文/李翠 图/孔勇
览圣曲阜之『霸王坟』
文/李翠图/孔勇
○五泉庄古墓。Wu quanzhuang Aucient Tomb.
“四面楚歌霸业移,
乌江战败有谁知;
鲁人尚自终臣节,
闭户弦诵拒汉师。”
清代颜光猷的一首《赞霸王坟》诗,向我们讲述了《史记·项羽本纪》里一段耐人寻味的故事。汉高祖五年(公元前202年),乌江亭,血染残阳。西楚霸王“百二秦关终属楚”之功业在其自刎的寒光中消亡。汉将争夺项王尸骸,王翳得头颅,吕马童与杨喜、吕胜、杨武四将,各得一体,持向汉王前报功。而此时的鲁国,虽兵临城下,旌旗似火,鲁人仍以礼乐习咏,弦歌鼓琴,拒不降汉,决心为鲁公尽忠死节。刘邦遂命以长杆悬项王头颅攻城,鲁守将见头颅长跪不起。鲁降。鲁守将自刎……因楚怀王初封项羽为鲁公,故以鲁公礼葬项王于穀城,而项王之头颅便葬在了曲阜西周鲁国故城东北角之五泉庄。
五泉庄因有五泉而得名,此泉是洙水的发源地,系鲁城东防山、八宝山高阜蜿蜒延伸的末端,也是古人以地理学认同的风水宝地。乾隆版《曲阜县志》记载:“在鲁城东里许,俗称为霸王冢。”《阙里文献考》记载:“曲阜城东北有古冢,俗名霸王头,相传为项羽首处云。”五泉庄汉墓,俗称霸王坟,据说便是项羽头颅所埋之处,侧立曲阜市政府所立的碑,上面写着“五泉庄古墓”。原封土直径约50至60米,现存封土直径30多米,斜高20多米。
1958年,该墓被疑为东汉墓葬,“霸王坟”之说被疑为讹传,而各地的“项羽墓”却此起彼伏,自成其说:
河南省河阳县有项羽墓,传是项羽自刎的地方,即今日的乌江浦,在安徽省和县东北,留有祠宇,号为西楚霸王庙。
济南市平阴县东阿镇有项羽墓。引《水经注》之云而证:“城西北三里,有项王羽之冢,半许毁坏,石碣尚存,题云项王之墓。”
泰安市肥城旧县也有项羽墓。传为项羽头颅墓。谷城,即今旧县乡。原墓宏大,“文革”被毁,现余有残碑一块,碑文曰:“楚霸口口,一剑亡秦力拔山,重瞳千载孰能攀,秋风蕉鹿行人憾,汉寝于今草迹斑……”
项羽墓之多,实在难辨虚实,也许项羽死后其身分别葬之,但其头颅却只有一个,言葬其首者多以“谷城”为据。文献多以《史记》集解、正义以谷城为东阿,故东阿项羽墓逐为正说。
然则,考谷城为今东阿县,却与理不符。项羽与东阿县没有任何关系,非生地、非卒地、亦非楚地、亦非鲁地。考东阿为齐国之地,有大小谷城之分,《水经注》济水下注:“济水侧岸有尹卯垒,南去鱼山四十余里,是谷城县界。故春秋小谷城也。齐桓公以鲁庄公二十三年城之,邑管仲焉。城内有夷吾井。《魏土地记》曰:县有谷城山,山出文石,阳谷之地。春秋齐侯、宋公会于阳谷者也”。大小谷城均属齐国之地,齐相管仲便被封邑于谷城。而项羽是楚国人,曾被义帝楚怀王熊心封为鲁公,按古代丧葬的一般规律,要么葬在自己的郡望,要么葬在自己的封地,抑或葬在卒身之地,此三地均与东阿无关。而《史记·项羽本纪》中分明写道“以鲁公礼葬之于谷城”,为安抚鲁地人民,刘邦是按鲁公礼仪安葬项羽的,怎么会把他葬到齐国的地界上呢?更何况项羽之首已确定无疑地运到了鲁都曲阜,岂有再以鲁公远葬齐国之理?
