李恩 吴祖光 李志旺 刘宏涛 陈楷 张灼新 曾海敬 张日雄 邓雪涌
腹腔镜与开腹保脾脾门淋巴结清扫在进展期胃中上部癌中的疗效评价
李恩吴祖光李志旺刘宏涛陈楷张灼新曾海敬张日雄邓雪涌
514031 梅州,广东省梅州市人民医院胃肠外一科
【摘要】目的探讨进展期胃中上部癌行腹腔镜保脾脾门淋巴结清扫术的可行性及临床疗效。方法回顾性分析行全胃切除术并D2淋巴结清扫的进展期胃中上部癌46例,其中行腹腔镜手术25例,称腹腔镜组;行开腹手术21例,称开腹组。对比2组患者术中、术后情况的差异。结果2组患者一般临床病理资料的差异均无统计学意义。腹腔镜组淋巴结清扫数目为(28.5±9.1)枚/例,与开腹组的(27.3±8.5)枚/例相当,2组比较差异无统计学意义(P>0.05)。与开腹组相比,腹腔镜组患者术中出血量较少,脾门淋巴结清扫的时间短,术后首次下床活动时间、进食半流质时间早,且术后住院时间较短(P均<0.05);而2组患者的手术时间、肛门排气时间及进食流质时间相当(P均>0.05)。腹腔镜组术后3例发生并发症,并发症发生率为12.0%,与开腹手术的并发症发生率为19.0%相似(P>0.05);2组均无术后住院死亡病例。结论与开腹手术相比,腹腔镜保脾脾门淋巴结清扫术安全可行,具有较好的微创优势,能够达到开腹手术相当的根治效果。
【关键词】胃肿瘤;腹腔镜手术;脾门淋巴结清扫
胃癌是常见恶性肿瘤之一,近年来胃中上部癌的发病率呈上升趋势[1-2]。进展期胃中上部癌易发生No.10淋巴结转移,文献报道其淋巴结转移率为9.8%~27.9%,且淋巴结有无转移与生存期密切相关[3-5]。故日本《胃癌处理规约》规定,对于进展期胃中上部癌,脾门淋巴结属于D2淋巴结清扫的范围[6]。但是,由于脾门区域复杂的血管解剖及脾脏深在的解剖位置,保留脾脏的脾门淋巴结清扫即使在开放手术中也较为困难[7]。近年来,随着腹腔镜设备的改进及操作技术的不断优化,尤其是“黄氏三步法”等方法的推广和运用,使腹腔镜下保脾脾门淋巴结清扫术得予简化和易于操作,显示了较好的优势[8-10]。但是,目前有关腹腔镜与开腹保脾脾门淋巴结清扫术在进展期胃中上部癌中运用的疗效尚未见报道,我们通过总结我科同一时期施行全胃切除术并D2淋巴结清扫的46例进展期胃中上部癌患者的临床病理资料,以探讨腹腔镜保脾脾门淋巴结清扫术的可行性及疗效。
资料与方法
一、一般资料
2014年1月至2015年6月,我科对46例进展期胃中上部癌患者施行全胃切除术并D2淋巴结清扫,其中行腹腔镜辅助手术者25例,称腹腔镜组;同期行常规开腹手术者21例,称开腹组。全组患者术前均详细告知2种术式的相关优缺点,根据患者意愿选择行腹腔镜或开腹手术,并签署手术知情同意书。所有患者行常规术前检查,包括上消化道内镜和上消化道造影评估肿瘤位置,胸片、全腹CT 和腹部超声,必要时行PET-CT 和骨扫描评估是否存在远处转移。肿瘤分期根据2010年第7版国际抗癌联盟(UICC)分期标准进行TNM分期[11]。淋巴结清扫时间为自腹腔镜下分离大网膜与横结肠附着缘至完成胃周淋巴结清扫的时间。脾门淋巴结清扫时间是从分离胰体尾部胰腺被膜进入胰尾上缘的胰后间隙,显露脾血管末段开始,至脾门淋巴结清扫结束为止。
纳入标准:①术前经内镜下活检病理证实为胃中上部癌;②术前胸片、腹部超声及腹部CT等检查无肝、肺、腹腔等远处转移;③术前腹部超声、CT等检查无腹主动脉周围明显肿大淋巴结,无肿瘤直接侵犯胰腺、脾脏、肝脏、结肠等;④术后病理学诊断为胃切缘显微镜下未见癌细胞(R0切除)。排除标准:①术中见肿瘤腹腔播散或是远处转移;②病理学诊断资料不全。
二、手术方式
2组术前准备相同,采用气管插管全身麻醉,胃周围淋巴结的清扫(D2淋巴结清扫)按照日本第14版胃癌处理规约规定进行[6]。其中腹腔镜组采用“黄氏三步法”进行脾门淋巴结清扫[8-9]。开腹组则采用纱布铺垫的方法将脾脏垫起,进行保脾脾门淋巴结清扫。
三、观察指标
观察2组患者淋巴结清扫数、脾门淋巴结清扫数目、脾门淋巴结转移率、手术时间、脾门淋巴结清扫时间、术中出血量、首次下床时间、首次肛门排气时间、首次进食流质时间、首次进食半流质时间、术后住院时间和术后并发症及病死率。并发症包括吻合口瘘、胰瘘、腹腔感染、肠梗阻、肺部感染、心血管疾病。
四、统计学处理
结果
一、2组进展期胃中上部癌患者一般临床病理资料比较
所有患者的临床病理特征见表1。2组患者在Charlson合并症指数、分化程度、肿瘤部位、肿瘤大小、pT分期、pN分期及TNM分期等比较差异均无统计学意义(P均>0.05)。
表1 2组进展期胃中上部癌患者
续表
项 目腹腔镜组(n=25)开腹组(n=21)t/χ2/Z值P值肿瘤大小(cm)4.8±2.65.0±2.51.3430.131肿瘤部位(例)0.3780.539 胃大弯1716 胃小弯85病理类型(例)0.0020.966 分化型76 未分化型1815浸润深度(例)-0.4390.661 T232 T3910 T4a139淋巴结转移(例)-0.2610.794 N033 N132 N253 N31413病理分期(例)-0.2500.802 Ⅰb21 Ⅱ76 Ⅲ1614
