赵青芳+关露露+陈小兵
[摘要] 长链非编码RNA(lncRNAs)是一类转录本长度大于200 nt的非编码RNA,不具备蛋白质编码功能。研究发现lncRNA异常表达与胃癌有关。在表观遗传学水平上,lncRNAs可通过与mRNA碱基互补配对形成双链或与RNA结合蛋白(RBP)形成复合物,介导mRNA剪接和稳定性;也可与微小RNA(miRNA)形成竞争性內源RNA(ceRNA)调控网络,参与基因表达调控;在某些情况下,lncRNAs招募组蛋白修饰复合物,抑制靶基因的转录;此外,lncRNAs还可通过肿瘤抑制基因P53或癌基因c-Myc发挥致癌或抑癌作用。同时,lncRNAs参与胃癌发生发展过程中的信号转导通路,调节上皮-间质转化(EMT)过程影响转移。本文就lncRNA在胃癌中的作用机制的研究进展作一综述。
[关键词]长链非编码RNA;胃肿瘤;表观遗传;上皮间质转化
[中图分类号] R735.2 [文献标识码] A [文章编号] 1673-7210(2017)03(b)-0033-04
Mechanism of long non-coding RNAs in gastric cancer
ZHAO Qingfang GUAN Lulu CHEN Xiaobing
Department of Gastroenterology, Tumor Hospital Affiliated to Zhengzhou University, He'nan Province, Zhengzhou 450003, China
[Abstract] Long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs) are non-coding RNAs that have transcript lengths exceeding 200 nt and do not have the capacity for protein coding. Aberrant expression of lncRNAs has been found associated with gastric cancer. At the level of epigenetics, lncRNAs may mediate mRNA stability and splicing by complementary base pairing with mRNAs or forming complexes with RNA binding proteins (RBPs); lncRNAs also participate in the competing endogenous RNA (ceRNA) network with miRNA; under certain circumstances, lncRNAsmay inhibit the transcription of target genesby recruiting histone-modifying complexes; in addition, lncRNAs play oncogenic or tumor suppressor roles by correlated with tumor suppressor P53 or onco-protein c-Myc, respectively. They are involved in signaling pathways and affecting metastasis by regulating epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EMT) process. Therefore, this anicle mainly reviewed on the mechanism of long non-coding RNAs in gastric cancer.
[Key words] LncRNA; Stomach neoplasms; Epigenetic; Epithelial to mesenchymal transition
胃癌是世界上最常见的恶性肿瘤之一,尽管近年来胃癌死亡率有所下降,但仍是全球第三大癌症致死性疾病[1]。因此,探索胃癌发生的分子机制,积极寻找有效的早期诊断标志物和治疗策略尤为迫切。随着基因芯片及高通量测序技术的发展,越来越多的研究发现胃癌中长链非编码RNA(long non-coding RNAs,lncRNAs)表达异常。它们通过碱基互补配对原则与DNA、RNA和蛋白質之间发生特异性、动态性作用,形成复杂而微妙的基因表达调控网络,参与细胞增殖、迁移、凋亡、侵袭、细胞周期和转移等。本文就lncRNA在胃癌发生发展中作用机制作一综述。
1 lncRNA概述
