牛志尚,郝春生,白东升,叶 辉,邱 颖,宋晋秋
(首都儿科研究所附属儿童医院泌尿外科,北京 100020)
·泌外专栏论著·
改良加盖岛状皮瓣尿道成形术治疗小儿尿道下裂
牛志尚,郝春生*,白东升,叶辉,邱颖,宋晋秋
(首都儿科研究所附属儿童医院泌尿外科,北京 100020)
目的探讨改良加盖岛状皮瓣(Onlay island flap法)尿道成形术在小儿尿道裂手术中的应用经验。方法回顾性分析应用改良Onlay island flap术式治疗尿道下裂患儿76例。Onlay island flap 术式改良方法:包皮脱套后自阴茎海绵体上游离尿道板/尿道海绵体,利用其弹性矫正下弯;尽可能选用包皮内板作为岛状皮瓣与尿道板U形吻合。 结果全组76例中成功保留尿道板73例(96.0%),阴茎伸直良好。包括行包皮脱套及阴茎腹侧肉膜松解后阴茎伸直的患儿4例,经游离尿道板/尿道后成功矫正下弯58例,加行背侧海绵体折叠11例(其中包皮退套、腹侧肉膜松解后残余阴茎下弯<30 °者4例,残余阴茎下弯>30 °者7例)。手术成功率88.2%(67/76例)。尿道瘘5例(其中经手术修补4例,自行闭合1例);尿道外口狭窄1例,行尿道扩张后痊愈。未发现尿道憩室、坏死、切口裂开等情况。结论采用游离尿道板/尿道海绵体矫正下弯、包皮内板作为岛状皮瓣的Onlay尿道成形术能明显增大该术式适应证,提高手术成功率,减少术后并发症,值得临床推广。
尿道下裂; 尿道成形术;儿童doi:10.3969/j.issn.1007-3205.2016.10.003
改良加盖岛状皮瓣(Onlay island flap)术式是目前主流的保留尿道板尿道成形术之一,由于应用了有血运的岛状皮瓣,且尿道的一部分固定于阴体的尿道板,因而术后尿道瘘、尿道狭窄、尿道憩室等并发症均减少。然而,本术式早期仅适用于无阴茎下弯的尿道下裂者,对于绝大多数合并阴茎下弯的病例无能为力,这严重限制了Onlay island flap术式的适应证。现在观念认为阴茎腹侧所有的组织包括包皮、肉膜、尿道板、尿道海绵体都是阴茎下弯的病因,这为保留尿道板的同时处理阴茎下弯提供了更多选择[1-3]。包皮脱套及腹侧肉膜松解后如果阴茎下弯仍大于30 °,可以选择自阴茎海绵体上游离尿道板/尿道海绵体,有时甚至可以游离近端尿道直至球部[4-5],依靠这些组织的弹性来矫正阴茎下弯。依据此观点,本研究采用游离尿道板/尿道的方法矫正阴茎下弯,然后采用Onlay island flap尿道成形术治疗尿道下裂患儿76例,效果良好,现总结报告如下。
1.1一般资料选择2014年1月—2016年1月在我院泌尿外科住院手术的合并阴茎下弯的尿道下裂患儿76例,年龄9~44个月,平均(15±4)个月。其中冠状沟型13例,阴茎体型55例,阴茎阴囊型8例;龟头直径<14 mm者8例(图1)。均拟采用Onlay island flap 术式行一期尿道成形术。
1.2手术方法及术后护理①剪开膜状尿道,在尿道板上做从尿道口至舟状窝宽约0.5 cm的平行切口,深达阴茎海绵体表面。②距离冠状沟约0.5 cm处环行切开包皮内板,阴茎背侧切口需达Buck筋膜,保留尿道板,将阴茎皮肤以及皮下组织呈脱套样分离至阴茎根部,松解海绵体白膜表面的纤维组织,保护尿道板及近段尿道无损伤,自阴茎海绵体游离尿道板及其近端尿道,根据下弯程度,远端至冠状沟,近端可至球部尿道,保持远端尿道板与龟头相连(图2)。③做阴茎海绵体人工勃起试验检查阴茎下弯矫正效果,具体方法为在阴茎根部扎止血带,将蝴蝶形针头穿刺入阴茎头部,通过向阴茎海绵体注入生理盐水使阴茎勃起来评价阴茎下弯的矫正程度;勃起状态下阴茎头长轴与阴茎体近端长轴相交所成角度,即阴茎下弯的残余角度;对残留阴茎下弯的病例行背侧白膜紧缩。④再次做人工勃起试验检查阴茎下弯矫正情况,如仍存在下弯则横断尿道板。⑤阴茎伸直后,根据尿道缺损的长度,于阴茎背侧尽量使用包皮内板做相应长度,宽度0.6~1.0 cm的带蒂皮瓣。⑥解剖阴茎头两侧翼状瓣,将岛状皮瓣转至阴茎腹侧,以8 F导尿管作为支架,与尿道板做U形吻合;用血管蒂、肉膜覆盖尿道。⑦缝合阴茎头翼状瓣包埋新尿道并成形阴茎头;背侧包皮正中适度剪开并转移至阴茎腹侧连续缝合覆盖创面。⑧以美皮贴,吸水纱及弹力绷带适当加压包扎固定阴茎于背伸位。⑨术后6~8 d拆除阴茎敷料,12~14 d拔除导尿管,自行排尿。
2.1手术结果全组76例中成功保留尿道板73例(96.0%),阴茎伸直良好。包括行包皮脱套及阴茎腹侧肉膜松解后阴茎伸直的患儿4例,经游离尿道板/尿道后成功矫正下弯58例,加行背侧海绵体折叠11例(其中包皮退套、腹侧肉膜松解后残余阴茎下弯<30 °者4例,残余阴茎下弯>30 °者7例)。失败3例均为残余阴茎下弯>30 °的病例,不得不横断尿道板。
图1龟头直径约11 mm
Figure 1The diameter of the glans is about 11 mm
图2游离尿道板/尿道,矫正阴茎下弯
Figure 2Free urethral plate/urethra,correction of the penis under the bend
