守护河晏水清

丁山

江南水乡城市杭州有47条河道！

为了更好地治理水环境，从2013年11月起，杭州根据在全省推行的“河长制”，确定责任，先后为所有河道配备过2659名市、县（市、区）、乡镇（街道）、村（社区）等四级河长。三年下来，河长们付出了艰辛的劳动，发挥了不可替代的组织、协调作用，并涌现了许多感人的故事。

陈灿虎：我有我的治水经

聚集了6所高校的杭州滨江高教园区内，曾经有一条狭窄而热闹的商业小街，街上产生不少生活垃圾和污水，被称为“垃圾街”，一部分排到了旁边的杨家墩河里，河也就成了“垃圾河”。

浦沿街道杨家墩社区主任陈灿虎，土生土长，不仅见证了滨江高教园区的成长发展，也目睹了杨家墩河由清变浊转黑发臭的全过程。社区工作很繁杂，但当上级又让他做杨家墩河社区河长时，他竟非常高兴，说：这回我有了一个为这河重归洁净的好机会。

陈灿虎的治水经之一，就是摸透实情，讲清道理。他对“垃圾街”上的商家，一户户走访，把他们处理垃圾、污水的方式、习惯弄清楚。陈灿虎深有体会地说：“先弄清了对方的具体原因和实际困难，你的方法手段才会用得恰到好处，特别是对沿河餐饮店铺这类排污重点户。”陈灿虎经常用很通俗、很幽默的语言和故事，宣讲水环境治理的“大道理”和“小道理”。大家爱听，也照着做。

现身说法，点滴做起，是陈灿虎的第二条治水经。他了解到有些人之所以习惯往河里倾倒垃圾、废水，是因为“怕烦”“没时间”。于是，他知道了“光说治水对大家有多少好处，这肯定还不够；劝导他们先从点点滴滴做起、轻轻松松做起，大家才会觉得这‘五水共治并不都是大工程，举手之劳也能出大力”。

沟通为重，理解为先，是陈灿虎遇到难题时又一条常用的治水经。“2014年下半年重点进行河道清淤，没想到淤泥太厚，泥浆泵的吸力又很大，河岸石驳出现了倾斜，河边一户人家气呼呼地前来论理。房子有安全隐患，我们不能坐视不管。”陈灿虎联系区城管执法局，在查原因、摆事实的前提下，此事得到圆满解决。

2015年9月，“垃圾街”被拆除，杨家墩河河水已达五类水质标准，个别指标达三类水质标准，可治理和保洁任务依然很重。荣获杭州市2015年度“五水共治”工作先进个人的陈灿虎明白，眼下，“垃圾街”原地块正在建设商业综合体，滨江全区又在进行“零直排”建设和“智慧河道”建设，河流生态健康评价的标准也越来越高，自己的“社区河长”一职还不能轻松卸下。

王仁：奏出生态治水三部曲

全长4250米的东新河，沟通杭城北部的两条主干河流上塘河、备塘河。多年前，不少大企业的污水去处就是这条河，河底淤积的还是几十年前的污泥。

王仁是杭州市下城区区委常委，2014年4月起担任东新河区级河长。上任伊始，他做的第一件事，是沿着这条4000余米的河道来来回回走了好几遍。

经过反复踏勘和分析，王仁与有关专家决定采用中医“诊治、康复、健身”三个步骤，以生态治水的方法予以整治。“诊治”，主要是持续两个月的河道清淤；对某些河段实施截污纳管项目；推出“直接临河必拆、驳墈毁绿必复、废渣垃圾必清、其他违章必治”的河岸拆违建绿措施。由此，东新河面貌有了大改观。

“康复”，即维护清淤成果。这需要建立河道管理预警机制，需要沿河单位和居民自觉护河，而做到这一点的前提，是经年累月的巡河。“按照‘河长制规定的职责，我没有必要管得过细，可三日两头的巡河，让我对东新河的感情越发深厚，不让我在它身边走都难。”王仁介绍，“康复”必须动态掌握河道水质，搞好长效的管理养护；必须推动管理养护的量化制、考核制；必须推动突击式治水向制度化治水转变等。

