类似内收肌附丽病的抗肌萎缩蛋白病骨骼肌磁共振成像特点

2016-11-23 02:09郑艺明李文竹王朝霞肖江喜
北京大学学报(医学版) 2016年5期
关键词:肌萎缩骨骼肌大腿

郑艺明,李文竹,王朝霞,张 巍,吕 鹤,肖江喜,袁 云△

(北京大学第一医院 1.神经内科,2. 医学影像科,北京 100034)



·论著·

类似内收肌附丽病的抗肌萎缩蛋白病骨骼肌磁共振成像特点

郑艺明1,李文竹1,王朝霞1,张 巍1,吕 鹤1,肖江喜2,袁 云1△

(北京大学第一医院 1.神经内科,2. 医学影像科,北京 100034)

目的:报道4例类似内收肌附丽病的抗肌萎缩蛋白病的下肢骨骼肌磁共振成像特点。方法:4例来自不同家系,年龄为5到11岁的男孩,临床表现为肌痛或者肢体力弱或者发现肌酸激酶升高,经基因检查确诊为抗肌萎缩蛋白病。4例患者血清肌酸激酶为 4 087~32 700 IU/L(正常值75~175 IU/L),其中3例患者接受骨骼肌活检,提示肌营养不良样病理改变,伴不同程度的肌纤维膜抗肌萎缩蛋白缺失。基因检查结果示4例患者均存在抗肌萎缩蛋白基因(Duchenne muscular dystrophy,DMD)致病突变,其中3例为框外突变,分别为45号外显子缺失、49-52外显子缺失、以及62号外显子重复突变,另外1例为c.2665C>T致无义突变。对所有患者进行双侧大腿骨骼肌磁共振成像检查并评分。结果:4例患者双侧大腿骨骼肌磁共振成像检查结果,T1加权像示大腿骨骼肌脂肪化改变轻重不等(2分至13分),主要受累肌肉为大收肌及股二头肌长头;短反转时间反转恢复序列(short time inversion recovery,STIR)示所有患者大腿长收肌均出现显著高信号改变,提示存在明显水肿,该影像学表现类似内收肌附丽病。有两例患者为双侧长收肌均受累,另两例为单侧受累。此外,其中两例患者还出现其他肌肉水肿改变,包括大收肌、半腱肌、缝匠肌以及股直肌等。所有患者韧带附着处均未见异常改变。结论:抗肌萎缩蛋白病患者大腿骨骼肌磁共振成像可以表现为类似内收肌附丽病患者长收肌水肿改变,提示抗肌萎缩蛋白病患者长收肌可能容易出现运动拉伤。

抗肌萎缩蛋白病;磁共振成像;内收肌附丽病

抗肌萎缩蛋白病是由抗肌萎缩蛋白基因(Duchenne muscular dystrophy,DMD)突变导致的性连锁隐性遗传的一组肌营养不良疾病,其临床表现有很大的异质性,除临床症状比较严重的Duchenne型和Becker型肌营养不良外,还有其他临床较轻微的表型——高肌酸激酶血症、股四头肌肌病以及肌肉痉挛疼痛综合征等[1-2]。该病诊断主要依靠基因检查,采取糖皮质激素治疗有一定疗效。

目前,骨骼肌的磁共振成像(magnetic resonance imaging,MRI)检查已经常规用于抗肌萎缩蛋白病的辅助诊断和病情观察。既往研究发现抗肌萎缩蛋白病患者双侧大腿骨骼肌MRI可以表现为不同程度的特定模式的脂肪化改变而不伴明显水肿[3]。

