把握写作意图，理清观点态度

籍万杰

每一篇文章作者都有自己的写作目的，且在写作中通过文字传达自己的看法。对此，高考阅读理解设计的题目就是写作意图、观点和态度题。该类题目属于主观性较强的深层次阅读理解题，要求考生在复杂的语境条件下把握作者的思路，探寻作者隐藏的思想及真正的写作意图。

[题型特点与设题方式]

作者的写作意图、观点和态度渗透在文章的字里行间，有时可能比较明显，有时则可能比较含蓄、隐晦，需要仔细揣摩才能得出。常见的提问方式有：

1. Whats the writers /authors attitude towards ...？

2. The writer/author tries to tell us .

3. The writers/authors tone would be best described as .

4. What is the main purpose of the passage？

5. What is the authors opinion on ...？

6. Which of the following words can best describe the authors feeling in writing this passage？

写作意图和观点、态度题主要考查考生根据文章内容推测作者的写作意图和情感倾向的能力。考生要想把握作者的写作意图，就应当结合文章的体裁，关注主题句，全面理解文章的内容及中心思想。

作者的情感倾向往往隐含在文章的字里行间，或流露于修饰性的词语之中。因此，考生在推断过程中，应特别注意文中作者的措辞，描写环境气氛的语言以及表达作者情感、态度或观点的词语，结合相关背景知识进行推理。

结合案例，我们来看看写作意图题和观点态度题的解题技巧：

1. 写作意图题

该题型要求考生根据文章的论述，推测作者的写作意图或运用某种写作手法的目的。作者一般不直接陈述自己的意图，而是通过文章所提供的事实和形象，使读者自发地信服某种想法或意见。这种题型要求考生不但能理解文章的内容，同时还要知悉作者的写作手法，具备对作者阐述的问题的分析、归纳和总结的能力。

例1 （2015重庆卷） In ancient Egypt， a shopkeeper discovered that he could attract customers to his shop simply by making changes to its environment. Modern businesses have been following his lead， with more tactics （策略）.

One tactic involves where to display the goods. For example， stores place fruits and vegetables in the first section. They know that customers who buy the healthy food first will feel happy so that they will buy more junk food （垃圾食品） later in their trip. In department stores， the womens shoe section is generally next to the womens cosmetics （化妆品） section：while the shop assistant is going back to find the right size shoe， bored customers are likely to wander over and find some cosmetics they might want to try later.

Besides， businesses seek to appeal to customers senses. Stores notice that the smell of baked goods encourages shopping， so they make their own bread each morning and then fan the bread smell into the store throughout the day. Music sells goods， too. Researchers in Britain found that when French music was played， sales of French wines went up.

When it comes to the selling of houses， businesses also use highly rewarding tactics. They find that customers make decisions in the first few seconds upon walking in the door， and turn it into a business opportunity. A California builder designed the structure of its houses smartly. When entering the house， the customer would see the Pacific Ocean through the windows， and then the pool through an open stairway leading to the lower level. The instant view of water on both levels helped sell these $10 million houses.

43. What is the main purpose of the passage？

A. To explain how businesses turn people into their customers.

B. To introduce how businesses have grown from the past.

C. To report researches on customer behavior.

D. To show dishonest business practices.

解析 A。作者写作意图题。本文是一篇说明文，文章的第一段就点明了主题。文章主要介绍的是商家是通过哪些手段把人们变成顾客的。因此选择A项。文中虽然提到了古埃及，但并不是介绍商品是如何从过去发展而来的，因此B项不对；文章主要聚焦在商家的一些做法上，因此C项有误；D项的dishonest一词与全文的基调不一致，文章只是客观介绍，并没有表明或者暗示商家不诚实。

点拨 不同体裁的文章的写作目的不同。故事类记叙文的目的通常是娱乐读者（to entertain）；广告类应用文的目的一般是推销产品或服务（to persuade）；议论文的目的是要阐述论点（to argue）；科普、文化类说明文的目的大多是介绍知识，帮助大家广闻博见（to inform）。

2. 观点态度题

所谓作者的观点和态度，就是表达作者对某个话题、行为、事件的看法、感觉或判断。作者的观点和态度一般分为三大类：支持、赞同、乐观，客观、中立，反对、批评、怀疑、悲观。作者的思想倾向和感情色彩往往隐含在文章的字里行间，或流露于修饰的词语之中。因此，在推断过程中，应特别注意文中作者的措辞，尤其是表达感情色彩的形容词或副词。例如：