“健身”，即恢复东新河的原有生态。因为沿河居民和商家乱扔垃圾、偷排生活污水的陋习仍未彻底革除，造成河水氨氮指标恶化。为此，在王仁的推动下，除了阻止陋习之外，下城区已以政府购买服务的方式与浙江省环科院合作，河道曝气复氧技术、固化微生物缓释降解污染物技术、NES纳米高分子生态基材料抗菌除藻技术、PHOSLOCK锁磷剂固磷技术等4项生态修复关键技术正得以应用。

如今的东新河，黑臭消遁不见，清澈的河水让人生怜。常在河边走的王仁也喜欢在这里与居民们聊天，听听他们对治理河道的精辟见解。

郑仕强：因乐于钻研而成了专家

江干区笕桥街道人大工委主任郑仕强在2014年成为机场北港的街道河长。2000米长的机场北港是横塘社区与笕桥机场的分界河，因管理职责一度不够明晰，成了让人远避的臭水河。

“刚上任，我连氨氮、高锰酸盐指数是高好还是低好都不懂，只能一遍遍向城管科科长请教。”郑仕强微笑着回忆道，因为不甘心当“名誉河长”，他给自己的首要任务是尽快熟悉治水业务，有效提升自己的履职能力。他积极参加了杭州市举办的河长培训会议、乡镇干部生态文明培训班，研读有关法律法规、制度文件及工作手册等，让自己对治水有一定的了解后，再作调查分析。

很快，郑仕强弄懂了“截污—清淤—引配水—生态治理”的一般性治水程序，从该河道的特殊性入手，提出了颇具个性又符合实际需要的治理新招——治水先治岸。从2014年下半年起，笕桥街道开始拆除沿河违建；在此基础上，再实施河岸补绿、河道清淤以及游步道建设，使河面与河岸面貌都有了初步改观。

随着郑仕强治水专业知识的拓展和实践经验的丰富，他的履职能力进一步提升。在他主持下，从2015年起，机场北港进入了深度治水阶段，主要是截断入河污水，新建与备塘河交界处的水闸，并完成了近9000平方米的河岸生态修复。而这些方法，都是他和同事们深入钻研、反复讨论后得出来的。

如今的机场北港已换了新颜，成为周边居民健身、休憩的好地方，也成了河道成功整治的典范之一，通过了杭州市市区河道监管中心的验收，而郑仕强本人也获得了2015年“最美河长”的荣誉称号。endprint

据了解，类似郑仕强这样从原先的“门外汉”逐步成为治水、管水、护水行家里手的实例，在杭州还有不少。各级河长普遍有着成为专家的主动性和积极性，据此，杭州市治水办在编制了各类实用性很强的工作手册的同时，开办各类河长培训班，仅2015年就有18场次，受训河长达到4000多人次，另外还建立“河长制”信息化管理平台和河道水质APP，加以培训和指导，效果极佳。

民间河长：越来越活跃的义务护河人

民间河长是杭州城市河道创新管理的成功方法，由热心市民自愿报名，几轮筛选方能获得“任命”。民间河长主要职责是协助责任河长开展治水工作和监督检查，将相关情况反馈于职能部门。

目前，杭州共有56位民间河长，他们不求一分钱报酬，忠于职守。西湖区沿山河民间河长之一王大伯买菜回来，发现有污水流入该河道，当即用手机拍照传给古荡街道河长微信群。1分钟后街道河长郑国槐给了回音，10分钟之内区城管局执法人员赶到，现场勘查确认污水来源，第一时间进行了查处。

江干区横四港民间河长陈天荣，骑电动车“逛河”已成习惯。“横四港属于新规划、新开挖的河道，暂时还没有与运河二通道打通，所以很容易因阻塞而黑臭。”陈天荣说，打捞河面垃圾、清理岸边杂物是他的自觉行为。横四港河水现已达五类水质标准，“有鱼、有草、有人管”，这让他坚定了继续当好民间河长的信心。

