田飞,丁桃,闫博,吕沐桥
青少年特发性脊柱侧弯(Adolescent Idiopathic Scolios,AIS)是一种原因不明的且没有并发其他器质性病变的脊柱三维方向上发生弯曲、旋转的疾病,在10~16岁的青少年中患病率为1%~3%[1]。目前国内关于运动疗法在AIS中的作用几乎没有报道,国外虽有报道,但是存在争议,本文将综合国内外相关研究资料,进一步探讨运动疗法在AIS中的疗效。
目前,针对AIS治疗方式的选择,多根据Risser征和Cobb角情况的不同,采取以下几种方式。①保守治疗:若Risser征<Ⅲ度,同时局部Cobb角度<25°,或者Risser征为Ⅳ或Ⅴ度,但是未达到手术标准时,则采用以运动疗法为主;如脊柱具备一定的生长能力(Risser征<Ⅲ度),局部Cobb角度在25°~40°之间,则采用Milwaukee支具或Boston支具,并配合以运动疗法的治疗手段(直到整个脊柱生长停止和risser征Ⅳ度以上,方可去掉支具)[2]。②手术治疗:若Cobb>40°,支具治疗每年加重6°以上,或胸腰段、腰段侧凸>35°,可以考虑手术治疗[2-3]。
常用的保守治疗方式有运动疗法、支具治疗、物理因子治疗等,其中支具治疗的疗效已得到公认,物理因子治疗和运动疗法是否有效还存在争议,但是越来越多的研究报道了运动疗法在AIS中的有效性。
2.1 运动疗法 运动疗法是为了恢复正常的肌肉骨骼功能或减少疾病或损伤引起的疼痛,而设计和制定的身体活动的方案或计划[4-5]。在实施运动疗法的过程中所使用的方法和技术称为运动疗法技术。临床上对于AIS与非AIS脊柱侧弯的鉴别很重要,因为针对两种疾病所采取的运动疗法技术与预后是完全不一样的。针对AIS患者,目前国外报道的有效的运动疗法技术有以下4种:SEAS、Schroth改良版的治疗性康复训练技术、积极自我纠正和任务导向训练技术、前倾头矫正训练技术。而Mulligan动态关节松动术[6]、髂腰肌收缩技[7]、普拉提训练技术等运动疗法技术对非AIS脊柱侧弯患者有效[8],并且此类患者预后较AIS脊柱侧弯患者好[5]。
2.1.1 积极自我纠正和任务导向训练技术 该项技术借助镜子等工具让患者发现异常的姿势并进行自我纠正,或者是通过让患者在特定的环境内完成明确的任务从而达到纠正脊柱侧弯的目的[8]。两项随机对照实验表明,积极自我纠正和任务导向训练能减轻脊柱畸形,提高轻度青少年特发性脊柱侧弯的生活质量[8-9]。Monticone[8]的另一项研究将Cobb<25°的110名AIS患者随机分为实验组(进行主动自我纠正训练、任务导向性训练和健康教育)和对照组(进行传统脊柱训练),同时对所有的患者的影像学畸形、体表畸形和生活质量进行干预前后的评定,最后发现实验组的效果优于对照组,并且自实验结束后,这种疗效至少持续了一年[10]。
2.1.2 前倾头的矫正训练技术 该技术认为人体许多的姿势反射存在于头颈部,而许多AIS患者存在头部前倾问题,因此可以通过控制头颈部的运动达到纠正人体异常姿势的目的[11]。Diab[12]的一项随机对照研究将76位AIS患者(Cobb角介于10°~30°,颅椎角≥50°)分为实验组和对照组,所有患者都进行传统的牵伸和力量训练,实验组除此之外增加头部的矫正训练。10周后,实验组仅在脊柱三维姿态参数上改善有统计学意义(P=0.8),12周后,实验组在脊柱三维姿态参数和脊柱功能水平上改善均都有统计学意义(P=0.001)[11]。
2.1.3 Schroth改良版的治疗性康复训练技术 该训练技术认为脊柱周围肌肉张力不平衡是造成脊柱侧弯的主要原因,因此采用强化过松的肌肉,放松过紧的肌肉的训练方法可以纠正脊柱侧弯[13]。Pugacheva等[13]研究发现姿势矫正训练的确可以提高AIS的治疗效果。
