英语小说中定语从句的叙事作用分析
——以《包法利夫人》女主人公的情感发展为主线

2016-06-05 14:20张华
潍坊学院学报 2016年3期
关键词:包法利夫人包法利代词

张华

(潍坊学院,山东 潍坊 261061)

英语小说中定语从句的叙事作用分析
——以《包法利夫人》女主人公的情感发展为主线

张华

(潍坊学院,山东 潍坊 261061)

本文采用语料库的研究方法,试图揭示英文小说语篇中定语或关系从句使用的叙事功能及倾向。通过分析小说语篇中定语从句特定类型的分布模式及出现频率,检验定语从句语法结构与出现频率与其叙事功能之间的关系。以先行研究为基础,考察了关系从句的语义、语法、句法功能特征,并以福楼拜的小说《包法利夫人》为分析对象,建立语料库,对其中实际使用的关系从句类型以及使用倾向性进行研究。结果显示关系从句以及某特定类型的使用频率在此小说中起到了描写与叙述女主人公情感逐渐堕落的作用。

关系从句;包法利夫人;语篇功能视角

引言

英语关系或定语从句,作为一种后置修饰语,是修饰出现于其前的一个名词或代词的从句,它在整个句子中起形容词的作用。由于关系从句在多种语言当中存在的普遍性、其在日常生活中的频繁应用以及独特的句法特征,导致长时间以来,英语关系从句的研究在语言学和心理语言学的研究中一直占有重要地位。

按照不同的角度,定语从句可以分为不同的类型。根据功能来划分,定语从句可以分为限制性(RRC)和非限制性(NRRC)两大类。限制性定语从句对先行词(被修饰词)进行限制范围式的修饰,如果失去该定语从句,那么先行词的范围就会模糊不清。如:The girl who is dancing with your brother is very pretty.非限制性定语从句主要功能是对先行词进行补充说明,而不是限定指代范围。如:My mother,who has six children, has never been to school.从形式上看,非限制性定语从句需要通过逗号将从句与主句分开;从内容上来看,非限制性定语从句所表达的只是先行词的一项额外信息,提供额外信息量而已。

如果按照关系代词出现的位置可以把定语从句分成四类:subject-position、object-position、possessive(genitive)-position以及object of preposition(oblique)-position。根据先行词与关系代词的语法角色,定语从句可以分为下列类型:subject-subject(SS)、subject-object(SO)、object-object(OO)以及 object-subject(OS)。以上各分类是出于研究定语从句的习得而设立,由此产生了很多关于定语从句习得的各种假设,在此不再赘述。

本文主要试图揭示英文小说语篇中定语或关系从句使用的叙事功能及倾向。首选分析小说语篇中定语从句特定类型的分布模式及出现频率,检验定语从句语法结构与出现频率与其叙事功能之间的关系。为了分析定语从句的分布模式以及叙事功能,本文选取福楼拜的小说《包法利夫人》。该小说描写的是一位小资产阶级妇女,因为不满足平庸无趣的生活而自甘堕落的过程。主人公爱玛为了追求浪漫和优雅的生活而逐渐堕落与人通奸,最终因为负债累累无力偿还而身败名裂,服毒自杀。作者用细腻的笔触描写了主人公情感堕落的过程。在此过程中,定语从句的使用及选择起到了描写与叙述女主人公情感逐渐堕落的作用。

一、语篇中定语从句叙事作用纵览

小说《包法利夫人》中,定语从句使用特点如下:1.根据Kim(2011),定语从句在英语新闻语篇中主要以OS型为主,关系代词主要出现在主语位置上,而且RRC(限定性定语从句)的使用频率要大于NRRC(非限定性定语从句);2.在宾语位置上,关系代词经常被省略,这不论在语法上还是在语篇上都是可能的;3.在所有格位置上出现的关系代词主要是whose;4.关系从句中,表示地点的关系副词主要是where。如果使用that,that一般会出现在分裂句中,其焦点放在先行词名词短语或介词短语上;5.在表示方式的定语从句中,the way后的关系副词how需要在语法上被省略。在英文句子中,如果how不被省略,句子不合乎语法;6.句子末尾定语从句的使用频率要大于在句中的出现频率。

在小说《包法利夫人》中,作者通过使用关系从句来详细阐述小说中人物的感情发展,并从女主人公的视角来描述特定场合的细节。笔者认为,通常一部小说不会过多关注于向读者介绍或描述细节信息或知识,而是关注于人物与人物之间的关系是如何错综复杂的。这就是为什么在小说中关系从句能得到广泛使用,它作为一种语法手段,对其先行词进行限定或修饰,并要求读者付出更多的认知能力对其进行认知加工。

另外,作者使用RRC来对先行词进行限定,它通常出现在细节描述的中间,以此来引导读者感受作品中人物的情感、感情的渐进发展。在小说中,作为一种镜像,作者经常使用RRC来栩栩如生地描述人物的内心世界。