我们研究发现抗肌萎缩蛋白病患者大腿骨骼肌MRI可以出现长收肌重度弥漫水肿改变,其表现酷似内收肌附丽病——一种因运动损伤导致的内收肌筋膜和附着点的损害而出现腹股沟疼痛的疾病[4]。运动和抗肌萎缩蛋白病的症状发展存在相关性,抗肌萎缩蛋白病患者在儿童期学会步行后出现肌肉无力明显加重和肌酸激酶(creatine kinase,CK)的显著升高,而且部分轻型抗肌萎缩蛋白病患者存在一定程度运动不耐受,甚至是肌肉痉挛、疼痛,那么其病因是否与内收肌附丽病相似?是不是抗肌萎缩蛋白病患者长收肌更容易出现运动拉伤?本文通过报道4例伴长收肌明显水肿改变的抗肌萎缩蛋白病患者的肌肉MRI特点,对此进行探讨。

1 资料与方法

病例1,患者为11岁男孩,1岁3个月会走。长时间行走后出现双下肢酸痛2年余,以大腿腹股沟部位明显,不伴蹲起困难、上楼费力。家族中多人受累,呈X连锁隐性遗传特点。双上肢肌力5级,双下肢近端肌力4+级,远端5级,双侧腓肠肌肥大。Gowers征阴性。血清肌酸激酶32 700 IU/L(正常参考值75~175 IU/L);肌电图示:各部位运动单位电位波幅明显降低、时限缩短,考虑为肌源性损害。左肱二头肌骨骼肌活检示肌纤维肥大、萎缩、坏死以及再生改变,伴随结缔组织增生,符合肌营养不良样病理改变特点,抗肌萎缩蛋白 (dystrophin)N、C抗体染色可见灶状分布的肌纤维膜不着色,dystrophin-R抗体染色可见肌纤维膜着色正常(图1A、B)。DMD基因检查发现第45号外显子缺失,为框外突变。

病例2,患者为5岁男孩,足月顺产,1岁6个月会走,发现CK升高2个月就诊。跑步较同龄儿童差,上楼需手扶栏杆,不伴蹲起困难、肌肉酸痛。家族史阴性。双上肢近端肌力4级,远端5级;双下肢屈髋肌力5级,内收4+级,外展5级,伸膝5级,屈膝5级。双下肢远端肌力5级。Gowers征阴性。血清CK为23 716 IU/L(正常参考值75~175 IU/L);肌电图示肌源性损害。左腓肠肌活检示肌纤维直径变异增大,结缔组织轻度增生,符合肌营养不良样病理改变;Dystrophin-N、C及R抗体染色示肌纤维膜均不着色。DMD基因检查示1-79外显子均未见缺失和重复,发现第21号外显子c.2665位的C变为T,使其所在密码子由CGA变为终止密码子TGA,造成无义突变。

病例3,患者为6岁男孩,2岁会走,不会跑。双下肢无力2年余,上楼费力。双下肢伸膝、屈膝、外展、内收肌力3级。血清CK为7 857 IU/L(正常参考值75~175 IU/L)。左肱二头肌活检示肌纤维肥大、萎缩、坏死及再生,伴随结缔组织增生,符合肌营养不良样病理改变;dystrophin-C抗体染色仅见个别突变修复肌纤维深染,余肌纤维膜均不着色。dystrophin-R抗体染色提示大部分肌纤维膜dystrophin表达重度下降。DMD基因检查示49-52外显子缺失,为框外突变(图1C、D)。

病例4,患者为6岁男孩,双下肢无力2年半。尚可行走,但速度慢,上楼、蹲起费力。双上肢肌力5级,双下肢伸膝、屈膝、外展肌力4+级,内收肌力4级,双侧腓肠肌肥大。血清CK为4 087 IU/L(正常参考值75~175 IU/L)。DMD基因检查示第62号外显子重复,为框外突变。

