罗林娜,杨 萍,黄 伟
(四川大学华西第四医院重症监护室,四川成都 610041)
◇中药医研究◇
花青素对大鼠肝缺血再灌注损伤的作用及其机制
罗林娜,杨萍,黄伟
(四川大学华西第四医院重症监护室,四川成都610041)
摘要:目的探讨花青素对大鼠肝缺血再灌注损伤的作用及其机制。方法30只SD 大鼠随机分成假手术组、模型组和花青素组。模型组和花青素组采用血管夹闭肝左中叶血管分支90 min再灌注4 h构建肝缺血再灌注模型,花青素组在缺血前90 min腹腔注射花青素(100 mg/kg),模型组腹腔注射等量生理盐水。再灌注4 h后处死大鼠,取肝组织和采集血清。ELISA法检测血清中ALT、AST活性和促炎症因子白介素-6(IL-6)、白介素1β(IL-1β)、肿瘤坏死因子-α(TNF-α)的含量;HE染色观察肝组织病理形态学变化;实时定量PCR法测定IL-6、IL-1β和TNF-α mRNA的水平;硫代巴比妥酸(TBA)法测定丙二醛(MDA)含量;黄嘌呤氧化酶法测定过氧化氢酶(CAT)、谷胱甘肽过氧化物酶(GPx)、超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)活性;Western blot法测定肝组织JAK2、STAT3、p-JAK2、p-STAT3和P53蛋白表达;结果与假手术组相比,模型组ALT、AST活性增高,血清和肝脏中IL-6、IL-1β、TNF-α分泌量和mRNA表达增高,MDA含量增高,p-JAK2、p-STAT3、P53表达增加,肝脏病理改变明显,而CAT、GPx和SOD活性明显降低,JAK2和STAT3表达无明显变化。与模型组相比,花青素组ALT、AST活性降低,血清和肝脏中IL-6、IL-1β、TNF-α分泌量和mRNA表达降低,MDA含量减少,p-JAK2、p-STAT3、P53表达降低,肝脏病理改变减轻,而CAT、GPx和SOD活性明显增加,JAK2和STAT3表达依然无明显变化。结论花青素可通过抑制氧化应激和炎症减轻肝脏缺血再灌注损伤,其机制可能与抑制JAK2/STAT3/P53信号通路的激活有关。
关键词:花青素;肝缺血再灌注损伤;炎症;氧化应激;JAK2/STAT3/P53信号通路
肝缺血再灌注损伤是肝脏供血中断,重新恢复血供导致肝脏损伤加重的临床危症,常好发于心脏体外大循环手术、休克、肝脏切除等,损伤重,预后差。其发病机制复杂,研究表明炎症和氧化应激在肝缺血再灌注损伤中扮演重要角色[1-2]。既往研究显示,JAK2/STAT3/P53信号通路可介导炎症反应和氧化应激[3-4]。花青素(anthocyanin)是一种水溶性的植物色素,既往研究显示花青素可以减轻心脏、脑缺血再灌注损伤[5-6],调节JAK2/STAT3信号途径[7],但其对肝缺血再灌注损伤的作用及其机制尚不清楚。本研究拟用大鼠作为研究对象,探讨花青素对肝缺血再灌注损伤的作用及其机制。
1材料与方法
1.1药物及试剂白介素-6(IL-6)、肿瘤坏死因子-α(TNF-α)、白介素-1β(IL-1β)ELISA试剂盒(Ebioscience, USA);花青素注射液(哈森,中国);β-actin抗体(Abmart,中国);JAK2、p-JAK2、p-STAT3、STAT3、P53抗体(CST, USA);β-actin(Abgent,美国);MDA、CAT、GPx和SOD试剂盒(Abgent,美国)。紫外分光光度计(Thermo fisher),逆转录仪(eppendorf),qPCR仪(BIO-RAD IQ5),显微镜(Olympus BX51)及成像系统(HITMAS-30)。
1.2实验动物的分组和肝缺血再灌注损伤模型的构建SPF级SD大鼠60只,体质量220~250 g,购自并饲养于华西医院实验动物中心(使用证明号:012098)。大鼠随机分为假手术组(n=10)、模型组(n=10)和花青素组(n=40,分为12.5、25、50、100 mL/kg 4个剂量组,每组10只)。模型组和花青素组按文献[8]建立肝脏缺血再灌注模型。花青素组于术前1 h分别给予不同剂量的花青素腹腔注射[8],假手术组和模型组术前给予腹腔注射等量生理盐水;于肝脏恢复血流再灌注后4 h处死大鼠,取肝脏和收集血清。
1.3ELISA检测血清中ALT、AST、IL-6、TNF-α和IL-1水平按照ELISA试剂盒说明书检测血清中ALT、AST、IL-6、TNF-α和IL-1水平。
1.4肝脏病理观察肝脏组织采用100 mL/L中性福尔马林固定,常规脱水浸蜡(Thermo Fisher),石蜡包埋,4 μm切片,脱蜡透明后行HE染色。病理评分标准[9]:0分,没有损伤;1分,肝脏病理表现为轻微损伤,胞质空泡变性和局灶性细胞核固缩;2分,中度至重度损伤,肝脏病理表现为具有广泛的核固缩;3分,肝脏病理表现为肝脏广泛的出血和中性粒细胞浸润解体,乃至严重坏死。
1.5实时定量PCR检测肝脏IL-6、IL-1β和TNF-α mRNA表达取各组肝脏组织50 mg,置入1.5 mL EP管中,利用Trizol法提取总RNA,紫外分光光度计测定RNA含量。采用TaqMan Reverse Transcription Reagents试剂盒,将mRNA反转录成cDNA。取反转录产物采用Power SYBR Green PCR Master Mix试剂盒进行实时定量PCR反应。PCR以β-actin为内参,具体方法参考文献[4]。所用特异性引物为TNF-α:F 5′-GCCTCGTCTCATAGACAAGATGGT-3′,R 5′-
GAAGGCAGCCCTGGTAACC-3′;IL-1β:F 5′-TC-