在宾语位置上的关系代词省略可以起到更好的衔接句子的作用,并使读者能够更加专注于所限定描写的先行词。因为关系从句的使用通常导致句子长度的增加达到描述或者限定的目的,当故事情节需要以快速或者紧急的方式来处理的时候,或者当简单的场景描述就已满足时,关系从句的使用频率就会很低。

在《包法利夫人》中,笔者集取了102个关系从句。在下面分析中,笔者用了其中52个定语从句来作为分析材料,另外50个句子只是出现在数据统计中。

表1 关系从句出现频率的最终数据统计表

二、《包法利夫人》中定语从句情感描述功能的分解

(一)艾玛的极端无聊与其常规环境描述

Excerpt 1 From time to time he would shoot a jet of brown saliva against the curbstone and raise his knee to lift the instrument,1whose hard strap made his shoulderhurt;and the music,something plaintive under a complicated cooper grille.It consisted of melodies 2that were heard in otherplaces,3thatwere played in theaters,4#sung in drawing rooms,5#danced to at night beneath lighted chandeliers echoes of the world,6which were now reaching Emma’s ears.

But it was especially at mealtime 7that she felt she could bear her life no longer,in that little room on the ground floor with its smoking stove,squeaking door,sweating walls and damp stone floor.

表2 Excerpt 1中描写段落中的定语从句出现频率分析

在所有格位置上出现的第一个关系代词表明先行词the instrument拟人化了。此定语从句出现于句子末尾,它携载了关于主语的额外信息,能够使读者更加聚焦于所描述的对象。从第二个定语从句到第五个都是限定性定语从句RRC用来修饰先行词melodies,整个句子以which引导的非限定性定语从句结束,它使读者的思想流汇聚于一点:艾玛与其无聊的生活。第七个定语从句以that引导,是以it引导的分裂句,其中介词短语at mealtimes被强调。

(二)女主人公对赖昂迷恋的详细叙述

Excerpt 2 She was wearing a little blue silk scarf 8which held her pleated batiste collar as stiff as a ruff;….They entered into one of those vague conversations 9in which every topic leads back to a fixed centre of mutual attraction.…They could glimpse the topsof treesand beyond them,the grasslands half smothered in the mist 10that was rising along the river in the moonlight.…Mattresses on chairs and basins on the floor,the two men 11who had carried in thefurniture had left everything there in disorder.She now felt the same dull depression,the same num despair 12that she had felt after her return.She could not take her eyes from the carpet 13# he had walked on,they empty chairs 14# he had sat in.And those wonderful afternoons 15# they had spent alone together.

表3 Excerpt 2中描写段落中定语从句出现频率分析

前三个定语从句全是限定性定语从句RRC,作者通过此定语从句来修饰周围的对象或者状况。但是,在此读者的认知语言加工从句子开始进行直至句子结束,它使读者更加关注于两个主要人物的地位。这两个主要人物在定语从句11中又得到了进一步修饰。从句子13到15,显著点是这几个定语从句都是从女主人公的视角来描述事件的象征意义。笔者认为,省略的定语从句能够加速读者的阅读速度,从而增强文章的连贯性。

(三)女主人公对诱惑无助的叙述

Excerpt 3 and she could even smell the fragrance of the pomade 16that made his hair glisten.She suddenly felt the languid;she recalled the viscount 17who had waltzed with her and 18whose beard had given offthe same order ofvanilla.…It was in that yellow carriage 19that Leon had often come back to her,and it was along that road 20that he had left her forever.

表4 Excerpt 3中描写段落中定语从句出现频率分析

Excerpt 3中出现的定语从句用来从女主人公的视角描述其思想状态。通过列举她心目中自称的情人鲁道夫与她所喜欢的大众流行小说中人物角色所共享的某些方面,并使读者想起其所钟爱的赖昂,此片段中所使用的定语从句把更多的注意力放在了她对于婚外恋情的追求,并已失去理智。

(四)女主人公对恋情的幻觉描述

Excerpt 4 At last she was going to possess the joys of love,that fever of happiness 21#she had despaired of ever knowing.She was entering a marvelous realm 22in which everything would be passion;she was surrounded by summits of intense feeling 23#sparked before her eyes.

She remembered the heroines of novels 24# she had read,and the lyrical legion of those 25# adulterouswomen began to sing with sisterly voice 26that enchanted her.…By placing herself in the category of those amorous women 27#she had envied so much.

表5 Excerpt 4中描写段落中定语从句出现频率分析

此选段显示了女主人公对赢得恋情是多么的兴奋,并通过幻想来构造了一个甜蜜的梦境。笔者认为省略型定语从句的使用加强了描述的生动效果。同时,定语从句的省略与使用有助于使叙事话语多样化,使故事情节更加生动,更能描述女主人公细腻的内心世界。

(五)对于当时医学实践与医务人员的嘲笑

Excerpt 5 Then,with no considerations for Hippolyte,28who was sweating between his sheets, the two gentlemen launched into a conversation 29in which the apothecary compared the cool-heartedness.…He talked at length about the demanding nature of his profession,30which he regarded as a sacred mission,…He inspected the bandages 31#Homais had brought,the same ones 32that had happened…The apothecary stayed with Artemise and Madame Lefrancois,33who were both whiter than their aprons.

