PKP 治疗强直性脊柱炎患者的 A 型胸腰椎骨折一例

2016-07-19 03:24:10陈磊荆珏华田大胜钱军朱斌
中国骨与关节杂志 2016年5期
关键词:病例报告脊柱骨折强直性

陈磊 荆珏华 田大胜 钱军 朱斌



. 病例报告 Case report .

PKP 治疗强直性脊柱炎患者的 A 型胸腰椎骨折一例

陈磊荆珏华田大胜钱军朱斌

【关键词】脊柱炎,强直性;椎体后凸成形术;脊柱骨折;病例报告

强直性脊柱炎是一种病因未知的慢性疾病。常累及骶髂关节、脊柱等,造成脊柱强直、骨质脆性增加。轻微外力即可造成强直性脊柱炎患者的胸腰椎骨折[1-2]。其骨折处应力较为集中,骨折相对不稳定,治疗较为棘手。常见的治疗方式包括保守治疗、前路内固定手术、后路内固定手术等。但其因骨折处应力过于集中、骨质质量差等原因,常出现骨折不愈合、内固定松动、骨折移位等并发症[2-3]。目前尚未见对其采取经皮椎体后凸成形术(percutaneous kyphoplasty,PKP) 治疗的报道。我院对 1 例T9、L1新鲜骨折的强直性脊柱炎患者采取 PKP 治疗,效果良好,现报道如下。

临床资料

患者,男,62 岁,既往发现强直性脊柱炎 30 余年,因滑倒摔伤,臀部着地,致背部疼痛。于外院就诊,摄脊柱 X 线片提示“未见明显骨折”。患者回家卧床休息 3 天无好转,来我院就诊,行 MRI 检查提示 T9、L1新鲜骨折(后柱结构无损伤),于我科住院。详细体检确认疼痛部位和骨折部位基本相符,排除手术禁忌后行 T9、L1PKP。患者术后背痛缓解明显,术后第 2 天摄片提示骨水泥弥散填充良好、无渗漏,遂逐步下床正常生活。术后长期抗骨质疏松治疗。随访至术后 1 年,骨折处无明显疼痛不适,摄片状态良好 (图 1)。CT showed obvious fracture line on the anterior L1vertebral body; e-f:Postoperative X-ray at one year after surgery showed the lesion areas were filled well with bone cement, vertebral body shape and spine curve were good

图1 患者,男,62 岁 a~b:术前 X 线片未见明显骨折征象;c:术前 MRI T2加权像示 T9、L1高信号,提示新鲜骨折;d:术前三维 CT 重建 L1前缘可见明显骨折线;e~f:术后 1 年 X 线片示骨水泥填充良好,椎体形态及局部脊柱弧度良好Fig.1 A 62-year-old male patient a - b:Preoperative X-ray showed no obvious signs of fracture; c:Preoperative MRI T2weighted image showed L1high signal, suggesting fresh fracture; d:Preoperative 3 D

讨 论

强直性脊柱炎患者因脊柱强直无弹性、骨质疏松等原因[4],易发生胸腰椎骨折,其脊柱骨折的发生率约为正常人的 7 倍[5-6]。且脊柱骨折后常发生漏诊或延迟诊断[3],可能需 MRI 或三维 CT 才能明确诊断。保守治疗因骨折端应力集中、不稳定,骨折较难愈合。传统内固定因应力集中、骨质不良,易发生内固定松动、骨折固定失败,可能需延长固定节段或前后路联合固定[7]。其预后较一般患者更差[2]。

对于强直性脊柱炎患者突然出现或加重的脊柱疼痛的诊断,笔者分析有以下注意事项:(1) 警惕骨折的可能性,不能单纯用既往的强直性脊柱炎病史解释,因积累性劳损或轻微外力也可导致脊柱骨折的发生[2,8];(2) 及时行 MRI 或三维 CT 检查,因单纯的 X 线检查漏诊可能性较大[3],有学者报道,强直性脊柱炎发生颈椎骨折的患者中,X 线片有 59.4% 的漏诊率,只有 15.6% 的患者获得了及时的住院治疗[9];(3) 加强对神经功能的关注,对可疑骨折者应进行必要的脊柱制动。因强直性脊柱炎患者发生三柱损伤的可能性较大,可能出现迟发性神经损伤或神经损伤加重[2]。有学者报道,强直性脊柱炎患者的胸椎骨折移位不明显,出现延迟诊断并行保守治疗后出现迟发性硬膜外血肿及神经损伤[10]。另有学者报道,强直性脊柱炎发生颈椎骨折的患者中,最初无神经损伤的患者中有 20%在住院前出现了迟发性神经损伤[9]。

本病例骨折类型为 AO 分型 A1 型,分析其受伤机制,为屈曲压缩性暴力导致。损伤不累及后柱。因其脊柱强直,导致骨折处的微动被放大,从而出现疼痛较无强直性脊柱炎患者更为剧烈持久,且骨折更不易愈合[2]。对于无强直性脊柱炎的 A 型骨折患者可能适合保守治疗,但对于合并强直性脊柱炎的 A 型骨折患者,保守治疗疗效可能相对较差。有学者报道对 11 例强直性脊柱炎患者的胸腰椎骨折采取保守治疗,其中 8 例出现了假关节形成[11]。而 PKP 恰恰可以实现脊柱前、中柱的即刻稳定,早期缓解疼痛,恢复日常生活[12]。椎体成形术 (percutaneous vertebroplasty,PVP) 也可达到类似目的,但其骨水泥渗漏率相对较高。PKP 在球囊撑开的过程中可对骨松质的骨折缝进行压缩填充,并使可用相对黏稠的骨水泥在较低压力下进行注射,从而最大程度降低骨水泥渗漏的风险[13]。