江干区马家桥港的民间河长李东华是位医生，工作地点远在10多公里外，但每天奔波乐此不疲。李东华认为，治水先治人心，应该提高居民的积极性。每当周末，他搬来“五水共治”展板，组织区新杭州人红十字志愿者队来现场宣讲，还组织起红领巾护河队。通过长时间坚持，如今的马家桥港已摘除“黑臭河”帽子，水体透明度达30厘米以上。

在杭州，除了责任河长、民间河长，还配备了河道警长、民间河道观察员、义务监督员等，他们各尽职责，形成了多元化的管理体系。齐抓共管的有效方法，分明是杭州水质不断向好的根本原因之一。

（除署名外，本文照片由杭州市市区河道监管中心与作者提供）

River Governors Contribute to River

Clean-Up Project

By Ding Shan

In November 2013， Hangzhou launched a responsibility system for cleansing its polluted 47 rivers that crisscross the city. As one of the key measures adopted to assure the success of the river project， 2，659 people were appointed river governors at the city， county， town and village levels. Most of them are responsible for local sections of a river. Altogether they are held accountable for the success or failure of the project. Over the past three years， these governors have worked to clean up the sections assigned to them.

Chen Chanhu： Yangjiadun River

Yangjiadun Community is part of Puyan Neighborhood in Hangzhou. Within the zone of the community are six colleges and a shopping street. Chen is a local， witnessing how the river turned black as sewage was discharged into the river once upon a time. The appointment as a river-section governor made him very happy because it gave him an opportunity to do away with the mess personally. He did a thorough study to see how riverside restaurants and households discharged wastes into the river. He promoted practical measures to reduce the sewage discharge. As he knew what was wrong， those who discharged wastes responded effectively. This was a big part of the clean-up action. Yet some households dumped wastes into the river out of bad habits that had formed and taken hold over years. Chen talked to the residents and successfully persuaded them to dump bad habits and keep the river clean. After the river was dredged in 2014 and the shopping street dubbed as “Rubbish Street” was dismantled， the river is now cleaned up.endprint

Wang Ren： Dongxi River

The 4，250-meter-long river in the eastern part of urban Hangzhou connects with Shangtang River and Beitang River at the two ends. The factories that once operated along the river banks used to dump their wastes into the river for a long time. Most of the factories were gone but the wastes remained when Wang， a key official of the Xiacheng District Government， became a river governor in April 2014. He did a thorough field study of the river， to diagnose the pollution situation and to find possible effective measures he could adopt. He walked the 4，250-meter river to and fro several times and came up with a plan. According to the plan， a two-month dredging project was launched. Illegal buildings were dismantled， landfills were removed， trees and flowers were planted， and a sewage discharging system was put into place. This clean-up action was successful. The river looks much improved. And an alert-system is now in place. The riverside institutions and residents are appointed to patrol the river section by section so that they can alert the government if anything happens. Wang himself patrols the river at regular intervals. The river is now under constant surveillance for water qualities. Cutting-edge technologies are used to restore the ecology of the river. Nowadays， Dongxin River is clean and clear and local residents love to hang out there.

Zheng Shiqiang： Airport River North

Zheng became a river governor in 2014. He was responsible for a 2，000-meter- long river section. The section in his charge is between Hengtang Community and Jianqiao Airport and it stank awful for years as no one was held accountable for pollution and everybody dumped things into the river. Zheng knew nothing about pollution control when he was appointed to chair the clean-up project for the section. What he did first was to learn about everything possible about river administration. He attended training courses for river governors like him. He studied relevant laws and regulations. Through these studies， he got a general idea about what to do.

Then he got down to business seriously. Zheng and his colleagues are smart and creative. He first cleaned up the riverbanks. In the second half of 2014， the illegal buildings along the riverbanks were dismantled and removed. Then the riverbanks were landscaped， the watercourse dredged and riverside footpaths built. In 2015， the sewage system was revamped and rearranged to stop all the discharge of wastes into the river. A sluice gate was installed between the Airport River North and Beitang River. The river section in his charge becomes a model for river clean-up projects.

In addition to the river governors who are government officials， 56 Hangzhou residents are now serving as river governors. They are all volunteers. And they patrol the rivers diligently. Many locals volunteer to watch the rivers closely so as to keep them clean. The many-layered responsibility system designed to keep rivers clean and free from contamination works.endprint