表6 Excerpt 5中描写段落中的定语从句出现频率分析

此段落显示可怜无知的希波利特的断腿却成了医生的试验品。笔者认为在此定语从句被用来描述可怜绝望的希波利特与漫不经心的药剂师及凯维尼特之间的对比。从句与主句在所传递的信息方面具有明显的对比差异。

(六)对女主人公为克服失去情人的精神挣扎的细节描述

Excerpt 6 This great embalmed love gave off a fragrance 34which seeped through everything and perfumed with tenderness the immaculate atmosphere 35in which she was striving to live.…In the same sweet words 36#she had formerly murmured to her love in the ordor of adultery.…And she would stand up with aching limbs and avague feeling 37that she has been taken in,…she likened herself to those great ladies of the past 38whose glory she had dreamed of… and 39who,had withdrawn into solitude to shed the tears of a heart 40#wounded by life.

表7 Excerpt 6中描写段落中定语从句出现频率分析

此选段中最显著的关系代词是关系从句37中的that,它作为介词短语in的宾语出现在宾语位置。That所引导的关系从句被用来修饰主句she would stand up with所携带的对象的信息。很明显,主句与从句具有明显的时间差。

(七)对绝望与心醉神迷之死的描述

Excerpt 7 On the sewing table,41which had been covered….And her poor hands were moving feebly over the sheets in that appalling gesture of the dying,42who seem to be trying to cover themselves with their shrouds….The most ardent kiss of love 43# she had ever given.…First her eyes,44which had so fiercely coveted all earthly luxury…Then her lips,45 which had opened to speak lies,….Then her hands 46which had taken such pleasure in sensuous contacts.

表8 Excerpt 7中描写段落中的定语从句出现频率分析

此段落中的非限定性定语从句使读者的思想意识流从以前的信息过渡到关系代词后的信息,读者缓慢地沉入到死亡的整个过程中。通过描述女主人公向死亡挥手的每一方面,读者一个句子一个句子的阅读,可以渐渐达到情节的高潮,如同读者亲临现场,见证女主人公的死亡一般。

(八)从第三人称对查理愚蠢的描述

Excerpt 8 She was UI and loving,inwardly rejoicing at having recaptured his affection, 47which had eluded her for so many years…48 who had roamed the woods.…But there was someone else 49who was not asleep.…Charles was not by nature one of those 50who go to the root of things.…Certainly every man 51who saw her had desired her.…Furious desire for her 52 which inflamed his desire and had no limits for now it could never satisfied.

表9 Excerpt 8中描写段落中的定语从句出现频率分析

通过非限定性定语从句RRC,笔者获得了之前未曾获得的信息,在此,定语从句也使读者的期望中断。在本段落第一和第二个非限定性定语从句中,读者惊奇的发现女主人公亲密的朋友看似关心爱护她,其实对于她的死亡漠不关心。

结语

本研究主要目的是想显示英文小说语篇中定语从句的使用与其在语篇中的叙事功能具有明显的相关性。在小说《包法利夫人》中,作者通过使用关系从句来详细阐述小说人物的感情发展,并从女主人公的视角来描述特定场合的细节。福楼拜经常使用限定性RRC来对先行词进行限定,以此引导读者感受作品中人物的情感、感情的渐进发展。作为一种镜像,定语从句用来栩栩如生地描述人物的内心世界。同时,因为关系从句的使用会导致句子长度的增加,当故事情节需要以快速方式进行时,或者当简单的场景描述就足以满足读者的需要时,关系从句的使用频率就会很低。小说中定语从句的叙事功能阐释为我们理解定语从句的使用与模式提供了深刻的洞察力。

[1]Cele-Murcia,M.and Larsen-Freeman,D.(1999).The Grammar Book:An ESL/EFL teacher’s course.Mass:Heinle& Heinle.

[2]Keenan,E.and Comrie,B.(2007)Noun phrase accessibility and universal grammar.Linguistic Inquiry 8:63-99.

[3]Kim Kyungyul,(2011).A cognitive functionalaccountfor relative clauses in discourse.,53(2):15-31.

[4]Kuno,S.(1974).The position of relative clauses and conjunctions.Linguistic Inquiry 8(1):63-99.

[5]Yule,G.(1998).Explaining English grammar.Oxford:Oxford University Press.

责任编辑:陈冬梅

I106

A

1671-4288(2016)03-0025-04

2016-04-02

张 华(1983-),男,山东潍坊人,潍坊学院外国语学院讲师,韩国江原大学语言学博士。研究方向:功能语言学、古代英语、文体学以及英美文学等。

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