鲁国故城始建于西周初年,历经西周、春秋、战国,到秦汉之际,已为古城,其西南方向为孔庙所占,东北则一直称“古城”,鲁国故城内的布局为左宗右市,鲁国儒生习礼仪均在左上位,汉军攻鲁时所闻礼仪乐舞之声定在鲁国故城的东北方向,那么,汉军以项羽首示鲁也必定是在东北方向。鲁人开城降汉,也应该首先开的东北门。鲁人为项羽生而守死节,为项羽死而开城降汉,也必定因主公亡而大悲泣之,刘邦因此被鲁国人所感动,才下令以鲁公之礼安葬项羽之首,并陪同鲁人哭项羽,然后“泣之而去”。五泉庄汉墓的位置恰于此情此节相吻合。近墓之地有古城,此地所居之村落亦称“古城”,并且直到现在仍叫作古城村。
1995年,五泉庄汉墓被盗墓贼开一洞口,文物保护部门及时发现,并将盗墓者抓获归案。经文物保护人员初步勘查,盗墓者并未进入墓室。由于这一偶然事件的发生,也揭开了五泉庄汉墓的许多秘密:五泉庄汉墓并非东汉墓葬,该墓葬双重墓室,由大砖砌成,带有回廊,属于以砖代木的“黄肠题凑”墓室结构,这种葬式在西汉以后极为少见,实属西汉早期高规格的墓葬形制。而当地发现的东汉较高规格的墓葬,基本都是石砌墓室,有的还有汉画像石刻。根据汉代礼制,“黄肠题凑”与玉衣、梓宫、便房、外藏椁同属帝王陵墓的重要组成部分,是帝王身份的标志。五泉庄汉墓尽管不是木制墓室,但它与“黄肠题凑”的基本结构是完全一致的,由此证明了五泉庄汉墓是至少属于西汉早期的公侯墓葬。秦至西汉,做过鲁公、鲁王的除张偃(高后吕雉外孙,因被封时年纪太小,未到封地,后因坐罪除国)外共有七人,其中包括项羽和西汉六王,而西汉鲁王墓全部在曲阜城南九龙山及其附近早已确定无疑。因此,项羽便是五泉庄汉墓惟一可能的墓主了。
○霸王坟。Tomb of Xiang Yu, the Conqueror
“TOMB OF XIANG YU,THE CONQUEROR” IN QUFU
W uquanzhuang is named after Wuquan(spring). This spring is the headstream of the Zhushui River, deep in the high mounds of Babaoshan and Fangshan in the east of the capital of Lu (Qufu), as well as a treasured geomantic site geographically recognized by the ancients.
The Han Tomb in Wuquanzhuang is commonly known as the Tomb of Xiang Yu, the Conqueror. It is said that it is the place where Xiang Yu’s head was buried. Beside the tomb, there is a stone tablet set up by the Qufu government,which reads, “Ancient Tomb of Wuquanzhuang”. The diameter of the original grave mound is about 50-60m. The existing grave mound has a diameter of over 30m, with a slant height of over 20m. There is also a Tomb of Xiang Yu in Jiuxian Township, Feicheng, Tai’an City. It is also claimed that it is the tomb of Xiang Yu’s head.
With so many tombs of Xiang Yu, it is hard to distinguish between true and false. Perhaps, after the death of Xiang Yu, his body was separately buried. However, he only had one head. It is mostly believed that his head was buried in“Gucheng”. The interpretation in the Records of the Grand Historian is mostly followed. Gucheng is regarded as Dong'e. Thus, the Tomb of Xiang Yu in Dong’e is generally recognized. The people of Lu defended Xiang Yu no matter whether he was alive or not, and did not open the gate to surrender themselves to Han until seeing Xiang Yu’s head. Thus, they would surely mourn their master’s death. Moved by the people of Lu, Liu Bang ordered his man to bury Xiang Yu’s head with the funeral standard of Duke of Lu, and lamented for Xiang Yu together with the people of Lu. Then, Liu Bang “left after weeping”.