / linked / relevant to / connected with housing;take an active part in = take part in sth. actively;encourage participation in quiet activities = encourage children to participate in / take part in / play a role in quiet activities;be hooked on headphones = be addicted to headphones;valuable information = information of great value;understand clearly = have a clear understanding of sth.;affect = have an effect / influence / impact on sth.;matter = count = be very important = be of importance = make sense = make a difference;kills sb. = sth. costs sb. sth. = claim ones life;make an apology = apologize to sb.;be over = end = put... to an end;despite = in spite of;share less than 2% = account for less than 2%= make up;online = on the Internet;learn good citizenship = learn to be good citizens;list the things that you are good at = list what / all you are good at;explain sth. = make an explanation;offer sth. to sb. = provide / supply sth. for sb.;besides = on top of = in addition to = apart from;be better than = be superior to;approve of = subscribe to = be in favor / support of = favor sth.;have access to = be acceptable / accessible / available to;stop = quit = give up;in part = partly;every year = yearly = annually;use up = run out of;run out = give out = be used up;be accused of = be charged with;most of the people = the majority of the people;starve to death = die of hunger / starvation;socially responsible = social responsibility;sth. benefit sb. = be beneficial to sb. = be of benefit to = sb. benefit from sth .;commit oneself to doing sth. = promise to do sth.;make full use of = make the most of
四、2016年江苏卷英语真题及详解
第四部分:任务型阅读(共10小题;每小题1分,满分10分)
An Extension of the Human Brain
Other people can help us compensate for our mental and emotional deficiencies (欠缺),much as a wooden leg can compensate for a physical deficiency. To be exact, other people can extend our intelligence and help us understand and adjust our emotions. When another person helps us in such ways, he or she is participating in what Ive called a “social prosthetic (义肢的)system.” Such systems do not need to operate face-to-face, and its clear to me that the Internet is expanding the range of my own social prosthetic systems. Its already a big bank of many minds. Even in its current state, the Internet has extended my memory and judgment.
Regarding memory: Once I look up something on the Internet, I dont need to keep all the details for future use—I know where to find that information again and can quickly and easily do so. More generally, the Internet functions as if it were my memory. This function of the Internet is particularly striking when Im writing; Im no longer comfortable writing if Im not connected to the Internet. Its become natural to check facts as I write, taking a minute or two to dip into PubMed, Wikipedia, or other websites.
Regarding judgment: The Internet has made me smarter in matters small and large. For example, when Im writing a textbook, it has become second nature to check a dozen definitions of a key term, which helps me dig into the core and understand its meaning. But more than that, I now regularly compare my views with those of many others. If I have a “new idea,” I now quickly look to see whether somebody else has already thought of it, or something similar—and I then compare what I think with what others have thought. This certainly makes my own views clearer. Moreover, I can find out whether my reactions to an event are reasonable enough by reading about those of others on the Internet.
These effects of the Internet have become even more striking since Ive begun using a smartphone. I now regularly pull out my phone to check a fact, watch a video, read weibo. Such activities fill the spaces that used to be dead time (such as waiting for somebody to arrive for a lunch meeting).
But thats the upside (好处).The downside is that in those dead periods I often would let my thoughts flow and sometimes would have an unexpected insight or idea. Those opportunities are now fewer and farther between.