二、2组进展期胃中上部癌患者淋巴结清扫情况比较
所有患者均行全胃切除并D2淋巴结清扫术,腹腔镜组淋巴结清扫数目为(28.5±9.1)枚/例,脾门淋巴结清扫数目为(2.6±2.0)枚/例;开腹组淋巴结清扫数目为(27.3±8.5)枚/例,脾门淋巴结清扫数目为(2.3±1.8)枚/例,2组比较差异无统计学意义(P>0.05)。腹腔镜组脾门淋巴结转移率为12.0%(3/25),开腹组脾门淋巴结转移率为9.5%(2/21),2组比较差异亦无统计学意义(P>0.05)。
三、2组进展期胃中上部癌患者术中及术后情况比较
腹腔镜组所有患者均在腹腔镜下完成D2淋巴结清扫,无中转开腹手术病例。与开腹组相比,腹腔镜组患者术中出血量较少,脾门淋巴结清扫的时间短,术后首次下床活动时间、进食半流时间早,且术后住院时间较短,差异均有统计学意义(P均<0.05)。而2组患者的手术时间、肛门排气时间及进食流质时间的差异均无统计学意义(P均>0.05),见表2。
四、2组进展期胃中上部癌患者术后并发症及病死率比较
全组患者发生术后并发症7例,发生率为15.2%,2组患者均无住院死亡病例。其中,腹腔镜组发生术后并发症3例(12.0%),吻合口瘘1例、腹腔感染1例、肠梗阻1例;开腹组4例(19.0%),胰瘘1例、腹腔感染1例、肺部感染1例、心血管疾病1例;2组并发症发生率比较差异无统计学意义(P=0.686)。
表2 2组进展期胃中上部癌患者术中及术后情况比较
讨论
2010年新版日本胃癌治疗指南明确规定胃切除加D2淋巴结清扫术为胃癌的标准手术,因此腹腔镜治疗进展期胃中上部癌必须彻底清扫脾门淋巴结,才能达到标准D2根治手术的要求[6]。早年许多中心以脾脏切除的方式来清扫该区域的淋巴结[12-14]。但随着研究的深入,人们逐渐认识到脾脏的抗感染和抗肿瘤等免疫功能对于维持患者健康的重要意义。且随着外科解剖技术的发展和手术器械的进步,保脾的脾门淋巴结清扫术逐渐被外科医生所认可[15-16]。但是,由于脾门区域血管走形复杂、解剖变异多,且脾门区空间狭小、位置深在,加上胃底网膜组织被覆其中,使其裸化暴露更为困难,在淋巴结清扫时易致血管损伤引起出血,使保脾的脾门淋巴结清扫术成为胃癌根治手术中的难点之一。故在开腹手术中我们通常将脾后方游离,采用纱布铺垫的方法将脾脏垫起,进行保脾脾门淋巴结清扫。近年来,我国腹腔镜外科专家黄昌明教授结合腹腔镜放大的视觉优势和器械操作的特点,总结出一套程序化的腹腔镜保脾脾门淋巴结清扫技术——“黄氏三步法”,将原本复杂的腹腔镜保脾脾门淋巴结清扫进行循序渐进的分步操作,手术过程中助手配合主刀,牵拉特定的部位,其暴露方式也分为三步,上一步均为下一步作好铺垫,使暴露和清扫均简单化[8-9]。我们中心在完成200余例腹腔镜胃癌手术的基础上开展该技术,而且本研究发现,腹腔镜保脾脾门淋巴结清扫时间明显短于开腹手术。我们认为“黄氏三步法” 这种团队的配合模式降低了腹腔镜下保脾脾门淋巴结清扫术的难度,缩短了手术时间,可以减少患者的手术创伤,使腹腔镜的微创优势更加明显,有利于促进腹腔镜胃癌手术的发展。
然而,手术的根治效果是腹腔镜能否成为治疗进展期胃中上部癌常规方法最重要的方面之一。目前文献报道腹腔镜保脾脾门淋巴结清扫术平均获取脾门淋巴结为2.0~3.6枚/例[17-19]。本研究中腹腔镜组脾门淋巴结清扫数目为(2.6±2.0)枚/例,而且与开腹手术相似,表明腹腔镜下保脾脾门淋巴结清扫能够获得开腹手术相当的根治效果。但是,由于腹腔镜保脾脾门淋巴结清扫术是一项较为困难的新技术,其是否仍具有较好的微创优势目前尚缺乏更多的循证医学证据。本研究中腹腔镜组术中出血少,术后首次下床活动时间、进食半流质时间和术后住院天数短,与既往文献报道相符,显示了较开腹手术更好的近期疗效[20-22]。同时,作为衡量手术安全性的重要指标,并发症发生率与死亡率被广泛应用于不同中心、不同术式间的比较。Li等[23]的研究中,腹腔镜保脾脾门淋巴结清扫术后并发症发生率为12.0%,且病死率为0%,认为腹腔镜保脾脾门淋巴结清扫术具有较好的可行性和近期疗效。我们的研究中,腹腔镜组并无中转开腹手术病例,且术后并发症发生率和病死率与开腹手术相当,表明腹腔镜保脾脾门淋巴结清扫术具有较好的安全性,可以推广。本研究为回顾性研究,样本量较少,固有的选择偏倚不可避免。
综上所述,腹腔镜保脾脾门淋巴结清扫术具有较好的临床疗效,可以作为进一步前瞻性随机对照研究的前期基础。
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(本文编辑:杨江瑜)
DOI:10.3969/j.issn.0253-9802.2016.07.014
(收稿日期:2016-02-06)