研究表明[2]人体中大约有15 000种lncRNA,大部分lncRNA显示了不同的组织特异性。lncRNA具有不同的亚细胞定位,并在不同的细胞定位中起不同的作用。例如,在细胞核中,lncRNA主要调节基因转录和mRNA剪接,而在细胞质中主要影响RNA稳定性和微小RNA(miRNA)的活性。根据它们的位置和转录方向,将其分为以下5种:①正义lncRNA(sense lncRNA):转录方向与邻近mRNA转录方向相同;②反义lncRNA(antisense lncRNA):转录方向与邻近mRNA转录方向相反;③双向lncRNA(bidirectional lncRNA):可同时向相反的两个方向发生转录;④内含子lncRNA(intronic lncRNA):某一蛋白编码基因的一个内含子转录而来;⑤基因间lncRNA(intergenic lncRNA):位于两个蛋白编码基因之间[3]。
2 lncRNA对基因的表观遗传学调控
2.1 lncRNA与DNA相互作用
lncRNA可结合组蛋白修饰复合物,然后以DNA为靶点。例如长链非编码RNA FENDRR由4个外显子组成,可结合组蛋白修饰复合物,以启动子片段为靶点,在维持染色体结构和基因活性方面发挥重要作用。HOX 基因转录反义基因间RNA(HOX transcript antisense intergenic RNA,HOTAIR)以双链DNA(dsDNA)为靶点,抑制基因转录[4]。此外,人类二氢叶酸还原酶(dihydrofolatereductase,DHFR)基因的次要启动子转录的lncRNA与宿主基因关键调节区结合,形成三重结构模型。这些三重结构可作为lncRNA和基因组DNA之间的特异性识别结构。
2.2 lncRNA与RNA相互作用
2.2.1 lncRNA与mRNA形成复合物 靶mRNA中的ALU序列和lncRNA互补序列通过不完全碱基配对形成RNA双链(dsRNA)结构。Staufen 1(STAU1)蛋白识别dsRNA结合位点并降解mRNA。这种类型的lncRNA被称为1/2-STAU1结合位点RNA,该过程称为staufen介导的mRNA衰减(staufen-mediated mRNA decay,SMD)[5]。例如组织分化诱导非蛋白编码RNA(TINCR)通过SMD过程损害Krüppel样因子2(KLF2)mRNA的稳定性和表达。TINCR通过与含有其盒基序的mRNA双链化,保持mRNA稳定[6]。除了直接作用,胃癌增殖转录本1(gastric carcinoma proliferation enhancing transcript 1,GHET1)与其靶mRNA之间发挥间接作用。 GHET1可促进胰岛素样生长因子mRNA结合蛋白1(IGF2BP1)和c-Myc mRNA结合,保持c-Myc mRNA的稳定性[7-8],而c-myc基因可使细胞无限增殖,与多种肿瘤发生发展有关。
2.2.2 lncRNA作为miRNA前体 lncRNA的活性与miRNA有关。一方面,有些lncRNA是一部分miRNA的前体,通过细胞核中Drosha酶裂解作用和细胞质中Dicer酶切割作用,产生成熟的miRNA,调控靶基因表达。例如miR-675(H19的切割产物)在胃癌发生中起关键作用。H19通过调节miR-675的两个靶点即Runt相关转录因子1(RUNX1)和钙营养蛋白1(CALN1)的表达促进胃癌细胞增殖[9]。另一方面,lncRNA与miRNA 竞争性结合靶基因mRNA 的3′-UTR,从而对miRNA 的负向调控机制进行抑制[10]。
2.2.3 lncRNA作为竞争性内源RNA 有些lncRNA 能发挥内源性“miRNA 海绵”功能,与mRNA竞争性结合miRNA 的反应元件(miRNA response elements,MREs),从而抑制miRNA表达并其对靶基因进行负向调控,即ceRNA 机制。目前,已经发现4个lncRNA 可作为癌基因,以ceRNA机制参与调控胃癌进程,包括HOTAIR、GAPLINC、BC032469和H19。其中,HOTAIR在胃癌患者的血浆中高表达,它可与人上皮细胞生长因子受体2(HER2)MREs占位结合,从而减少HER2与miR-331-3P 结合,抑制miR-331-3P 对HER2的降解作用,间接上调HER2表达水平,调控胃癌细胞增殖、迁移等[10]。Hu等[11]发现lncRNA GAPLINC与癌基因CD44竞争性结合miR-311-3P 的结合位点,上调CD44 表达水平,从而调控细胞迁移和增殖。类似地,lncRNA BC032469 与miR-1207-5p通过竞争机制调节人端粒酶逆转录酶(hTERT)的表达[12]。miR-141与H19形成ceRNA,调節miR-141的靶基因ZEB1表达[13]。此外,FER1L4 和母系印记基因3(Maternal imprintedgenes 3,MEG3)可通过ceRNA 机制在胃癌发展进程中发挥抑癌基因的作用[14]。