2.1.4 脊柱侧凸科学训练方法(Scientific Exercise Approach to Scoliosis,SEAS) SEAS是意大利脊柱科学研究所的一种针对脊柱侧凸患者进行矫正的运动疗法技术。该技术强调脊柱侧弯在三维空间上都存在畸形,故通过治疗团队制定个性化的治疗方案,让患者通过三维自我矫正的方法纠正胸弯、胸腰弯、腰弯、双凸、驼背等畸形[14]。Zaina等[14]进行2组回顾性对照研究,将一组56位AIS病人分成两半,一半病人(Cobb角平均22°,Risser 0~3)每天接受SpineCor支具治疗20h,另一半病人(Cobb角平均20°,Risser 0~3)每天仅接受SEAS训练,评估2组患者18个月前后的Cobb角和临床症状的变化,结果示训练组Cobb角改善(大于5°)的比例比支具组高14.3%,而病情恶化的比例却比支具组少7.1%。而另一组针对103位患者的研究结果却显示SpineCor支具比 SPORT支具在改善Cobb角方面更有效。
针对AIS的运动疗法技术,都能改善患者脊柱侧弯的度数,不仅如此,AIS患者的生活质量、心理美感、脊柱活动度也有改善。因此,对于适合运动疗法治疗的AIS患者,这些运动疗法技术都可以选择。不过,目前并没有研究将这些有效的运动疗法技术之间的疗效进行比较,所以如何选择最佳的运动疗法技术还有待进一步研究证实。
2.2 运动疗法结合支具治疗 运动疗法结合支具治疗已有Meta分析表明,单独的支具治疗在AIS中的治疗效果是肯定的。而运动疗法结合支具治疗与单独支具治疗的效果那个更好些,相关证据并不多。虽然支具并不能减少AIS患者手术率,但支具结合运动疗法却能改善侧弯度数,提高生活质量[12,15-17]。Negrin等[18]对符合美国科学研究学会标准的73位AIS患者进行前瞻性队列研究,结果示52.3%的患者在Cobb角改善上取得了满意的效果,他们认为使用支具结合运动疗法比目前的文献中提到的疗效更好。Wnuk[19]等的一项个案报道指出,综合运用运动疗法、支具治疗和家庭自我训练,患者的呼吸功能、脊柱侧弯和旋转情况得到改善。虽然仅少量证据表明运动疗法结合支具治疗比单独支具治疗的效果(脊柱侧弯和旋转改善度、呼吸功能改善情况)更好,但是运动疗法在提高患者生活质量和心理美感方面的积极作用,是支具治疗无法替代的。
运动疗法和支具治疗在AIS的保守治疗中起主要作用。AIS会影响青少年心理健康[20],运动疗法能提高患者心理的美感,而支具却给患者带来心理上的问题[21]。虽然以自我纠正为主要目标的SEAS训练方法在减缓整个青春期脊柱侧弯的进程,延迟或避免其他更具有侵略性的治疗方法方面存在争议[22],但是SEAS训练对AIS患者有确切的的疗效(在减缓青春早期的脊柱侧弯的进程和改善Cobb角方面)[11,23-29]。
许多关于运动疗法技术在AIS患者中的作用的研究是存在一定问题的。首先,一些研究只是报道了治疗后患者的Cobb 角改变有意义,其实所谓的有意义只是很小的改变。其次,各种运动疗法之间的疗效比较未见报道。再者,这些研究并没有指出患者的疗效能持续多久。因此,应该设计高质量的随机对照试验[25],来进一步证实各种运动疗法技术在AIS中的治疗作用,同时,哪种或哪几种运动疗法技术最有效也应该去研究证实。
[1] Weinstein SL, Dolan LA, Cheng JC, et al. Adolescent idiopathic scoliosis[J]. Lancet, 2008, 371(9623): 1527-1537.
