巴切斯墓地礼拜堂，茨维申瓦瑟尔，奥地利

建筑设计：马尔特.马尔特建筑事务所

巴切斯墓地礼拜堂，茨维申瓦瑟尔，奥地利

建筑设计：马尔特.马尔特建筑事务所

1 北立面，其后是克莱门斯·霍茨迈斯特设计的老教堂/ North facade, historical church by Clemens Holzmeister in the back

2 南立面/South facade

巴切斯位于茨维申瓦瑟尔的农村地区，这里的特色是离散分布的独栋住宅。现存教堂和墓地是由克莱门斯·霍茨迈斯特设计的，位于村庄中一片非常开阔的场地中。场地东侧为一片绿地，其上几乎什么建筑也没有；东侧则是一望无际的莱茵河谷。这座教堂和墓地最显著的特征就是两种景观元素的清晰分野。彼此相邻的二者，在这片极其开阔的环境中表达着各自的自治态度。在这样的结构下，这座新建的建筑也只能采取一种纯粹的独立形态。因此，这座墓地扩建部分也被看作是两个现存因素之间的独立延续。

设计的目标非常单纯——即采用与村落建筑呼应的结构。我们尽可能多地保留现有的路径连接，并在需要的地方增加连接。新的墓地可以从老墓地中穿过或绕行抵达。

一座哀悼礼拜堂及骨灰墙也是墓地扩建的一部分。它们通过同质化的方式与具有空间限定意义的平台相关联，在功能和形式上都成为整个建筑群的一部分。礼拜堂的设计构思是一座内向的立方体，室内拥有精心设计的自然光线。

在礼拜堂的背景墙上，一根橡木竿嵌入粘土墙中。在两种元素的对话中，一个隐隐的十字架产生了。骨灰墙也是粘土结构的一部分。旧钢框架沉入地平以下的墓穴中，作为骨灰盒的保藏所。亡者的姓名用纤细的铜板字镌刻在粘土墙上予以纪念。平台、哀悼礼拜堂和骨灰墙都采用了不同比例的长方体，由夯土工艺建成。它们在形式和材料上的极简设计将为独立设计的墓碑提供背景。独立的墓地和小径上镶嵌着鹅卵石。粘土材料因其条状的极简结构，与周边自然的空间融为一体。而升高平台与其中整合的元素——哀悼礼拜堂和骨灰墙之间的关系，就仿佛是从泥土中生长出来的一样。

由克莱门斯·霍茨迈斯特设计的教堂和墓地建筑群具有极高的价值，茨维申瓦塞尔市政府在这一扩建过程中，一直都深知这个项目担负的责任。

在一个高强度的规划、技术及后勤准备的合作阶段之后，当地社区贡献了极大的力量。这个项目对社区的每个人都很重要，因而成为一项合作式的工作。巴切斯教区的居民并不是凭空得到一座扩建的墓地，他们是亲自把它建造起来的。□（黄华青 译）

3 总平面，左起：老教堂、墓地、扩建区及礼拜堂/Site plan, from left: historical church, cemetery field, new urn field and wall with chapel

Batschuns is a rural part of Zwischenwasser, characterized by separate single buildings. The existing church and cemetery by Clemens Holzmeister are located in a part of the village that is spatially very open. To the east is a green space with nearly nothing built on it; in the west, the Rhine valley opens up. The most characteristic feature of the existing church and cemetery is the clear separation of these two elements. Each located next to the other exudes its own autonomy in the midst of this very open environment. This type of structuring can only be complemented by another pure independent form. Thus the cemetery extension has been conceived as an independent continuation of the two pre-existing elements.

The goal of the design is simple path-structures corresponding to the village structure. As often as possible, existing pathway connections are retained and added to where needed. The new grave plots can be reached by passing over, as well as along, the old cemetery.

A mortuary chapel and urn wall is part of the cemetery extension. Through the homogenous connection with the space-defining plateau, they are functionally and formally part of the whole complex. The chapel has been conceived as an introverted cube with positioned light openings.

4 内景，木板和自然光形成交织/Interior view with play of light, depending on the time, the timber slab and the natural light forming a cross

An oak rod set into the clay wall forms the backdrop. From this dialogue between two elements, a cross ensues. The urn wall is part of the clay structure. Old steel frames sunk into the earth yield grave niches for the preservation of urns. The names of the deceased are commemorated in tender copper script on the clay wall. The plateau, mortuary chapel, and urn wall are reduced cubes made of rammed earth. Their minimal design in form and material creates reserved background for graves designed independently. Individual grave fields and paths are strewn with pebbles. The clay material, with its reticently striated structure, conforms homogeneously with the surrounding natural space and strengthens the earthly relationship between the raised plateau and its integrated elements -mortuary chapel and urn wall.