2.2随访术后随访6~24个月,发现尿瘘5例,其中位于阴茎体部3例,位于冠状沟2例,观察3个月后尿瘘自行闭合1例,术后半年行尿道瘘修补术痊愈4例;尿道外口狭窄1例,行尿道扩张后痊愈。未发现尿道憩室、坏死、切口裂开等情况,手术成功率88.2%(67/76)。所有患儿排尿通畅,尿线没有变细,未发现尿道憩室形成。67例无尿瘘的患儿能站立位排尿,8例出现明显的排尿分叉。患儿阴茎外形与正常阴茎基本一致,尿道开口于阴茎头顶端,阴茎基本能伸直。69例患儿家长对术后阴茎外观满意。
尿道下裂治疗总体而言可分为切断尿道板术式和保留尿道板术式。研究表明尿道下裂患儿尿道板含有丰富的血管平滑肌及腺体和神经[6],非常适合做尿道成形,且保留的尿道板能充分利用有限的阴茎皮肤材料,使成形尿道完整、连续, 避免环行吻合所致尿道狭窄的发生。因此,尿道下裂手术中尿道板的的保留越来越引起重视。
目前,Onlay island flap和尿道板纵切胶管尿道成形术(tubularized incised plate,TIP)是较流行的保留尿道板的一期尿道成形术。TIP要求尿道板发育好,宽度至少>8 mm,中央纵切后内延展至14~16 mm,能充分包绕6F或8F导尿管[6]。研究表明如果尿道板宽度<8 mm,TIP术后尿道漏明显增加[7]。且TIP术式中尿道板常常被纵行切开,切口的炎症反应和肉芽组织增生引起切口收缩直至切口表面上皮化,这样就导致了尿道狭窄等并发症发生率增加[8]。Onlay island flap术式是Elder、Duckett等1987年根据横裁包皮岛状皮瓣法改进的。其特点是保留尿道板,用带蒂岛状皮瓣与尿道吻合形成新尿道。其手术应用范围更广,可用于尿道板发育差、宽度窄的病例,由于应用了有血运的岛状皮瓣,避免了近端尿道口的环形吻合,且术中尿道板未纵切,尿道缝合缘位于两侧,术后尿道瘘、尿道狭窄等并发症均很少;因尿道的一半固定于阴茎体的尿道板,成形尿道不易扭曲,术后尿道憩室样扩张发生率很低,有报道成功率可达到95%。
阴茎下弯是阴茎发育早期阶段的正常生理过程,出现在怀孕12~16周并逐渐消失,如果这一时期发育过程中断或出现其他对胎儿发育有害的影响,就能导致阴茎发育停滞在弯曲这一时期。约10%的远端型尿道下裂存在阴茎下弯,近端型存在的比例可高达80%,且其中的一半病例下弯>30 °,因此导致成年后的性功能障碍。1998年Donnahoo等[9]将阴茎下曲分为:Ⅰ型皮肤型,仅由皮肤挛缩变性引起;Ⅱ型筋膜型,由浅深筋膜发育停滞或纤维变性引起;Ⅲ型海绵体型,由海绵体背腹侧或白膜背腹侧不对称引起;Ⅳ型尿道型,由尿道板发育不良、尿道板深面纤维组织引起下曲引起。阴茎下弯矫正是尿道成形术关键步骤之一,也是尿道下裂手术的一个难点,特别对于保留尿道板的术式。包皮脱套及腹侧肉膜松解后如果仍存在阴茎下弯,可以选择自尿道海绵体上游离尿道板,有时甚至可以游离近端直至尿道球部,依靠这些组织的弹性可以矫正阴茎下弯,他们采用此方法行尿道成形术,尿道板横断的概率仅仅5.8%(2/34)[4-5]。松解尿道板及近段尿道可增加腹侧2 cm以上的长度[10],可以大大减少横断尿道板的发生率。本研究结果也表明,充分游离尿道板/尿道后大多数[81.6%(62/76)]阴茎下弯可得到矫正。对下弯矫正不满意的患者加用背侧白膜紧缩。当然本研究中病例未包括会阴型尿道下裂。Snodgrass等[11]对伴有严重阴茎下弯的近端型尿道下裂研究显示,尿道板及尿道海绵体游离能显著减少尿道板横断的概率,并且不会损害尿道板/尿道的血运。提示此方法同样适合重度尿道下裂(会阴型)。Seibold 等[12]研究表明尿道板/尿道游离远期效果良好,对99例患儿随访>5年,96.96%(96/99)的病例外观及功能满意,仅有1例尿道瘘,未发现尿道狭窄的病例。如果经过尿道板/尿道游离、背侧海绵体紧缩仍存在阴茎下弯,提示阴茎存在海绵体不对称,可行腹侧海绵体成形术纠正。只有当所有的步骤都完成了阴茎仍存在下弯的情况下才考虑横断尿道板,当然,此种情况发生率很低。Snodgrass等[13]提出对于近端型尿道下裂阴茎下弯矫正的建议。
相较于裸露在外的包皮外板,包皮内板经常接触龟头,皮肤抗尿性强,研究显示用包皮内板覆盖尿道板缝合尿道能显著降低术后并发症[14],故术中要尽量采用包皮内板覆盖尿道板,这可能也是减少术后并发症重要原因之一。为了最大程度保留包皮内板,阴茎脱套时一般距冠状沟0.5 cm环切包皮。
龟头的大小也是影响尿道下裂术后并发症的重要指标,<14 mm的龟头并发症明显增大,反之,龟头越大,并发症越少[15]。虽然小龟头多出现在近段型尿道下裂的病例中,但远端型也存在≤14 mm的小龟头。小龟头可增加术后龟头开裂的风险。术前应用雄激素可以促进龟头发育,Kaya等[16]选取75例小龟头的患儿,术前给予局部应用双氢睾酮3个月,术后尿道瘘/龟头开裂及尿道狭窄的病例明显低于对照组。但Snodgrass 等[13]却得到相反的结果,其对比研究显示术前应用激素的患儿并发症明显高于不用激素的患儿,因此,建议停用术前激素注射。考虑是由于激素刺激导致的局部充血,本研究的做法是龟头直径<10 mm的患儿,建议外涂双氢睾酮3个月,然后休息3个月至半年后手术,尽量减少激素刺激对手术的影响。另外,对于龟头小的病例,不但要分离阴茎头两侧,而且远端也要分离,深达白膜,尽量减少翼状瓣的张力,无张力覆盖尿道。