[2] Lonstein JE. Scoliosis: surgical versus nonsurgical treatment[J]. Clin OrthopRelat Res, 2006, 443(1): 248-259.
[3] 胥少汀, 葛宝丰, 徐印. 实用骨科学[M]. 第4版. 北京: 人民军医出版社, 2012: 2116-2166.
[4] Yaman O, Dalbayrak S. Idiopathic scoliosis[J]. Turkish neurosurgery, 2014, 24(5): 646-657.
[5] Abbott JH, Chapple CM, Fitzgerald GK, et al. The Incremental Effects of Manual Therapy or Booster Sessions in Addition to Exercise Therapy for Knee Osteoarthritis: A Randomized Clinical Trial[J]. The Journal of orthopaedic and sports physical therapy, 2015, 45(12): 975-983.
[6] Lewis C, Diaz R, Lopez G, et al. A preliminary study to evaluate postural improvement in subjects with scoliosis: active therapeutic movement version 2 device and home exercises using the Mulligan's mobilization-with-movement concept[J]. Journal of manipulative and physiological therapeutics, 2014, 37(7): 502-509.
[7] Bruggi M, Lisi C, Rodigari A, et al. Monitoring iliopsoas muscle contraction in idiopathic lumbar scoliosis patients[J]. Giornale italiano di medicina del lavoro ed ergonomia, 2014, 36(3): 186-191.
[8] Alves de Araujo ME, Bezerra da Silva E, Bragade Mello D, et al. The effectiveness of the Pilates method: reducing the degree of non-structural scoliosis, and improving flexibility and pain in female college students[J]. Journal of bodywork and movement therapies, 2012, 16(2): 191-198.
[9] Bruggi M, Lisi C, Rodigari A, et al. Monitoring iliopsoas muscle contraction in idiopathic lumbar scoliosis patients[J]. Giornale italiano dimedicina del lavoro ed ergonomia, 2014, 36(3): 186-191.
[10] Lewis C, Diaz R, Lopez G, et al. A preliminary study to evaluate postural improvement in subjects with scoliosis: active therapeutic movement version 2 device and home exercises using the Mulligan's mobilization-with-movement concept[J]. Journal of manipulative and physiological therapeutics, 2014, 37(7): 502-509.
[11] Negrini S, Bettany-Saltikov J, De Mauroy JC, et al. Letter to the editor concerning: "active self-correction and task-oriented exercises reduce spinal deformity and improve quality of life in subjects with mild adolescent idiopathic scoliosis. Results of a randomised controlled trial" by Monticone M, Ambrosini E, Cazzaniga D, Rocca B, Ferrante S[J]. European spine journal, 2014, 23(10): 2218-2220.
[12] Diab AA. The role of forward head correction in management of adolescent idiopathic scoliotic patients: a randomized controlled trial[J]. Clinical rehabilitation, 2012, 26(12): 1123-1132.
[13] Pugacheva N. Corrective exercises in multimodality therapy of idiopathic scoliosis in children - analysis of six weeks efficiency - pilot study[J]. Studies in health technology and informatics, 2012, 176(1): 365-371.
[14] Zaina F, Donzelli S, Negrini A, et al. SpineCor, exercise and SPoRT rigid brace: what is the best for Adolescent Idiopathic Scoliosis? Short term results from 2 retrospective studies[J]. Studies in health technology and informatics, 2012, 176(1): 361-364.
[15] Pugacheva N. Corrective exercises in multimodality therapy of idiopathic scoliosis in children - analysis of six weeks efficiency - pilot study[J]. Studies in health technology and informatics, 2012, 176(1): 365-371.