【答案】 71. Internet 72. participates / joins 73. keeping 74. all / different / various 75. heart / core 76. check 77. judge 78. mixed / two 79. convenient 80. reduce
【解析】 71. Internet 原词再现。根据第一段第四句Such systems do not need to operate face-to-face, and its clear to me that the Internet is expanding the range of my own social prosthetic systems.可知因特网可以拓宽社会义肢系统的范围,也就是说网络可以弥补我们精神和情感上的缺陷。
72. participates / joins 同义句转换。根据第一段最后两句Its already a big bank of many minds. Even in its current state, the Internet has extended my memory and judgment.可知动词短语“participate / join in”符合句意。
73. keeping 词形转换。根据第二段第一句“Once I look up something on the Internet, I dont need to keep all the details...”可知动词短语“keep...in mind记住”,在表格中放在介词without的后面,要使用动名词keeping的形式。
74. all / different / various 同义词转换。根据第三段第一句The Internet has made me smarter in matters small and large.可知原文中“matters small and large”就是“all / different / various”的事情。
75. heart / core 同义句转换。根据第三段第二句“...which helps me dig into the core and understand its meaning”可知网络能让我们找到事物的核心并理解其真正含义。故短语“the core / heart of the matter”和原文中“dig into the core”语义一致。
76. check同义词转换。根据第三段第四句“If I have a “ new idea,” I now quickly look to see whether somebody else has already thought of it, or something similar—and I then compare what I think with what others have thought.”当我们有了新的观点以后,我们会上网检查核对别人是否已经有了同样的观点,并对自己的行动做出判断。表格中check与原文语义一致。
77. judge 归纳总结。根据第三段最后一句“Moreover, I can find out whether my reactions to an event are reasonable enough by reading about those of others on the Internet.”而且在网络上阅读其他人的信息,让我判断我的行为是否合理,所以表格里使用动词judge。
78. mixed / two 归纳总结。在文章最后两段中既提到了智能手机的优点也提到了其缺点。所以这是智能手机的正反两方面内容,所以使用形容词“mixed / two”。
79. convenient 同义句转换。根据第四段后两句I now regularly pull out my phone to check a fact, watch a video, read weibo. Such activities fill the spaces that used to be dead time (such as waiting for somebody to arrive for a lunch meeting).可知我们可以使用智能手机随时查信息,看视频,读微博,使用起来非常方便。所以使用形容词“convenient”。
80. reduce 句意转换。根据文章最后两句“The downside is that in those dead periods I often would let my thoughts flow and sometimes would have an unexpected insight or idea. Those opportunities are now fewer and farther between.”在过去那些“dead periods”时,我总会有一些灵光一现的神来之念,但是现在这些时间都被智能手机占用了。无疑就减少了这些神来之念的可能性。所以表格中使用“reduce the possibility”。
五、任务型阅读的解题步骤
1. 略读。快速浏览全文,理清文章基本结构,观察题目,尽量获取有效信息。
有了对文章整体结构和中心思想的了解,剩下的只要根据每个空格所在句子中的关键词,有的放矢地到原文找答案就是了。
通过观察,题目是以文章结构图呈现的,我们可以快速、清楚地了解到以下几点信息:主干标题The Internet告诉我们,这篇文章主要说明因特网的功效和好处;
分支结构表明,文章中举出一些事例说明因特网的功效和优点;
文章最后也提到了因特网带来的问题。
2. 扫读。扫读图表,分析表格结构和内容,准确定位填空的要求。仔细分析提示句 (空格所在句子),判断所填词的词性、词形,提高填词的准确性。任务型阅读在题目设置过程中,提示句的提炼十分精要,所包含的信息量很大。因此,根据句式和语法结构来分析提示句能够使我们很容易推导出所填词的性、形、数。这对精确填词、准确表述有很大帮助。有时甚至可以不看文章,直接根据短语搭配填出答案。
例如样题中各词的词性分别是:(1) 动词原形 (vi.);(2) 动词原形 (vt.);(3) 名词;(4) 名词;(5) 形容词;(6) 动词原形 (vt.);(7) 名词/动名词 (8) 介词/动名词 (vt.);(9) 形容词;(10) 形容词
在了解所要填写词的词性和词形之后,我们选词的范围就大大缩小了。在原文中找到相关信息后,具体填词或表述时,就不容易出错了。
3. 细读。深入理解文章内容, 分析整合信息、准确表达。快速阅读文章,有目的地查找相关信息,按照要求规范答题。快速浏览的重点和目的应当是,带着审题时对文章大意和结构的了解以及所获得的问题,以最快的速度到文章相应的位置中搜寻有效信息。浏览文章时,不要过多考虑某些词句的意义,更不必进行细致的语法分析。和欣赏文章不同,我们阅读文章材料的最终目的是解决问题、完成答题任务。所以只要对答题没有太大影响,即使文章中有些词句看不明白也没多大关系。除非某些句子所包含的内容直接影响对文章主旨大意的理解或者对空格填词有重要作用,否则就不需要在这些方面花太多时间。
需要注意的是,有些题目可以在原文中直接找出;有些需要在分析原文句子的基础上,结合题目特殊要求,填写出相关的不同词性的派生词、同义词或近义词等等;有些则需要推理;还有些需要进行归纳总结或转述句子,在不失原意的基础上把答案正确表述出来。
六、任务型阅读的解题技巧
在掌握了科学的解题步骤之后,考生还要掌握一些实用的解题技巧。
1. 捕捉信息的技巧
(1)确定文章与表格之间的对应关系。先略读短文,然后速览表格,借助所给图表结构抓住文章中心大意以及文章的脉络。并确定表格中某一行或某一列与文章中某一段落之间的对应关系。(2)确定文章中相应的句子。在文章中标出与表格中空格前后给出的关键词句相符合或一致的句子。注意,有时表格中的语境悄悄发生了变化,有的是在空格前后“多一词”,有的是“少一词”,还有的是“换一词”。考生如果稍不留神就会犯错。
2. 变通信息的技巧
有许多答案是不能直接在文章中找到原句或原词的,这需要我们对文章进行加工或变通。这些变通大多与语法知识有关,也有些与短语和句型有关。(1)间接法。即基于原文某个词语的语法变形,如,主动与被动,谓语动词与非谓语动词,动词原形与动词第三人称单数形式,动词与名词,名词与形容词,形容词和副词的比较级与最高级,名词单复数等。(2)意译法。即对原文中的某句话在保持意思不变的前提下,变换一种说法。这种变换有一定的难度,要求你吃透原句意思,然后进行转换或解释。答案的来源往往有三个方面:①根据关键词的导航,在文中捕捉原始信息。②根据空格前后变化了的新语境,从语法和搭配的角度对原始信息进行加工。③根据单元格本身的行文规律,遵循同一栏在表达上的一致性原则从周围单元格中确定信息最终的输出形式。格中空格前后给出的关键词句相符合或一致的句子。
3. 概括信息的技巧
不会概括归纳的原因有两个:一是没有看懂表格里横向单元格和纵向单元格之间的逻辑关系;二是没有掌握常见的表示归纳概括的词语。归纳概括词语往往位于表格上面的第一行或表格左边的第一列。方法通常是:看下面的单元格向上概括:看右边的单元格向左归纳。大多是归纳某一段落的大意,有时是概括全文的主旨。
(作者:吴涛,南京市第三高级中学)
中学课程辅导高考版·学生版2017年1期