4例患者均接受双侧大腿骨骼肌MRI检查,扫描序列为自旋回波T1加权像序列(T1-weighted imaging,T1WI)、短反转时间反转恢复序列(short time inversion recovery,STIR)。由2位有经验的医师对患者大腿各肌群(共12块肌肉)进行独立阅片并评分。取大腿中段层面(轴位)进行分析,据肌肉在T1WI序列上病变程度将肌肉脂肪化受累分为6级(评分0~5分):0分为正常肌肉;1分为出现点状高信号病灶;2分为出现融合成片的高信号病灶,异常信号面积小于30%;3分为融合成片的高信号灶,占30%~60%;4分为大片状融合高信号灶,面积超过60%;5分为肌肉组织全部被脂肪所替代,均为高信号[5]。根据肌肉在STIR序列上信号异常评判肌肉水肿程度。

A, muscle fiber necrosis, regeneration, variations in fiber diameter and mild connective tissue proliferation was seen in patient 1 (HE ×200); B, immunolabelling of dystrophin showed partially negative in patient 1 (IHC ×200); C, severe connective tissue proliferation was observed in patient 3 (HE ×200); D, immunolabelling of dystrophin showed nearly all negative in patient 3 (IHC ×200).

图1 病例1和病例3患者肌肉病理检查结果
Figure 1 HE and immunolabelling of dystrophin in muscle specimens of patients 1 and 3

2 结果

4例患者大腿骨骼肌MRI检查STIR序列均可见长收肌呈明显高信号改变,提示存在水肿,而其脂肪化程度则轻重不等。4例患者大腿骨质,尤其是内收肌韧带附着处均未见异常信号改变,具体MRI结果如下。

病例1,双侧大腿骨骼肌MRI检查T1WI序列示股二头肌长头(2分)以及大收肌(1分)呈轻度脂肪化改变,余各肌群未见明显异常信号,脂肪化总评分为3分;STIR序列可见双侧长收肌呈明显高信号改变,提示存在严重水肿,而其他肌群未见明显高信号改变(图2 A、B)。

病例2,双侧大腿骨骼肌MRI检查T1WI序列示股二头肌长头(1分)以及大收肌(1分)呈轻度脂肪化改变,余各肌群未见明显异常信号,脂肪化总评分2分;STIR序列可见右侧长收肌呈弥漫高信号改变,其他肌群未见明显异常信号。

病例3,双侧大腿骨骼肌MRI检查T1WI序列示股二头肌长头(4分)以及大收肌(4分)呈重度脂肪化改变,股外侧肌(2分)、股中间肌(1分)、股内侧肌(1分)以及股直肌(1分)呈轻度脂肪化改变,余各肌群未见明显异常信号,脂肪化总评分13分;STIR序列可见双侧长收肌呈弥漫高信号改变,左侧显著,同时右侧半腱肌、左侧缝匠肌以及左侧股直肌也出现异常高信号改变,其他肌群未见明显异常信号(图2C、D)。

病例4,双侧大腿骨骼肌MRI检查T1WI序列示大收肌(2分)及股外侧肌(1分)呈轻度脂肪化改变,余各肌群未见明显异常信号,脂肪化总评分3分;STIR序列可见左侧长收肌呈明显弥漫高信号改变,左侧部分大收肌也出现高信号改变,其他肌群未见明显异常信号。

A, there were very mild fatty infiltration in biceps femoris and adductor magnus in patient 1(T1WI); B, severe edema changes in bilateral adductor longus were showed in patient 1 (STIR sequence ). C, there were severe fatty infiltration changes in biceps femoris and adductor magnus and mild in vastus lateralis in patient 3 (T1WI); D, mild edema changes were presented in bilateral adductor longus and sartorius and rectus femoris of left thigh (STIR sequence ).
图2 病例1和病例3患者双侧大腿骨骼肌磁共振成像
Figure 2 Thigh muscle MRI of patient 1 and 3