[16] Zaina F, Donzelli S, Negrini A, et al. SpineCor, exercise and SPoRT rigid brace: what is the best for Adolescent Idiopathic Scoliosis? Short term results from 2 retrospective studies[J]. Studies in health technology and informatics, 2012, 176(1): 361-364.
[17] Dolan LA, Weinstein SL. Surgical rates after observation and bracing for adolescent idiopathic scoliosis: an evidence-based review[J]. Spine, 2007, 32(19): 91-100.
[18] Maruyama T, Kitagawa T, Takeshita K, et al. Conservative treatment for adolescent idiopathic scoliosis: can it reduce the incidence of surgical treatment[J]? Pediatric rehabilitation, 2003, 6(4): 215-219.
[19] Negrini S, Atanasio S, Zaina F, et al. End-growth results of bracing and exercises for adolescent idiopathic scoliosis. Prospective worst-case analysis[J]. Studies in health technology and informatics, 2008, 135(55): 395-408.
[20] Rigo M, Reiter C, Weiss HR. Effect of conservative management on the prevalence of surgery in patients with adolescent idiopathic scoliosis[J]. Pediatric rehabilitation, 2003, 6(4): 209-214.
[21] Negrini S, Donzelli S, Lusini M, et al. The effectiveness of combined bracing and exercise in adolescent idiopathic scoliosis based on SRS and SOSORT criteria: a prospective study[J]. BMC musculoskeletal disorders, 2014, 15(3): 263.
[22] Wnuk B, Frackiewicz J, Durmala J, et al. Short-term effects of combination of several physiotherapy methods on the respiratory function - a case report of adolescent idiopathic scoliosis[J]. Studies in health technology and informatics, 2012, 176(36): 402-406.
[23] Plaszewski M, Cieslinski I, Nowobilski R, et al. Mental health of adults treated in adolescence with scoliosis-specific exercise program or observed for idiopathic scoliosis[J]. TheScientificWorldJournal, 2014, 2014(1): 1-10.
[24] Negrini S, Donzelli S, Dulio M, et al. Is the SRS-22 able to detect Quality of Life (QoL) changes during conservative treatments[J]? Studies in health technology and informatics, 2012, 176(1): 433-436.
[25] Romano M, Minozzi S, Bettany-Saltikov J, et al. Exercises for adolescent idiopathic scoliosis[J]. The Cochrane database of systematic reviews, 2012, 8(1): 783-787.
[26] Fusco C, Zaina F, Atanasio S, et al. Physical exercises in the treatment of adolescent idiopathic scoliosis: an updated systematic review[J]. Physiotherapy theory and practice, 2011, 27(1): 80-114.
[27] Lenssinck ML, Frijlink AC, Berger MY, et al. Effect of bracing and other conservative interventions in the treatment of idiopathic scoliosis in adolescents: a systematic review of clinical trials[J]. Physical therapy, 2005, 85(12): 1329-1339.
[28] Mordecai SC, Dabke HV. Efficacy of exercise therapy for the treatment of adolescent idiopathic scoliosis: a review of the literature[J]. European spine journal: official publication of the European Spine Society, the European Spinal Deformity Society, and the European Section of the Cervical Spine Research Society, 2012, 21(3): 382-389.
[29] Negrini S, Antonini G, Carabalona R,et al. Physical exercises as a treatment for adolescent idiopathic scoliosis[J]. A systematic review, Pediatric rehabilitation, 2003, 6(4): 227-235.
[30] Negrini S, Fusco C, Minozzi S, et al. Exercises reduce the progression rate of adolescent idiopathic scoliosis: results of a comprehensive systematic review of the literature[J]. Disability and rehabilitation, 2008, 30(10): 772-785.
[31] Negrini S, Romano M. On "effect of bracing..." Lenssinck et al Phys Ther 2005; 85: 1329-1339[J]. Physical therapy, 2007, 87(1): 112-113.
[32] Smania N, Picelli A, Romano M, et al. Neurophysiological basis of rehabilitation of adolescent idiopathic scoliosis[J]. Disability and rehabilitation, 2008, 30(10): 763-771.