分词结构的妙用

龚磊 陈慈明

请同学们先看一篇作文：

（2016届高三湖北省八校联考）高考临近，学习时间变紧，任务加重，很多同学内心压力大，学习效率低下。请为即将举行的班会写一篇英语演讲稿，谈谈你对怎样保持良好的精神状态，高效而健康地进行复习备考的看法。要点如下：

1. 坚持锻炼；2. 合理计划；3. 注重饮食。

注意：1. 词数100左右；2.不可逐句翻译；3.可以适当增加细节，以使行文连贯；4.开头语已为你写好。

Dear classmates.

Good afternoon！

Today is December 8th. The entrance exams are really around the corner now. With time pressing_ and study load piling up， many of us are suffering unbearable psychological stress， working with low efficiency. Consequently， today Id like to share with you how to tackle the awkward situation.

Foremost， to keep up good spirits and prepare for the big day efficiently and healthily， you are advised to do regular workout， building up your bodies. Certainly， keeping a balanced diet， you are bound to feel energetic and dynamic， which serves the most essential functions. Only when sweating all over can you experience the relaxation both in body and mind. Additionally， never hesitate to make an organized and proper schedule， contributing much to the accomplishment of your academic assignments.

Thats all for my speech， and I do hope these tips will pull you through.

点评 本文被评为优秀作文。该片习作当中，除了使用不少高级词汇，如unbearable，efficiency，tackle，awkward，feel energetic and dynamic，essential accomplishment，academic assignments等之外，还使用了诸如倒装句Only when sweating all over can you experience the relaxation both in body and mind”；从句“you are bound to feel energetic and dynamic， which serves the most essential functions.等用法，使得文章条理清晰，句式多样。而最大的特点便是恰当地使用分词结构，是文章结构大为简化，行文紧凑，很好地体现出了作者的语法功底。

在我们写作当中，有这样一条顺口溜：肯定没有双否好；陈述不如倒装妙；主动不如被动巧；分词结构不能少。分词结构，不管是现在分词还是过去分词，在作文当中如恰当使用，可以使文章更为简洁明了，言简意赅。笔者认为，分词结构在书面表达中有如下几种作用：

[替代状语从句]

例1 （2015北京卷）Finally， we put the figurines we made on the table and took pictures with the old craftsman. When we looked at the figurines， we were all very excited.

解析 Finally， we put the figurines we made on the table and took pictures with the old craftsman. Looking at the figurines， we were all very excited.

例2 （2015广东卷）When she was confronted with the misbehavior of her new class， Sally emphasized the idea of“We are family” and afterwards worked out 10 rules to regulate the students conduct.

解析 Confronted with the misbehavior of her new class， Sally emphasized the idea of “We are family” and afterwards worked out 10 rules to regulate the students conduct.

例3 （2013北京卷） After he got my promise of being great at home and taking care of my mother， he rest assured and put his luggage into the trunk of his car.

解析 Having got my promise of being great at home and taking care of my mother， he rest assured and put his luggage into the trunk of his car.

此外，“独立主格”做状语具有很强的描绘功能，成功运用可以增强文章的趣味性和生动性。例如：

例4 （2014江苏卷） （英语单词变得普遍）in both media and daily life， a Chinese dictionary has included 239 of them， leaving the public divided into two opposing groups： “For” and “Against”. （get）

解析 English words getting popular in both media and daily life， a Chinese dictionary has included 239 of them， leaving the public divided into two opposing groups： “For” and “Against”.

例5 （2013辽宁卷） （美丽的月亮挂在） in the sky， we sit together and eat moon cakes and fruit， sharing our stories. （hang）

解析 With the beautiful moon hanging up in the sky， we sit together and eat moon cakes and fruit， sharing our stories.

例6 （2014北京卷） But now， because my left foot was injured， I cannot go with you as it was planned.

解析 But now， because my left foot was injured， I cannot go with you as planned.

[替代定语从句]

例7 （2014重庆卷） The best gift that has reached me is a book from my English teacher， Debbie， which she brought to me when she returned from her holiday in USA.

解析 The best gift reaching me is a book from my English teacher， Debbie， which she brought to me when she returned from her holiday in USA.

例8 （2014江苏卷） In English， there are many words which were borrowed from Latin， French， or even Chinese.

解析 In English， there are many words borrowed from Latin， French， or even Chinese.

例9 （2015福建卷） The boy， who was poor， couldnt afford even a candle， so he bored a hole in the wall to “steal” light from his neighbors house to read at night.

解析 The boy， being poor， couldnt afford even a candle， so he bored a hole in the wall to “steal” light from his neighbors house to read at night.

[替代名词性从句]

例10 （2013浙江卷） The first day I went to high school， I saw （that） some of my classmates were playing table tennis.

解析 The first day I went to high school， I saw some of my classmates playing table tennis.

例11 （2014湖北卷） As a member of the society， that we should be responsible is what it takes to make a better society.

解析 As a member of the society， being responsible is what it takes to make a better society.

[替代并列复合句]

例12 （2013福建卷） The son， well dressed， waves proudly in the middle while the father ... and the mother in front rolls out the carpet and she was sweating.

解析 The son， well dressed， waves proudly in the middle while the father ... and the mother in front rolls out the carpet， sweating.

例13 （2014辽宁卷） Along with your wonderful innovation， you need to hand in a report， and you need to explain how ...

解析 Along with your wonderful innovation， you need to hand in a report， explaining how ...

例14 （2015湖南卷） What a surprised expression was on my maths teachers face！ He felt so happy that he praised me in public， and said that I was an intelligent student.

解析 What a surprised expression was on my maths teachers face！ He felt so happy that he praised me in public， saying that I was an intelligent student.

此外，我们还可以使用含有分词的“独立结构”，在作文中起到调节句子长度，使篇章错落有致的作用。常用的独立结构有：

compared to/with ... 与……相比

based on what I know/see 据我所知/在我看来

judging from/by... 根据……来判断

seeing from the above 从以上情况来看

considering... 考虑到……

given his age/experience ... 鉴于他的年龄/经验……

generally/briefly/simply speaking... 一般说来/简而言之……

例15 （2014湖北卷） （跟……相比） the escaped driver， I am proud of what I did.

解析 Compared to/with the escaped driver， I am proud of what I did.

例16 （2013北京卷） （基于） the above statement， a conclusion will be arrived at that learning to accept the reality and adopting a positive attitude towards the dream is what we are supposed to do， when confronting our less-satisfying situation.

解析 Based on the above statement， a conclusion will be arrived at that learning to accept the reality and adopting a positive attitude towards the dream is what we are supposed to do， when confronting our less-satisfying situation.