姜玲
英语长句翻译是一个难题。英语长句错综复杂,而汉语在表达复杂的思想时,多结构简单,短小而精悍。在翻译英语长句时,很多句子不适合直译,应该在透彻理解原文的基础上,根据句子的语法结构进行解构,再按照汉语的行文习惯重组。本文从英汉句法结构的差异着手,以解构与重组为策略,探讨英语长句的翻译方法。
1.英汉句法解构的差异
从句子形式看,英语是形合语言,句子中各个意群、成分常是通过关联词或其他语法手段表达其相互关系的。而汉语是意合语言,句中意群、成分往往通过内在的联系串在一起,不一定或很少用关联词或其他语法手段,相对较松散。英语长句是在简单句的基础上通过使用较长的修饰语或从句变长、变复杂。汉语在表达复杂的思想时多借助动词、虚词和词序,经常使用松散句和流水句,按照一定的时间和逻辑顺序组句,结构简单。
2.解构与重组的定义
翻译理论家尤金·奈达从翻译的思维活动过程对翻译进行了描述,他认为翻译主要由三个阶段构成,即分析,转换和重构。“解构”是指对原句的字、词、短语、从句及上下文和语用环境等进行剖析,将其肢解为若干部分,以弄清其结构关系和含意,并将其语言形式转换成思想概念,即语义信息。“重组”则是指在理清了原句的结构关系之后,再将“解构”原句所得到的语义信息按照译入语的句法规则重新组装起来,使之成为符合译入语表达习惯的译句(孟庆升,2009:6)。
3.英语长句解构与重组的原则
3.1解构的原则—意群划分原则
在翻译英语长句时,首先必须找出主句,理顺小句间的关系和修饰语间的关系,在透彻理解原文的基础上,将英语按语法结构逐层分解,划分为一个个的意群。例如:
Sherman had recently turned down a $50,000-a-year job at a consulting firm,after careful deliberation with his parents;because he hadnt connected well with his potential bosses.
此句的主句为:Sherman had recently turned down a $50,000-a-year job at a consulting firm,而after careful deliberation with his parents是主句的时间状语,because he hadnt connected well with his potential bosses是主句的原因状语,主句又包含两层意思,即Recently,Sherman had turned down a job和the consulting firm had offered him a $50,000-a-year job,此句可以解构成四个意群,即:①Recently,Sherman had turned down a job,②the consulting firm had offered him a $50,000-a-year job,③after careful deliberation with his parents,④because he hadnt connected well with his potential bosses。
3.2重组的原则——时间和逻辑顺序重组的原则
3.2.1时间原则
如果英语原句中出现了表示时间顺序的关系副词或连词,如:when,before,until,at first,then,later,meanwhile,in the end,finally,as soon as,the next moment and so on,就按时间先后顺序进行翻译。如果英语原句没有强调时间先后顺序,翻译时要把最重要的事放在句首。
例如:Sherman had recently turned down a $50,000-a-year job at a consulting firm,after careful deliberation with his parents,按照解构的原则,我们把它分为三个意群,:①Recently,Sherman had turned down a job,②the consulting firm had offered him a $50,000-a-year job,③after careful deliberation with his parents.句中有after这个词,意思是“在……之后”,按照汉语的表达习惯,我们在翻译时,可以调整顺序为①③②,翻译如下,最近,一家咨询公司给谢尔曼提供了一份年薪5万美元的工作。在与父母仔细商量之后,他没有接受那份工作。
3.2.2逻辑原则
英译汉时,正确的逻辑判断可以帮助理解英语原文中所包含的逻辑关系。英汉在逻辑顺序的表达方面不大相同,比如在表示因果关系的英语复合句中,因果顺序比较灵活,而汉语在大多数情况下原因在前,结果在后,有时也结果在前,原因在后。在翻译时,应该了解两者的差异,然后按照译入语的行文习惯进行表达。例如:Sherman had recently turned down a $50,000-a-year job at a consulting firm,after careful deliberation with his parents;because he hadnt connected well with his potential bosses.此句中because表示因果关系,按照逻辑关系原则,可以译为最近,一家咨询公司给谢尔曼提供了一份年薪5万美元的工作。在与父母仔细商量之后,他没有接受那份工作,原因是他和可能成为他上司的人在沟通方面有些问题。
4.英语长句的解构与重组的翻译策略
4.1形合变意合
英语句子是通过语法手段和逻辑手段连接起来的。汉语是意合语言,注重的是意义的连贯,语法意义和逻辑关系通常隐含在字里行间。汉译英时应添加应有的连接词,而英译汉时则要省略一定的连接词。所以在英译汉时首先要将“形合”语言进行解构,然后按照汉语“意合”的特点重组。例如:They note that its a good time to reevaluate career choices;that since joblessness is now so common among that peers,it has lost much of its stigma;and that since they dont have mortgages or kids,they have flexibility,and in this respect,they are lucky.根据意群划分原则,这句可以分为7个短句。①They note that...②Its a good time to reevaluate career choices,③that since joblessness is now so common among that peers,④it has lost much of its stigma,⑤and that since they dont have mortgages or kids,⑥they have flexibility,⑦and in this respect,they are lucky。①是主句,②③④⑤⑥⑦是①的宾语从句,②/③④/⑤⑥⑦是并列的,③和④分别为原因和结果,⑤和⑥也是原因与结果,⑤⑥和⑦是并列的,⑤⑥是叙事,⑦是评价。在翻译时,应将英语的连接手段进行适当的隐性化,此句用到的词汇表连接手段的有:that,since,and,可以译为:他们发现,现在是重新审视职业选择的好时机;失业这种现象在同龄人中太常见了,也不会觉得丢人了;他们既没有房贷,又没有孩子,生活也随意自由,单从这点来说,他们是幸运的。
4.2复杂变简短
英语中复杂的长句非常多,而汉语中常见松散句、省略句、流水句等短句。英语长句在译为汉语的时候常常需要根据解构重组的原则变繁为简。例如:Examining national longitudinal data,Mossakowski had found that people who were unemployed for long periods in their teens or early 20s are far more likely to develop a habit of heavy drinking(five or more drinks in one sitting)by the time they approach middle age.根据语法结构,可将它解构成以下几个意群:①Examining national longitudinal data,②Mossakowski had found that,③people are far more likely to develop a habit of heavy drinking,④who were unemployed for long periods in their teens or early 20s,⑤(five or more drinks in one sitting),⑥by the time they approach middle age。②是主句,①先于②,③是宾语从句里的主句,④是个定语从句,修饰③的主语people,⑤对③里的“heavy drinking”进行补充说明,⑥是个介词短语,是③的时间状语。根据解构重组原则,按照汉语表达习惯,这句可以译为:调查了全国范围的纵向数据之后,克莱西娅发现,青年时期或20多岁就长期失业的人,中年之后更容易染上酗酒(一次可以喝五杯甚至更多)的恶习。
综上所述,英语的长句错综复杂,而汉英两种语言又存在诸多差异。本文从“解构与重组”的角度介绍了英语长句翻译的策略,但是真正的翻译境界,仅仅了解英汉两种语言的差异和一定的翻译技巧是不够的,翻译工作者必须加强平时的练习,将这些技巧应用到翻译实践之中。
参考文献:
[1]黄劲云.英汉互译中长句处理的研究现状与启示[J].文学语言学研究,2009(01):63.
[2]孟庆升.新编实用汉英翻译教程[M].天津:天津大学出版社,2009.
[3]朱健平.英语长句翻译“五步法”—对比语言学观照下的英语长句翻译思维和教学模式[J].大学教育科学,2007(2):63-65.