TCGCCCAGGGAGTGCAAAGAGAG-3′,R 5′-TC-TCGCCCAGGGAACATCTCGAAGCG-3′;IL-6:F 5′-
CTGCAAGAGACTTCCATCCAG-3′,R 5′-AGTG-GTATAGACAGGTCTGTTGG-3′;β-actin:F 5′-AGA-
GGGAAATCGTGCGTGAC-3′,R 5′-CAATAGTG-
ATGACCTGGCCGT-3′。SYBR实时定量PCR法检测TNF-α、IL-6和IL-1β mRNA相对表达基于比较Ct(threshold cycle)值法,每个样本的mRNA含量用各内参β-actin含量进行标准化,用得到的各样本的Ct值按公式2-ΔΔCt计算相对表达量。
1.6MDA的含量和CAT、GPx和SOD活性测定取各组肝脏组织50 mg制备匀浆,硫代巴比妥酸(TBA)法测定MDA的含量,黄嘌呤氧化酶法测定CAT、GPx和SOD的活性。
1.7JAK2、STAT3、p-JAK2、p-STAT3和P53蛋白表达测定各组取50 mg肝脏组织,利用Western blot方法检测各组JAK2、STAT3、p-JAK2、p-STAT3和P53蛋白表达水平,具体方法参考文献[9]。
2结果
2.1花青素减轻肝脏缺血再灌注损伤与假手术组相比,模型组ALT和AST活性升高(P=0.003 12、0.043 77),差异具有统计学意义。花青素组与模型组相比,ALT和AST活性降低(P=0.034 4、0.041;0.021 7、0.018 9;0.037 8、0.025 3;0.012 8、0.045 1),差异具有统计学意义(表1)。表明花青素预处理可以浓度依赖性地减轻肝脏缺血再灌注损伤,其最佳浓度为100 mL/kg。
2.2花青素对血清IL-6、TNF-α 和 IL-1β分泌的影响与假手术组比较,模型组血清中IL-6、TNF-α和IL-1β分泌增加(P=0.000 4,0.000 3,0.000 7),差异具有统计学意义。而花青素组(100 mL/kg)与模型组相比,IL-6、TNF-α和IL-1β分泌明显减少(P=0.045 2,0.023 7,0.039 3),差异具有统计学意义(图1)。
表1花青素对大鼠肝脏缺血再灌注损伤后ALT和AST活性的影响
Tab.1The effect of anthocyanin pretreatment on the activities of ALT and AST
组别例数ALT(U/L)AST(U/L)假手术组1017±39±2模型组10128±12*97±5*花青素组 12.5mL/kg1070±7#62±4# 25mL/kg1055±5#52±3# 50mL/kg1039±3#43±2# 100mL/kg1036±4#39±4#
与假手术组比较,*P<0.05;与模型组比较,#P<0.05。
图1花青素预处理对血清中IL-6、TNF-α、IL-1β分泌的影响
Fig.1 The effect of anthocyanin pretreatment on the secretion of IL-6, TNF-α and IL-1β in serum detected by ELISA
与假手术组比较,**P<0.001;与模型组比较,#P<0.05。
2.3花青素减轻肝脏缺血再灌注损伤后肝脏病理改变假手术组肝细胞形态正常,肝血窦区无充血、肿胀,未见炎性细胞浸润(图2A),其损伤评分为(0.3±0.2)分。模型组肝小叶结构大量破坏,肝细胞广泛聚集、坏死,肝血窦区明显充血肿胀,门管区有大量炎性细胞浸润(图2B),其损伤评分为(3.5±0.5)分,与假手术组相比损伤加重(P=0.000 5)。花青素组(100 mL/kg)肝小叶破坏,肝细胞聚集、坏死,肝血窦区充血肿胀, 门管区炎性细胞浸润明显减少(图2C),其损伤评分为(1.0±0.5)分,与模型组相比损伤减轻(P=0.003 6)。
2.4花青素对肝组织IL-6、TNF-α和IL-1β mRNA表达的影响与假手术组比较,模型组肝组织IL-6、TNF-α和IL-1β mRNA表达增加(P=0.000 2,0.000 6,0.000 5),差异具有统计学意义。而花青素组(100 mL/kg)与模型组相比,IL-6、TNF-α和IL-1β mRNA表达减少(P=0.031 5,0.045 2,0.019 7),差异具有统计学意义(图3)。
图2HE染色观察花青素对大鼠肝脏缺血再灌注损伤后肝脏病理改变的影响
Fig.2 The effect of anthocyanin pretreatment on the changes of hepatic histology (HE, ×200)
A:假手术组;B:模型组;C:花青素组(100 mL/kg)。
图3RT-PCR检测花青素预处理对肝组织IL-6、TNF-α、IL-1β mRNA表达的影响
Fig.3 The effect of anthocyanin pretreatment on the mRNA levels of IL-6, TNF-α and IL-1β detected by RT-PCR
与假手术组比较,**P<0.001;与模型组比较,#P<0.05。
2.5花青素对肝组织MDA含量和CAT、GPx 、SOD活性的影响与假手术组相比,模型组MDA含量明显增高(P=0.000 12),而CAT、GPx和SOD活性降低(P=0.000 3,0.000 7,0.000 9),差异具有统计学意义;花青素组(100 mL/kg)与模型组相比,MDA含量降低(P=0.046),而CAT、GPx和SOD活性增高(P=0.004 3,0.000 6,0.002 4),差异具有统计学意义(表2)。表明花青素预处理可以明显减少脂质过氧化产物的生成、增强抗氧化应激酶的活性。