The municipality of Zwischenwasser has always been conscious of the great responsibility entailed in expanding such a valuable ensemble as Clemens Holzmeisters church and cemetery.

After an intense period of cooperative planning and technical and logistical preparation, an immense amount of work was done by the community. It was a cooperative work on a project very important to everyone. The inhabitants of the parish of Batschuns did not get a cemetery extension, they built one.□

5 内景/Interior view

评论

刘珩：礼拜堂的建筑主体以粘土一层一层地筑成，已经干结硬实的粘土表面横向的纹理记录了独特的筑造过程，在明媚的阳光下，显示出材料特有的质感。礼拜堂室内的背景墙上，一根橡木竿直直地嵌入粘土墙的正中央，随着粘土逐渐硬结的过程被固定。礼拜堂的木质大门以木板拼接而成，木板与木板间的横向接缝笔直且“明目张胆”地显露，金属灰色的门栓镶嵌进去，它们之间的拼接同样干净利落，直接撞接在一起，金属门栓的位置却经过严格的推敲。温暖的材质与理性的处理方式相结合，营造出静谧温暖而又充满节制的空间感。明媚的阳光从墙体与屋顶之间的缝隙中射入礼拜堂，洒在背景墙上，给静谧的礼拜空间更添了一丝神秘气息。

张雯：巴切斯墓地礼拜堂及其平台以横平竖直的线条和矩形构成，无疑这是夯土建造最适宜的建筑形式。同时，小巧的体量和单一的功能性为此夯土墙的结构性应用提供了便利。然而，越是简单的建筑形体，越是需要设计和建造的细节来体现建筑和空间的品质。该建筑在仅有的3处开口上分别进行了精心的设计。事实上，在夯土墙上开设横向长洞是不太容易的，此处利用永久性的钢模板（即外观可见的平板和梁）巧妙地解决了这一难题。该礼拜堂是在现场夯筑完成的，可以想象在项目进行过程中，建筑师、建造工程师和施工人员在设计、技术和施工配合上的密切程度。夯土的水平向分层肌理在高低两处开口引入的自然光线下充分延展了空间感受，礼拜堂的精神性在朴素的生土材料与精确的构造和施工细节的对比中得到了体现。

项目信息/Credits and Data

建筑设计/Architects: 马尔特.马尔特建筑事务所/marte. marte architects (Feldkirch, Austria)

客户/Client: 茨维申瓦瑟尔市政局/Municipality of Zwischenwasser (Austria)

结构工程/Structural Engineer: M+G Ingenieure (Feldkirch, Austria)

建筑面积/Floor Area: 289m²

夯土/Rammed Earth: 176m², 183t

建造周期/Construction Phase: 2001

摄影/Photos: Bruno Klomfar (fig.1-2,4), Benedikt Redmann (fig.5)

6 西立面/West facade

Comments

LIU Heng:The main part of the chapel is built with clay placed one layer on another. The transverse texture on the dried solid clay records this unique building process, and the special texture of the material is visible against bright sunlight. On the background wall inside the chapel, an oak shaft is embedded right in the middle and just fixed by clay. The timber entrance doors of the chapel are made of wood planks. The transverse joints between the wood planks are straightforwardly exposed, and metallic grey door bolts are embedded in the doors in a tidy and neat manner with very careful selection. Warm materials in combination with rational treatments create a tranquil, cosy and moderate feeling of space. Bright sunlight penetrates into the chapel through the seams between the walls and the roof, casting on the background wall, which adds a sense of mystery to the space of worship. (Translated by WANG Xinxin)

ZHANG Wen:The horizontal and vertical lines and rectangular form of this chapel and its platform is undoubtedly the most suitable form for rammed-earth construction. At the same time, the small volume and simplex function provides convenient structural application of rammed-earth wall. However, simple forms require better treatments of details in design and construction, reflecting the quality of construction and space. The only three openings of this building were carefully designed. In fact, a horizontal long hole in the rammed-earth walls is not easily provided. This problem is cleverly solved with a permanent steel shuttering (visible plate and beam). The chapel was produced on site. We can perceive a close cooperative relationship of the architect, engineer and building team in the design, technology and construction during the whole process. The horizontal layered texture of rammed earth with the natural light through the sky and bottom openings fully extends the feeling of space, and the spirit of the chapel is embodied in the contrast of natural material and accurate construction details.

Chapel of Rest Batschuns, Zwischenwasser, Austria, 2001

Architects: marte.marte architects