杨阳,杨晴,贾友超,李小芳,杨华,张倩,彭鑫宇,臧爱民△
miR-486、miR-499在肺癌患者血浆中的表达及临床价值
杨阳1,2,杨晴3,贾友超2,李小芳2,杨华2,张倩2,彭鑫宇4,臧爱民2△
目的探讨miR-486和miR-499在肺癌患者血浆中的表达及临床意义,分析其在非小细胞肺癌(NSCLC)和小细胞肺癌(SCLC)中表达的差异。方法收集35例肺癌患者(其中NSCLC组21例,SCLC组14例)及30例健康者(对照组)血样标本,运用qPCR的方法测定各组血浆miR-486、miR-499的表达量,分析NSCLC和SCLC患者血浆中miR-486和miR-499的表达量与各临床特征的关系。对所有入组者血浆miRNA的相对表达量进行ROC曲线分析,计算曲线下面积(AUC)、最佳临界值及其敏感度和特异度。结果NSCLC和SCLC组中血浆miR-486、miR-499的相对表达量均低于对照组(P<0.05)。NSCLC组血浆miR-486在不同临床特征患者间表达差异均无统计学意义;而TNM分期越晚、分化程度越低,miR-499表达越低(P<0.05)。SCLC组分期越晚,miR-486表达越低;而miR-499在不同临床特征患者间表达差异均无统计学意义。miR-486诊断肺癌的AUC为0.83(95%CI为0.73~0.93),敏感度和特异度分别为90.0%和68.6%,最佳诊断界值为1.02;miR-499诊断肺癌的AUC为0.75(95%CI为0.62~0.88),敏感度和特异度分别为60.0%和94.3%,对肺癌的最佳诊断界值为0.32。结论血浆miR-486、miR-499在肺癌患者中表达下调,可能预示预后不良,有望作为肺癌潜在筛查及预后的指标。
癌,非小细胞肺;微RNAs;血浆;敏感性与特异性;诊断,鉴别;miR-486;miR-499
近些年来恶性肿瘤的发病率和死亡率不断攀升,2015年我国新患恶性肿瘤人数有42 924 292例,因恶性肿瘤死亡人数达2 814 000例,其中肺癌的发病率和死亡率高居首位[1]。研究显示,2/3的肺癌患者确诊时往往已经是晚期,由于缺少有效的治疗方法,5年生存率只有15%左右[2]。因此,迫切需要找到早期诊断肺癌的有效方法。微小RNA(microRNA,miRNA)是一种小分子RNA,能调节特定的信使RNA,在肺癌组织及外周循环中miRNA的表达不但参与肺癌发生、发展,而且还与疾病的诊断、分期、进展和预后密切相关[3]。血浆中的miRNA无论在体内和体外都以一种稳定状态存在,不容易受到体内内源性核糖核酸酶及体外强酸、强碱、高温环境的影响,具备了作为潜在肿瘤标志物的基本条件[4-5]。有研究证实血浆中miR-486-5-p可能发挥肿瘤抑制作用,可能作为非小细胞肺癌(NSCLC)诊断、治疗、预后评判的潜在指标[6]。NSCLC血浆中miR-499的表达可能参与肿瘤发生、发展。在应用抗肿瘤化疗药物的过程中,血浆中miR-499还可能参与调节某些肿瘤相关基因,从而导致肿瘤细胞发生免疫逃逸、入侵及转移,最终导致预后不良[7]。既往大多数研究关注的热点集中在NSCLC的血浆中miRNA的表达情况,本实验通过分析NSCLC、小细胞肺癌(SCLC)患者血浆中miR-486、miR-499的表达情况,探讨其作为抑癌基因的作用,为肺癌诊断及预后判断提供新的思路。
1.1 研究对象选取2014年1月—2015年1月河北大学附属医院肿瘤内科收治的肺癌患者35例,以2004年版WHO肺肿瘤组织学分类标准为依据,经支气管镜或者肺肿物穿刺病理结果证实为肺恶性肿瘤。35例中NSCLC 21例(NSCLC组),其中腺癌14例、鳞癌7例;SCLC 14例(SCLC组)。NSCLC组男12例,女9例,年龄≤60岁者12例,吸烟者10例。SCLC组男11例,女3例,年龄≤60岁者5例,吸烟者10例。纳入标准:(1)姓名、年龄、性别、吸烟史、家族史等个人资料完整。(2)入院前从未接受放疗、化疗或其他针对肿瘤的治疗。另取常规体检人群30例为对照组,既往均无任何肿瘤病史,其中男16例,女14例,年龄≤60岁者14例,吸烟者14例。3组性别(χ2=2.693)、年龄≤60岁(χ2=1.570)、吸烟(χ2=2.619)构成差异均无统计学意义(P>0.05),具有可比性。所有入组者均签署知情同意书,并经过本院伦理委员会批准。
1.2 主要仪器与试剂实时荧光PCR仪(美国Bio-Rad,CFX96);高速低温离心机(美国Thermo CENTRIFUGE PK 121R)、移液器(Eppendorf);漩涡振荡器、干浴恒温器(江苏其林贝尔);通风橱、冻存盒(Invitrogen);-80℃冰箱(Thermo);miRNeasy Serum/Plasma Spike-In Control 10 pmol(德国QIAgen,货号:219610);RNase-free水(碧云天)、无水乙醇(广州化学试剂厂);All-in-OneTMmiRNA qRT-PCR Detection kit(美国GeneCopoeia公司)。
1.3 血液标本的收集与储存用EDTA抗凝管收集各组患者外周血5 mL,于4℃、2 000 r/min离心10 min,将分离得到的上层血浆2 h内分装至EP管中置于-80℃长期保存。
1.4 荧光定量PCR法检测miR-499和miR-486的表达水平解冻血浆样本,于离心管中按照200 μL血浆加入1 000 μL QIAzol Lysis Reagent裂解液(1∶5)裂解样品。按试剂盒说明书提取总RNA。检测RNA浓度、纯度,由于血浆样本中的RNA为游离的RNA,RNA含量较低,无法通过电泳法得到证实,本研究仅通过qPCR结果来判定。按试剂盒说明逆转录合成cDNA,逆转录引物序列见表1。miRNA荧光定量检测:采用荧光定量PCR法检测miR-499和miR-486在各组血浆样本中的表达水平。miR-499、miR-486及cel-39mimic(内参)的上下游引物均购自广州金域医学检验中心。qPCR检测反应液的配制:10 μL 2×All-in-One qPCR Mix;2 μL qPCR Forward Primer(2 μmol/L);1 μL Universal PCR primer(2 μmol/L);2 μL First strand cDNA;5 μL ddH2O。qPCR反应程序:95℃预变性10 min,循环1次;95℃变性10 s,60℃退火20 s,72℃延伸10 s,重复40个循环,然后进行熔解曲线分析。每个组织样本做3次平行试验,采用2-ΔΔCt来分析miRNA的相对表达量。