积极/肯定 approving赞许的，optimistic乐观的，sympathetic同情的，positive积极的，enthusiastic热烈的，有积极性的，favorable赞成的、有利的，supportive支持的；

消极/否定 negative否定的、消极的、反面的，pessimistic悲观的，critical持批评态度的，depressing令人沮丧的，disappointing令人失望的，doubtful怀疑的，opposing反对的，scared惊恐的，panick恐慌，suspicious怀疑的，disapproval不赞成；

中性 objective客观的，neutral中立的，reserved有保留的，impartial公平的、不偏不倚的；

其他 amazed惊奇的，puzzled迷惑的，ambiguous模棱两可的，indifferent漠不关心的，subjective主观的，arbitrary武断的，cautiously谨慎地，radical激进的。

解题时应注意：

1. 理解文章，合理推断，切不可凭借以往的经验妄下判断。

2. 找文中带有感情色彩的名词、动词、形容词、副词，根据作者用词的褒贬来判断作者的态度。文章中有时会出现带有感情色彩的词语，根据这些词语往往能够推断出作者的观点或态度。一般来讲，如果文中出现的褒义词比较多，那么作者的观点或态度往往是正面或积极的；如果文中出现的贬义词较多，那么作者的观点或态度往往是负面或消极的；如果文中没有出现多少表示褒贬的词语，通篇使用的都是中性词汇，那么作者的观点或态度往往就是中立的。

3. 根据作者举的例子判断。作者在文章中常会通过举例来论证观点，因此结合例子的内容往往可以推断出作者所持的观点或态度。

例2 （2015北京卷） Technological change is everywhere and affects every aspect of life， mostly for the better. However， social changes that are brought about by new technology are often mistaken for a change in attitudes.

An example at hand is the involvement of parents in the lives of their children who are attending college. Surveys （调查） on this topic suggest that parents today continue to be “very” or “somewhat” overly-protective even after their children move into college dormitories. The same surveys also indicate that the rate of parental involvement is greater today than it was a generation ago. This is usually interpreted as a sign that todays parents are trying to manage their childrens lives past the point where this behavior is appropriate.

However， greater parental involvement does not necessarily indicate that parents are failing to let go of their “adult” children.

In the context （背景） of this discussion， it seems valuable to first find out the cause of change in the case of parents involvement with their grown children. If parents of earlier generations had wanted to be in touch with their college-age children frequently， would this have been possible？ Probably not. On the other hand， does the possibility of frequent communication today mean that the urge to do so wasnt present a generation ago？ Many studies show that older parents—todays grandparents—would have called their children more often if the means and cost of doing so had not been a barrier.

Furthermore， studies show that finances are the most frequent subject of communication between parents and their college children. The fact that college students are financially dependent on their parents is nothing new； nor are requests for more money to be sent from home. This phenomenon is neither good nor bad； it is a fact of college life， today and in the past.

Thanks to the advanced technology， we live in an age of bettered communication. This has many implications well beyond the role that parents seem to play in the lives of their children who have left for college. But it is useful to bear in mind that all such changes come from the technology and not some imagined desire by parents to keep their children under their wings.

68. The writer believes that .

A. parents today are more protective than those in the past

B. the disadvantages of new technology outweigh its advantages

C. technology explains greater parental involvement with their children

D. parents changed attitudes lead to college childrens delayed independence

解析 C。文章第一段就点出了全文的主旨：科技带来的社会变化往往被误解为人们态度的变化。在第三段中作者指出调查的结果并不一定表明家长对孩子不放手，在接下来的一段作者论述了出现这种结果的一个原因是科技的发展让父母对子女生活的介入更方便了。最后一段再次强调了科技在父母更多地参与子女生活上所起的作用，故C项正确。

点拨 考生在解答作者观点、态度及写作意图题时往往易犯主观臆断、凭空想象、随意揣测、以自己的观点代替作者的观点等方面的错误。为避免以上情形，我们应该明了：

1. 对于新闻报道，作者往往持中立态度。而对于议论文，作者的态度要么支持，要么反对，带中立色彩的选项往往是错误的。同时，绝对化或感情过于强烈的表达也应排除；

2. 要注意区分考查的是作者的态度还是作者引用的别人的观点；

3. 当作者的态度没有明确提出时，要学会根据作者在文章中所运用的具有褒贬含义的词语来判断作者的态度；

4. 注意辨认哪些是事实，哪些是观点，在此基础上将上下文联系起来分析，最后确认文章所陈述的内容中到底哪些代表了作者的观点。