总之,改良Olay island flap通过松解阴茎腹侧尿道/尿道板的方法矫正下弯,扩大了传统Olay island flap术式的适应证,选用包皮内板覆盖尿道板,可减少术后并发症,值得临床推广。
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(本文编辑:许卓文)
Improved onlay island flap urethraplasty in the treatment of children with hypospadias
NIU Zhi-shang, HAO Chun-sheng*, BAI Dong-sheng, YE Hui, QIU Ying, SONG Jin-qiu
(Department of Urology, Children′s Hospital Affiliated to Capital Institue of Pediatics, Beijing 100020, China)
ObjectiveTo investigate the operation of modified onlay island flap urethroplasty in the treatment of pediatric hypospadias. MethodsRetrospective analysis was performed in 76 cases who received the modified onlay island flap urethroplasty. The method of the modified onlay island flap urethroplasty: the corpus spongiosum/urethral plate was dissected intact from the corpora cavernosa after degllving and dartos excision, relying on elasticity of these structures to allow the penis to straighten. It is necessary to select the inner plate of prepuce as the flap to suture with the urethral plate. ResultsThe urethral plate was preserved successfully in 73 cases of 76 patients(96.0%): 4 cases had no ventral curvature after degloving and dissectiong of the ventral dartos; 58 cases were corrected after mobilization of the corpus spongiosum/urethral plate and urethra; 11 cases were corrected by an extra dorsal placation,including 4 cases with less than 30-degree residual curvature, 7 cases with greater than 30-degree residual curvature.The operation achievement ratio was 88.2%(67/76 cases. 5 cases supervened with urinary fistula(4 cases were then cured by opreration,1 cases healed naturally), 1 case with meatal stenosis and cured by urethral sounding. There was no urinary diverticulosis, necrosis and dehiscence. ConclusionThe modified onlay island flap urethroplasty by straightening ventral curvature by mobilization of the corpus spongiosum/urethral plate and selecting the inner plate of prepuce as the flap can significantly reduce the postoperative complication and improve the success rate of operation, which is worthy of clinical promotion.
hypospadias; urethroplasty; child
2016-09-15;
2016-10-06
牛志尚(1980-),男,河南新乡人,首都儿科研究所
。E-mail:haochunsheng@163.com
R695
A
1007-3205(2016)10-1123-04
附属儿童医院主治医师,医学硕士,从事泌尿外科疾病诊治研究。