2.3 lncRNA与蛋白质的相互作用
2.3.1 lncRNA与组蛋白修饰复合物结合 多达38%的lncRNA可与组蛋白修饰复合物结合。例如HOTAIR作为分子支架,5'端结合多梳抑制复合体2(polycomb repressivecomplex 2,PRC2)介导染色体组蛋白H3K27甲基化。而其3'端结合组蛋白赖氨酸去甲基化酶(lysine specific demethylase1,LSD1)介导染色体组蛋白H3K4Me2的去甲基作用。HOTAIR通过多点反式作用募集PRC2,诱导HOXD基因座产生抑制性染色体结构,在HOXD基因座上长达40 kb的范围内抑制转录[15]。研究发现[16],FENDRR可以降低肿瘤转移相关蛋白如纤维连接蛋白1(FN1)、MMP2 和MMP9的表达水平,从而抑制肿瘤细胞转移。类似地,ANRIL、H19、MALAT1 和PVT1,均可通过招募组蛋白修饰物,以顺式或反式作用抑制靶基因转录[17]。
2.3.2 lncRNA与P53和c-Myc相互作用 一些lncRNAs差异性表达潜在激活了胃癌中的P53信号传导通路。TUSC7(tumor suppressor candidate 7)是肿瘤抑制基因,分别通过调节p53、c-myc 发挥致癌或抑癌作用[18]。Yang等[19]研究发现H19在胃癌组织中高表达,可结合P53并抑制其活性,降低P53下游靶基因Bax (凋亡相关基因)水平,从而促进胃癌细胞增殖和逃逸凋亡。MEG3的折叠导致P53表达水平显著增加,从而抑制肿瘤细胞增生并诱导其凋亡而抑制胃癌的发生[20]。Myc蛋白含有结合E-box DNA识别片段(CACGTG)的碱性DNA结合结构域。CpG岛和染色质的预乙酰化状态使得与c-Myc的结合位点具有高亲和力。微阵列结果表明[21],1244 个lncRNAs可被c-Myc直接激活,在胃癌中c-Myc激活H19和结肠癌相关转录物1(colon cancer-associated transcript 1,CCAT1)的转录[22]。
3 lncRNA参与EMT过程影响胃癌转移
E-钙黏蛋白被认为是肿瘤转移的抑制剂,其低表达是EMT的标志物之一。而转录因子Snail抑制 E-钙粘蛋白表达,一些lncRNAs以E-钙粘蛋白和Snail为靶点调节EMT过程。Xu等[23]发现HOTAIR 通过提高Snail 表达水平促进间质性标志物(如vimentin,N-cadherin)表达并抑制上皮性标志物(如E-cadherin、ZO-1)表达,促进EMT过程。另一种在胃癌中低表达的lncRNA LEIGC也参与调节EMT过程。Han等[24]证实间充质细胞相关基因(如zeb、twist、snail、slug)及其相应蛋白在LEIGC下调时增加。这些表明LEIGC是阻止EMT过程的关键调节器。此外,研究表明MEG3在胃癌中低表达,可抑制转化生长因子-β(TGF-β)介导的EMT过程中细胞形态和运动特性的改变[25]。其他lncRNAs如肝细胞癌上调的长链非编码RNA HULC、长基因非蛋白编码RNA152(Linc00152)和MALAT2,也促进胃癌中EMT过程[26]。
4 lncRNA调控胃癌的信号通路
Flockhart等[27]发现体外沉默鼠类肉瘤滤过性毒菌致癌同源体B1激活的非编码RNA(BANCR)导致胃癌细胞活力下降、凋亡增加、NF-κb1表达下降,提示BANCR可能通过NF-κb通路参与胃癌的发生发展。研究发现[28],在胃癌中H19异常上调并通过灭活p53促进胃癌细胞增殖或通过miR-675抑制肿瘤抑制基因RUNX1表达。而Akt/mTOR信號轴受RUNX1调节[14],并在大多数肿瘤包括胃癌中被激活。因此推测H19可能通过miR-675抑制RUNX1表达,从而激活Akt/mTOR途径,在胃癌发生中发挥关键作用。此外,Notch 1配体表观遗传沉默激活Notch 1信号传导途径,Notch 1影响胃癌细胞凋亡、增殖及耐药基因的表达,加剧肿瘤细胞恶化。研究表明[29]lncRNA AK022798参与细胞耐药性的形成,而AK022798的表达由Notch1调节。因此认为增加lncRNA AK022798的表达水平可激活Notch 1,促进胃癌的发展进程。
5 小结与展望
lncRNA的特征在于其作用机制的复杂性。本文总结了lncRNAs与DNA、RNA和蛋白质及相关转移信号通路在胃癌发生发展中的相互作用,但具体分子机制的研究尚处于起步阶段,有待深入研究。LncRNA作为一种新型的生物标志物,在胃癌的早期诊断、疗效、预后评估、及靶向治疗等方面有巨大的潜力。较前沿的领域集中于使用外来体、微泡、凋亡小体和凋亡微粒中包含的RNA分子作为生物标志物。相信随着lncRNA与胃癌相关研究的逐渐深入,胃癌的诊断和治疗将能取得新的进展。
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