3 讨论

本文报道了4例大腿骨骼肌MRI表现为长收肌弥漫水肿的抗肌萎缩蛋白病。4例患者年龄为5~11岁,临床表现各异:轻者仅表现CK升高,重者出现蹲起及上楼费力。4例患者四肢肌力3级到5级不等,CK均显著升高(4 087~32 700 IU/L),其中有3例患者接受肌肉活检,肌肉病理结果均符合肌营养不良病理改变,结缔组织呈不同程度增生,dystrophin-N、C及R等抗体免疫组织化学染色示肌纤维膜着色程度不一,轻者出现灶性分布的dystrophin-N、C或R等抗体染色阴性肌纤维,重者所有肌纤维膜Dystrophin-N、C及R等抗体染色均阴性。基因检查提示DMD基因有外显子缺失、重复所致的框外突变以及点突变。

4例患者骨骼肌MRI出现不同程度脂肪化改变,大收肌及股二头肌长头等受累较重,而股薄肌、缝匠肌、长收肌几乎不受累,同既往抗肌萎缩蛋白病骨骼肌MRI脂肪化规律相关研究结果一致[6]。本文4例患者均出现长收肌明显、弥漫水肿改变,病例1为双侧对称受累,病例3双侧受累但左侧较明显,而其他2例患者均为单侧不对称受累。同时,我们发现半腱肌、大收肌、缝匠肌及股直肌等部分肌群也会出现水肿改变,但不如长收肌明显。

病例1患者表现为明显的肌肉疼痛与痉挛症状,考虑该患者诊断为以肌痛痉挛为主要临床表现的轻型抗肌萎缩蛋白病[2, 7]。目前部分轻型抗肌萎缩蛋白病患者出现肌痛、肌痉挛的机制尚不明确,其肌肉MRI表现为双侧长收肌明显弥漫水肿改变,而肌群脂肪化病变较轻,类似的MRI改变可以出现在急性或慢性内收肌附丽病[8],MRI上单侧内收肌群的水肿改变特点可见于大腿内侧腹股沟疼痛的竞技运动员[9],提示抗肌萎缩蛋白病患者肌痛、肌痉挛症状可能为运动不当诱发,出现类似内收肌附丽病的临床及MRI表现。但病例1患者并无类似运动员因大幅度动作而诱发肌肉损害的病史,提示抗肌萎缩蛋白病患者可能存在肌肉抗损伤阈值下降,即在正常负荷下的运动就可诱发肌肉损伤。虽然另外3例患者长收肌也有明显水肿改变,但均无明确肌肉痉挛疼痛病史,不排除患儿年幼不能表述肌肉酸痛的可能性。此外,这3例患者长收肌水肿程度均较病例1轻,因此也可能不会出现明显的肌肉酸痛。

本文4例患者出现水肿改变的肌肉均未见明显脂肪化改变,尤其是长收肌。炎性肌肉病骨骼肌MRI研究发现,其肌肉早期为水肿改变,疾病晚期才出现明显脂肪化,据此我们推测抗肌萎缩蛋白病患者骨骼肌可能先出现水肿改变,继而才出现脂肪化病变。在肌肉痉挛疼痛综合征患者采取糖皮质激素治疗可以减轻水肿而获得良好的效果[10],另外糖皮质激素治疗能延缓抗肌萎缩蛋白病患者病情进展,也可能与减轻肌肉水肿反应相关。

(志谢:感谢北京大学基础医学院医学遗传学系宋书娟教授在基因分析方面的帮助)

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[4]Schilders E, Dimitrakopoulou A, Cooke M, et al. Effectiveness of a selective partial adductor release for chronic adductor-related groin pain in professional athletes[J]. Am J Sports Med, 2013, 41(3): 603-607.

[5]Desguerre I, Mayer M, Leturcq F, et al. Endomysial fibrosis in Duchenne muscular dystrophy: a marker of poor outcome associa-ted with macrophage alternative activation[J]. J Neuropathol Exp Neurol, 2009, 68(7): 762-773.

[6]Zheng Y, Li W, Du J, et al. The trefoil with single fruit sign in muscle magnetic resonance imaging is highly specific for dystrophinopathies[J]. Eur J Radiol, 2015, 84(10): 1992-1998.

