浅谈英语教学中例句的选择原则

2016-10-21 01:35吴小丽
东方教育 2016年5期
关键词:薄冰限制性英语语法

吴小丽

例句的使用直接影响教师英语教学和学生英语学习的效果,只有选择合适的例句,学习和教学才能够高效。笔者从实践中总结了一些例句选择原则,供同仁选择使用。(学生英语水平设定为城镇普通高中高一年级学生,教材版本是人教版。)

1.尽可能选用教参、词典或权威书籍上的例句,尽量不要自编例句。

例如,定语从句中,“在口语和非正式场合,when,where 和why或相当于关系副词的介词+which结构可用that 来代替并可省略。”(《薄冰实用英语语法详解》P339)这点和关系代词的省略有冲突,容易引起学生的困惑。必修1 P30 Using Language中例句:①As you know,this is the day the quake happened thirty-__years ago.

教师可补充使用如下例句:

②Do you know anywhere(that)I can get a drink?

③The last time(that)I saw her was a fine morning in July.

④This is the reason(that)he was absent yesterday.(《薄冰实用英语语法详解》P339)

2.要选用有定论的例句,不可把学术界有争论的或有分歧的句子拿来当例句。

e.g.Being badly wounded,the whale soon died.(选修7,P20)有些参考资料认为being badly wounded是伴随状语,但伴随状语的位置一般位于主句动作之后,显然这种说法是错误的,此处是原因状语。考虑到wound和the whale之间的逻辑关系,此句应当修改为Badly wounded,the whale soon died.

3.新选例句要贴近学生的现实生活,要符合学生的认知水平。

①Our country called on us to fight against SARS.

②Chairman Mao called on us to learn from Dazhai in agriculture.

例句①贴近现实生活,而例句②则超出了学生的认知范围,不适宜采用。例句①几年以后也可能过时,因此教师的教学例句资源需要经常更新。

4.所选例句要具有典型性,示范性和启迪性。

e.g.①I received an invitation from him but I didnt accept it.

②Although the old man stayed at home alone,he didnt feel lonely at all.

例句①简明高效的区分了动词receive和accept的主观客观动作,例句②则一句话中精确地解释了形容词alone和lonely的细微差别。

5.新选例句要切合学生的实际,要服务于学生新学的内容,要简明扼要,浅显易懂,切中主题。

a)例句不宜过长,结构不宜太复杂,重在说明问题。

例如,定语从句中关系代词which引导非限制性定语从句,以下的两个例句:

①Im now applying to graduate school,which means someday Ill return to a profession where people need to be nice to me in order to get what they want.

②Hangzhou,which is a nice city,attracts many visitors every day.(《张道真大学英语语法》)

例句①由于使用了which和where引导的两个定语从句,涉及到非限制性定语从句和限制性定语从句,对于初学者来说,结构太过复杂,例句②则结构明确,更容易理解和掌握。

b)例句主要用来说明当前新讲的问题,其内容可以联系学生新学的知识,但尽量不要涉及学生未学的内容,否则会使学生新讲的内容复杂化,会增加学生理解新知识的难度。

定语从句中讲解that用法的时候,使用了以下例句:

①The news that our team has won the game was true.

②The news that he told me yesterday was true.(《张道真大学英语语法》)

例句①为名词性从句中的同位语从句,而例句②为定语从句。例句①对目标语法学习产生了负面影响,让学生疑惑:定语从句中that到底是怎样使用的?

以下例句则是较好的做法:

③Can you learned me the novel(which/ that)you talked about the other day?

④Can you remember the scientist and his theory that we learnt the other day?(《张道真大学英语语法》)

c)例句所用词汇不宜过难,不能超出学生当前所掌握的词汇量。

e.g. The Food Ministry is attached to the Ministry of Agriculture.《朗文当代高级英语辞典》

专有名词The Food Ministry 和the Ministry of Agriculture加重记忆负担。

d)在辨析词义或句型时,教师应尽量选用简明扼要的例句,以使学生容易地弄清它们之间的区别。

e.g. engage vt.&vi.

①She refused to nurse the child.She engaged a wet nurse.

②I cannot call Mr.Smith;he is engaged just now.

③My time is fully engaged.

④John is engaged to Mary.(《外研社現代英语用法词典》张道真编)

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