Tab.1Primer sequences of reverse transcrption表1 逆转录引物序列
1.5 统计学方法采用SPSS 19.0统计学软件处理。计量资料符合正态分布的用均数±标准差描述,不符合正态分布的用M(P25,P75)描述。非正态分布的计量资料2组间比较采用Wilcoxon秩和检验,多组间比较采用Kruskal-Wallis H秩和检验。计数资料以例(%)表示,组间比较采用χ2检验。利用ROC曲线分析miR-486和miR-499表达量诊断肺癌最佳临界值、敏感度与特异度。所有统计检验均为双侧检验,P<0.05为差异有统计学意义。
2.1 各组miR-486、miR-499表达水平比较NSCLC组和SCLC组中miR-486、miR-499表达水平均低于对照组(P<0.05),SCLC组与NSCLC组间差异均无统计学意义,见表2。
Tab.2Comparison of relative expression levels of miR-486 and miR-499 between three groups表2 各组miR-486、miR-499的相对表达水平比较M(P25,P75)
2.2 NSCLC组miR-486和miR-499的相对表达量与临床特征的关系NSCLC组血浆miR-486在不同临床特征间差异均无统计学意义;而TNM分期越晚、分化程度越低,miR-499表达越低(P<0.05),见表3。
Tab.3Relationship between plasma expression levels of miR-486 and miR-499 with clinical features in NSCLC group表3 NSCLC组血浆中miR-486、miR-499的表达与临床特征的关系M(P25,P75)
2.3 SCLC组miR-486和miR-499的相对表达量与临床特征的关系SCLC组血浆miR-486在肿瘤局限期和广泛期间表达水平差异有统计学意义(P<0.05),即分期越广泛miR-486表达越低;而miR-499在不同临床特征间差异均无统计学意义,见表4。
Tab.4Relationship between plasma expression levels of miR-486 and miR-499 with clinical features in the SCLC group表4 SCLC组血浆中miR-486、miR-499的表达与临床特征的关系M(P25,P75)
2.4 miR-486和miR-499的相对表达量对肺癌的诊断价值ROC曲线显示,miR-486诊断肺癌的曲线下面积(AUC)为0.83(95%CI:0.73~0.93),敏感度和特异度分别为90.0%和68.6%,最佳诊断界值为1.02;miR-499诊断肺癌的AUC为0.75(95%CI:0.62~0.88),敏感度和特异度分别为60.0%和94.3%,对肺癌的最佳诊断界值为0.32,见图1。。
Fig.1ROC curves of relative plasma expressions of miR-486 and miR-499 in the diagnostic value of lung cancer图1 血浆中miR-486和miR-499相对表达量对肺癌诊断价值的ROC曲线
miRNAs是一类高度保守、长度很短的非编码调控单链RNA,长度约19~25 nt,其广泛存在于真核生物体内,参与肿瘤的发生发展、外侵转移和转归预后等多个环节[8]。Croce实验室研究显示,超过半数的miRNA基因存在于肿瘤相关基因中,miR-15a、miR-16a在慢性淋巴细胞白血病标本中表达缺失或下调[9]。有研究认为,miR-21、miR-210、miR-126、miR-486可以作为诊断NSCLC的参考指标[10]。Hu等[11]研究证实,NSCLC患者共有11种miRNA的表达量较正常情况下上调5倍之多,其中miR-1、miR-499、miR-486、miR-30d与NSCLC总生存率相关,有望作为NSCLC患者的预后指标。
本研究结果显示,NSCLC组和SCLC组血浆中miR-486表达水平均明显低于对照组,与既往研究结果基本一致[10-11],且ROC曲线示miR-486诊断肺癌的AUC为0.83,接近0.90,具有中等诊断效率,提示血浆中miRNA-486表达水平的高低可能成为肺癌的非侵入性生物标志物,可用于肺癌早期检测。NSCLC组血浆miR-486在不同临床特征间差异均无统计学意义;而在SCLC组中分期越晚,miR-486表达越低,提示miR-486可能是SCLC预后的影响因素。
目前,有关血浆miR-499的研究通常集中在心肌损伤和心肌梗死之间的关联[12]。急性心肌梗死患者血浆中miR-499低表达,预示其可能成为早期检测心肌损伤的生物标志物[12]。Donaldson等[13]研究发现,血浆miR-499在慢性阻塞性肺疾病(COPD)患者中明显升高。Vinci等[14]研究发现,miR-499在NSCLC组和对照组中表达差异并无统计学意义;本研究结果显示,血浆miR-499在NSCLC和SCLC患者中表达水平均低于对照组,与Vinci等[14]学者的研究结论不完全相同,考虑可能与血浆中miR-499含量偏低,样本量小及操作者的技术水平有关,需要大规模前瞻性临床试验进一步验证。NSCLC患者的TNM分期越晚、分化程度越低,miR-499表达越低,与既往研究结果类似[7,14],提示血浆miR-499有可能作为NSCLC预后的生物标志物。
综上所述,血浆miR-486、miR-489在肺癌患者中表达下调,均有可能与肺癌的发生及预后密切相关,有望作为肺癌潜在筛查及预后指标。但是本研究样本量较小、血浆中的miRNA的量较少,定量PCR的准确性可能降低,这2个miRNA是否为肺癌特异来源尚有待确定。
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(2016-06-12收稿2016-09-19修回)
(本文编辑陆荣展)