表2花青素对MDA含量以及CAT、GPx 和SOD活性的影响
Tab.2The effect of anthocyanin on the content of MDA and the activities of CAT, GPx and SOD
组别例数MDA(pg/mL)CAT(pg/mL)GPX(pg/mL)SOD(pg/mL)假手术组10150±50100±15100±20110±10模型组102200±400**40±5**30±5**45±10**花青素组101100±250#75±10##55±10#65±10#
与假手术组比较,**P<0.001;与模型组比较,#P<0.05,##P<0.01。
2.6花青素对JAK2/STAT3信号通路的影响与假手术组相比,模型组p-JAK2和p-STAT3表达增加(P=0.000 2,0.000 5),差异具有统计学意义,而JAK2和STAT3表达无差异(P=0.053 3,0.061 2)。花青素组(100 mL/kg)与模型组相比,p-JAK2和p-STAT3表达降低(P=0.002 3,0.003 6),差异具有统计学意义,JAK2和STAT3表达无差异(P=0.067 3,0.058 1,图4)。提示肝脏缺血再灌注损伤后JAK2/STAT3信号通路明显激活,花青素预处理可抑制JAK2/STAT3信号通路的激活。
2.7花青素对P53信号通路的影响与假手术组相比,模型组P53表达增加(P=0.000 4),差异具有统计学意义;而花青素组(100 mL/kg)与模型组相比,P53表达减少(P=0.036 8),差异具有统计学意义(图5)。提示肝脏缺血再灌注损伤后JAK2/STAT3介导P53信号通路的激活,花青素预处理可抑制该信号通路的激活。
3讨论
肝脏疾病是危害我国人民健康的重大疾病之一,其长病程、难治性以及相对不良的预后,对患者的生存质量造成极大的影响。肝脏缺血再灌注损伤是肝脏手术、肝移植或休克等常见并发症,其诱发的免疫反应以及释放的免疫因子会导致患者肝脏以及肺、肠等远隔脏器功能的损伤,影响术后各器官功能的恢复,最终增加患者的围手术期死亡风险[1-2]。因此,如何能够减轻移植肝脏的缺血再灌注损伤成为临床研究热点之一。最近研究表明,肝脏缺血可导致机体细胞缺氧,从而机体ATP合成减少,引发氧化应激和炎症反应的激活,肝脏恢复血流灌注后,炎症反应和氧化应激进一步加剧,诱发大量肝细胞坏死,进而加剧肝脏损伤[1-2]。因此,削弱炎症反应和氧化应激是减轻肝脏缺血再灌注损伤的有效治疗途径之一。
图4Western blot检测花青素对JAK2、p-JAK2、p-STAT3和STAT3表达的影响
Fig.4 The effect of anthocyanin pretreatment on the expressions of JAK2, p-JAK2, p-STAT3 and STAT3 detected by Western blot
与假手术组比较,**P<0.001;与模型组比较,#P<0.05。
图5Western blot检测花青素对P53表达的影响
Fig.5 The effect of anthocyanin pretreatment on the expression of P53 examined by Western blot
与假手术组比较,**P<0.001;与模型组比较,#P<0.05。
花青素又名花色素,是广泛存在于自然界植物中的水溶性天然色素,属于黄酮类化合物。最近研究发现花青素具有抗炎、抗氧化应激[10]和增强免疫力的作用。而炎症和氧化应激是肝脏缺血再灌注损伤的重要致病机制。
本实验结果显示,花青素预处理可以明显减轻肝脏缺血再灌注损伤后肝功能损害和肝脏组织结构的病理改变。经花青素预处理后促炎症细胞因子TNF-α、IL-6和IL-1β表达和分泌减少,脂质过氧化产物MDA含量减少,而抗氧化应激酶CAT、GPx和SOD活性增加。提示花青素预处理可通过抑制炎症反应和氧化应激减轻肝脏缺血再灌注损伤。JAK2/STAT3/P53信号途径是一经典细胞信号通路,可介导细胞生长、凋亡、分化、代谢等[11-13]。最近研究发现JAK2/STAT3/P53信号通路激活可调节炎症反应和氧化应激[11-13]。研究表明花青素可调节JAK2/STAT3[7]。本实验结果显示,花青素预处理可减少p-JAK2、p-STAT3和P53的表达,但对JAK2和STAT3表达无明显影响。因此,我们推测花青素可通过抑制JAK2/STAT3/P53信号通路的激活抑制炎症反应和氧化应激,减轻肝脏缺血再灌注损伤。但花青素是否还通过其他信号通路减轻肝脏缺血再灌注损伤,尚需进一步研究证实。
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(编辑邱芬)
收稿日期:2015-10-27修回日期:2016-2-29
通讯作者:罗林娜. E-mail: 740297088@qq.com
中图分类号:R575.3
文献标志码:A
DOI:10.7652/jdyxb201604026
The effect and mechanism of anthocyanin on hepatic ischemia reperfusion injury in rats
LUO Lin-na, YANG Ping, HUANG Wei
(Department of Intensive Care Unit, West China Fourth Hospital of Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China)