对强直性脊柱炎患者的胸腰椎骨折行 PKP 治疗,笔者分析有以下注意事项:(1) AO 分型 B、C 型骨折合并后方结构明显损伤或三柱严重不稳定,不适合采用 PKP 治疗;(2) 对合并神经损伤的胸腰椎骨折因需减压等原因,不适合采取 PKP 治疗;(3) 对于 A3 型骨折,部分椎管占位较多、椎体后壁破损较为严重的病例不适合采取 PKP治疗;(4) 因骨折处应力一般患者更为集中,PKP 术后应适当限制过早的剧烈运动、脊柱过度扭曲或负重,加强抗骨质疏松治疗[6]。

参 考 文 献

[1] Braun J, Sieper J. Ankylosing spondylitis. Lancet, 2007,369(9570):1379-1390.

[2] Westerveld LA, Verlaan JJ, Oner FC. Spinal fractures in patients with ankylosing spinal disorders:a systematic review of theliterature on treatment, neurological status and complications. Eur Spine J, 2009, 18(2):145-156.

[3] Caron T, Bransford R, Nguyen Q, et al. Spine fractures in patients with ankylosing spinal disorders. Spine, 2010, 35(11):E458-E464.

[4] Klingberg E, Lorentzon M, Mellström D, et al. Osteoporosis in ankylosing spondylitis-prevalence, risk factors and methods of assessment. Arthritis Res Ther, 2012, 14(3):R108.

[5] Philip NS. Epidemiology of osteoporosis and fractures in ankylosing spondylitis. Arthritis Res Ther, 2012, 14(Suppl 2):A17.

[6] Prieto-Alhambra D, Muñoz-Ortego J, De Vries F, et al. Ankylosing spondylitis confers substantially increased risk of clinical spine fractures:a nationwide case-control study. Osteoporos Int, 2015, 26(1):85-91.

[7] Bhattacharyya S, Kim M. Cervical spine fracture associated with ankylosing spondylitis. Neurology, 2014, 83(14):1297.

[8] Ghozlani I, Ghazi M, Nouijai A, et al. Prevalence and risk factors of osteoporosis and vertebral fractures in patients with ankylosing spondylitis. Bone, 2009, 44(5):772-776.

[9] Anwar F, Al-Khayer A, Joseph G, et al. Delayed presentation and diagnosis of cervical spine injuries in long-standing ankylosing spondylitis. Eur Spine J, 2011, 20(3):403-407.

[10] Aoki Y, Yamagata M, Ikeda Y, et al. Failure of conservative treatment for thoracic spine fracture in ankylosing spondylitis:delayed neurological deficit due to spinal epidural hematoma. Mod Rheumatol, 2013, 23(5):1008-1012.

[11] Lu ML, Tsai TT, Lai PL, et al. A retrospective study of treating thoracolumbar spine fractures in ankylosing spondylitis. Eur J Orthop Surg Traumatol, 2014, 24(Suppl 1):S117-123.

[12] Yu CW, Hsieh MK, Chen LH, et al. Percutaneous balloon kyphoplasty for the treatment of vertebral compression fractures. BMC Surg, 2014, 4:3.

[13] Chang X, Lv YF, Chen B, et al. Vertebroplasty versus kyphoplasty in osteoporotic vertebral compression fracture:a metaanalysis of prospective comparative studies. Int Orthop, 2015,39(3):491-500.

(本文编辑:王萌)

Treatment of type A thoracolumbar fracture in a patient with ankylosing spondylitis by percutaneous kyphoplasty: 1 case report

CHEN Lei, JING Jue-hua, TIAN Da-sheng, QIAN Jun, ZHU Bin. Department of Orthopaedics, the second Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui, 230601, PRC

【Abstract】Objective To discuss the treatment of type A thoracolumbar fracture in a patient with ankylosing spondylitis by percutaneous kyphoplasty (PKP). Methods A thoracolumbar fracture of a 62-year-old male patient with ankylosing spondylitis was retrospectively analyzed, including clinical manifestations and imaging data before and after the operation. Related literature was reviewed. Results Back pain was relieved significantly, and the thoracolumar imaging was good postoperatively. Conclusions The risk of thoracolunbar fracture in patients with ankylosing spondylitis is high. Misdiagnosis or delayed diagnosis often occurs. Results of conservative treatment may not be good, while PKP is effective for the treatment of type A thoracolumbar fracture.

【Key words】Spondylitis, ankylosing; Kyphoplasty; Spinal Fractures; Case reports

DOI:10.3969/j.issn.2095-252X.2016.05.016中图分类号:R683

作者单位:230601 合肥,安徽医科大学第二附属医院骨科

收稿日期:(2015-05-27)

猜你喜欢
病例报告脊柱骨折强直性
推拿联合督灸治疗强直性脊柱炎42例经验体会
辛伐他汀致双侧踝关节水肿1例
经皮椎弓根钉治疗胸腰段骨折的效果
1例肺结核合并原位癌的病例报告
不同方法治疗脊柱骨折伴硬脊膜损伤术后脑脊液漏的效果观察
1例癫症合并肢痿病例报告
脊柱骨折应用放射平片与CT的临床诊断价值对照
后路手术内固定对脊柱骨折患者的治疗价值及效果初步研究
中医药治疗脑积水一则
当归拈痛汤加减治疗湿热痹阻型强直性脊柱炎28例
中医研究(2014年2期)2014-03-11 20:28:18