The expression and clinical significance of plasma miR-486 and miR-499 in patients with lung cancer
YANG Yang1,2,YANG Qing3,JIA Youchao2,LI Xiaofang2,YANG Hua2,ZHANG Qian2,PENG Xinyu4,ZANG Aimin2△
1 Hebei University,Baoding 071002,China;2 Hebei Key Laboratory of Cancer Radiotherapy and Chemotherapy,Department of Medical Oncology,the Affiliated Hospital of Hebei University;3 Department of Blood Transfusion, 4 Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery,the Affiliated Hospital of Hebei University△
ObjectiveTo explore the expression levels of miR-486 and miR-499 in the plasma of lung cancer patients,and analyze their expression differences in non-small cell lung cancer(NSCLC)and small cell lung cancer(SCLC). MethodsBlood samples were collected in 35 patients with lung cancer(21 NSCLC and 14 SCLC)and 30 healthy persons (control group).The real-time quantitative PCR was used to detect the expression levels of plasma miR-486 and miR-499 in two groups.The plasma levels of miRNA-486 and miRNA-499 and their correlation with various clinical features in NSCLC and SCLC patients were analyzed.The receiver operating characteristic curves(ROC)of miRNA expressions were analyzed.The area under a curve(AUC),threshold and the sensitivity and specificity were calculated.ResultsThe expression levels of miR-486 and miR-499 were significantly lower in NSCLC and SCLC groups than those of the control group(P<0.05).There were no significant differences in the expression of miR-486 between different clinical features in NSCLC group.For the late cancer TNM staging,the tumor differentiation was lower,and the miR-499 expression level was lower(P<0.05).In SCLC group,for the late cancer staging,there was a lower expression level of miR-486.There were no significant differences in the expressions of miR-499 between different clinical features.The miRNA-486 AUC in the diagnosis of lung cancer was 0.83(95%CI:0.73-0.93),the sensitivity and specialty rates were 90.0%and 68.6% respectively,and the best diagnostic value was 1.02.The miRNA-499 AUC in the diagnosis of lung cancer was 0.75(95% CI:0.62-0.88),the sensitivity and specialty rates were 60.0%and 94.3%respectively,and the best diagnostic boundary value was 0.18 for lung cancer.ConclusionThe plasma expression levels of miR-499 and miR-486 are down-regulated in lung cancer patients,which suggest a poor prognosis and can be used as potential screening and prognostic indicators forlung cancer.
carcinoma,non-small-cell lung;microRNAs;plasma;sensitivity and specificity;diagnosis,differential;miR-486;miR-499
R734.2
A
10.11958/20160528
2015年河北省政府资助临床医学优秀人才项目(361007)
1河北大学(邮编071002);2河北省放化疗机制与规程重点实验室,河北大学附属医院肿瘤内科;3输血科,4肝胆外科
杨阳(1985),男,硕士在读,主要从事肺癌分子生物学研究
△通讯作者E-mail:booszam@sina.com