Evaluation of clinical efficacy of laparoscopic and open spleen-preserving splenic hilar lymph node dissection for advanced middle-proximal gastric cancer
LiEn,WuZuguang,LiZhiwang,LiuHongtao,ChenKai,ZhangZhuoxin,ZengHaijing,ZhangRixiong,DengXueyong.
DepartmentofGastrointestinalSurgery,MeizhouPeople’sHospital,Meizhou514031,China
【Abstract】ObjectiveTo investigate the feasibility and clinical efficacy of laparoscopic spleen-preserving splenic hilar lymph node dissection for advanced middle-proximal gastric cancer. MethodsClinical data of 46 patients diagnosed with advanced middle-proximal gastric cancer undergoing total gastrectomy combined with D2 lymph node dissection were retrospectively analyzed. Twenty five patients were assigned into the laparoscopic operation group and 21 in the open surgery group. Intraoperative and postoperative conditions were statistically compared between two groups. ResultsGeneral clinical and pathological data did not significantly differ between two groups. In the laparoscopic surgery group, the quantity of dissected lymph nodes was (28.5±9.1) for each patient, which did not considerably differ from (27.3±8.5) in the open surgery group (P>0.05). Compared with the open operation group, intraoperative bleeding loss was less, the time of splenic hilar lymph node dissection was shorter, the time of postoperative out-off-bed activity was earlier, the time of intake of semifluid diet was earlier and postoperative length of hospital stay was shorter in the laparoscopic operation group(all P>0.05). However, operation time, anal exsufflation time and time of eating liquid diet did not significantly differ between two groups (all P>0.05). In the laparoscopic group, three patients (12.0%) presented with postoperative complications, similar to that in the open surgery group(19.0%)(P>0.05). No patient died in two groups during hospitalization. ConclusionCompared with the open operation, laparoscopic spleen-preserving splenic hilar lymph node dissection is safe, feasible, and minimally invasive and can achieve the clinical efficacy equivalent to open surgery.
【Key words】Gastric neoplasm; Laparoscopic surgery; Splenic hilar lymph node dissection