[7]Sanchez-Arjona MB, Rodriguez-Uranga JJ, Giles-Lima M, et al. Spanish family with myalgia and cramps syndrome[J]. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry, 2005, 76(2): 286-289.

[8]Leppilahti J, Tervonen O, Herva R, et al. Acute bilateral exercise-induced medial compartment syndrome of the thigh. Correlation of repeated MRI with clinicopathological findings[J]. Int J Sports Med, 2002, 23(8): 610-615.

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(2014-12-31 收稿)

(本文编辑:刘淑萍)

Magnetic resonance imaging of dystrophinopathy that mimics adductor enthesopathy

ZHENG Yi-ming1, LI Wen-zhu1, WANG Zhao-xia1, ZHANG Wei1, LV He1, XIAO Jiang-xi2, YUAN Yun1△

(1. Department of Neurology, 2. Department of Radiology, Peking University First Hospital, Beijing 100034, China)

Objective:To report thigh muscle magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) tests of four Chinese patients with dystrophinopathy with edema changes in adductor longus muscles that mimics adductor enthesopathy. Methods: Four boys, who were from four unrelated families and aged from 5 to 11 years, were investigated because of the clinical manifestations including myalgia or muscle weakness or the incidental findings of elevated serum creatine kinase levels, and were diagnosed with dystrophinopathy by gene test of Duchenne muscular dystrophy (DMD). Their creatine kinase levels were increased from 4 087 IU/L to 32 700 IU/L (Normal range: 75-175 IU/L). The muscle biopsy of three patients all demonstrated a dystrophic pattern including necrosis, regeneration, hypertrophy, atrophy and connective tissue proliferation, with different proportions of dystrophin-negative muscle fibers. The gene test ofDMDshowed an out-frame deletion of exons in three of the four patients, involving either exons 45 or exons 49-52 deletion or exon 62 duplication, and c.2665 C>T with nonsense mutation in the other one. Muscle MRI tests of the bilateral thighs were performed with T1 weighed sequence and slow tau inversion recovery sequence. The degree of fatty infiltration changes was scored. Results: MRI of the thigh muscles showed mild to severe fatty infiltration changes in T1 weighed sequence with the total scores from 2 to 13.The most severe fatty infiltration changes were in the long head of biceps femoris and adductor magnus. Obvious hyperintensities appeared mainly in the adductor longus muscles on slow tau inversion recovery (STIR) images in all the patients without any abnormal signals in the attachment of the ligament, indicating edema changes of the adductor longus muscles which mimiced adductor enthesopathy. Two of the four patients presented with edema changes in the bilateral adductor longus muscles, while the other two were with only unilateral changes. Furthermore, other thigh muscles, including adductor magnus, semitendinosus, sartorius and rectus femoris muscles, could also have mild edema changes in two of the four patients. Conclusion: Dystrophinopathy can manifest as edema changes in the adductor longus muscles in thigh muscle MRI tests, which is a typical lesion in adductor enthesopathy. The adductor longus muscles in the dystrophinopathy patients may be easy to be impaired due to traction injury during sports.

Dystrophinopathy; Magnetic resonance imaging; Adductor enthesopathy

“十二五”国家科技重大专项“重大新药创制”(2011ZX09307-001-07)和国家国际科技合作专项项目(2010DFA31070)资助Supported by the National Major Scientific and Technological Special Project for “Significant New Drugs Development” during the Twelfth Five-year Plan Pe-riod (2011ZX09307-001-07) and International Cooperation Project of the Ministry of Science and Technology of the People’s Republic of China (2010DFA31070)

时间:2016-9-5 9:33:56

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R685.4

A

1671-167X(2016)05-0846-04

10.3969/j.issn.1671-167X.2016.05.018

△ Corresponding author’s e-mail, yuanyun2002@sohu.com

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