ABSTRACT:ObjectiveTo investigate the effect and mechanism of anthocyanin on hepatic ischemia reperfusion injury in rats. MethodsTotally 30 SD rats were randomly divided into sham group, model group and anthocyanin group (n=10 in each). Hepatic ischemia was constructed in model group and anthocyanin group by ligating left middle lobe of liver vascular branches for 90 min. Anthocyanin was administered at 90 min before ischemia by intraperitoneal injection at the concentration of 100 mg/kg for rats in anthocyanin group. Rats in model group and sham group were injected with the same dosage of normal saline at the same time. Serum and liver tissues were collected at 4 h after reperfusion by putting the rats to death. The expressions of ALT, AST, IL-6, IL-1β and TNF-α in the serum were examined by ELISA. The pathological changes of liver tissue were evaluated by HE. The mRNA levels of IL-6, IL-1β and TNF-α were measured by RT-PCR. The content of MDA was examined by TBA. The activities of CAT, GPx and SOD were evaluated by xanthine oxidase method and the expression of p-JAK2, p-STAT3, JAK2, STAT3 and P53 were measured by Western blot. ResultsCompared with those in the sham group, the activities of ALT and AST, the expressions of p-JAK2, p-STAT3, P53, IL-6, IL-1β, TNF-α and the content of MDA as well as the pathological changes of the liver in model group were significantly increased. However, the activities of CAT, GPx and SOD in model group were decreased and the expressions of JAK2 and STAT3 between the two groups did not differ. Compared with those in model group, the activities of ALT and AST,the expressions of p-JAK2, p-STAT3, P53, IL-6, IL-1β, TNF-α, the content of MDA and the pathological changes of the liver in anthocyanin group were significantly decreased. But the activities of CAT, GPx and SOD in anthocyanin group were increased and the expressions of JAK2 and STAT3 between the two groups did not differ, either. ConclusionAnthocyanin pretreatment can significantly decrease hepatic ischemia/reperfusion injury by suppressing oxidative stress and inflammation, and the mechanism may be associated with reducing JAK2/STAT3/P53 signaling activation.
KEY WORDS:anthocyanin; hepatic ischemia-reperfusion injury; inflammation; oxidative stress; JAK2/STAT3/P53 signaling
优先出版:http://www.cnki.net/kcms/detail/61.1399.R.20160613.1630.002.html(2016-06-13)