刘运光
摘 要:非谓语动词中的分词(短语)向来是历届高考语言基础知识命题的一个热点,纵观近三年全国卷以及各省市的命题,其中考查过去分词和现在分词作状语、后置定语和宾语补足语的考题非常多,尤其侧重考查了分词做后置定语和状语的用法。
关键词:高考;分词短语;考点剖析;精炼
中图分类号:G633.41 文献标识码: A 文章编号:1992-7711(2016)10-074-01
本文着重从分词短语作状语、定语和宾语补足语的用法进行剖析
一、考查分词作状语用法
考例①【2015·天津单选5】. ______ (absorb)in painting, John didnt notice evening approaching.
考例② 【2015·天津单选8】. ______ (work)for two days, Steve managed to finish his report on schedule.
考例③[14湖南单选27]. There is no greater pleasure than lying on my back in the middle of the grassland, _____ (stare) at the night sky.
【分析】考例①答案为Absorbed .此题考查过去分词短语作状语,意义上相当于状语从句As he was absorbed in painting,考例②答案为Having worked ,相当于状语从句After he had worked for two days;考例③ 答案为staring.作伴随状语。
分词短语作状语时,可表示时间、条件、原因、让步、伴随或是结果等情况,
Eg. ①. Children,when accompanied by their parents, are allowed to enter the stadium. [14湖南单选21]. 表示时间
②If asked to look after luggage for someone else, inform the police at once. 【2013江西单选34】. 表示条件
③Finding the course very difficult, she decided to move to a lower level. 【2013北京单选24.】
表示原因④The sun began to rise in the sky, bathing the mountain in golden light. 【2013湖南单选25.】表示伴随情况
很多情况下分词短语作状语时,相当于一个状语从句(伴随和结果状语除外)。现在分词短语作状语时,分词所表动作与句子主语有逻辑上的主谓关系,而过去分词短语作状语时,与句子的主语存在逻辑上的被动关系或称之为动宾关系。如例1中的accompanied 与句子主语Children 为被动关系;例2中的asked与句子主语you(祈使句you省略)有主谓关系;例3中的Finding 与句子主语she之间为主谓关系。
二、考查分词作后置定语用法
考例①(2015新课标卷2 语法填空41) The adobe dwellings ______ (build) by the Pueblo Indians of the American Southeast are admired by…
考例②(2015新课标卷1语法填空68) A study of travelers _______ (conduct) by the Website TripAdvisor …
考例③(2015新课标卷1语法填空70) a travel company in Hong Kong ,says it regularly arrange qucik getways here for people _______ (live) in Shanghai and Hong Kong.
【分析】:考例①答案为built,此题考查过去分词短语作后置定语,相当于which was built by …一定语从句。考例②答案为conducted,此题也考查现在分词短语作后置定语,相当于定语从句which was conducted by the Website…考例③答案为living考查现在分词短语作后置定语,相当于定语从句who live in Shanghai and Hong Kong.
分词作定语通常分为前置定语和后置定语,一般单个的分词放在被修饰名称的前面也即前置定语,现在分词作前置定语时通常表示事物的属性,过去分词作前置定语时则表示“完成”的动作,同时也含被动之义。
三、考查分词做宾语补足语用法
考例① 【2015·陕西单选18】Back from his two-year medical service in Africa, Dr. Lee was very happy to see his mother ______ (take)good care of at home.
考例② [14四川单选5] The manager was satisfied to see many new products ______ (develop)after great effort.
【分析】考例①答案为taken , 考例②答案为developed ,均考查过去分词作宾补的用法,宾语与宾补间存在逻辑上的被动关系或称之为动宾关系。
分词短语充当宾语补足语通常见于基本句型“主语+谓语+宾语+宾语补足语”句型中。在这一结构中, 谓语主要是一些感官动词(feel, hear, listen to, see, watch, look at, observe, notice, find)和使役动词(get, have, make, keep, leave)。现在分词短语作宾语补足语时,宾语与宾补间有逻辑上的主谓关系,而过去分词和它前面的宾语构成逻辑上的被动关系或称动宾关系(如果这种句子改为被动语态,原来的宾语补足语变成了主语补足语。)
【巩固训练】运用括号内的提升词的正确形式填空(每空不多于3个字)
1. 【2013北京单选29】When we saw the road (block) with snow, we decided to spend the holiday at home.
2. Michael put up a picture of Yao Ming beside the bed to keep himself ________ (remind)of his own dreams. (2011·重庆卷33)
【分析】例1答案为blocked ,句中saw为 感官动词,其后的宾语road 与宾补间为被动关系,故用过去分词blocked;例2答案为reminded ,句中keep为 使役动词动词,其后的宾语himself 与宾补间为被动关系,故用过去分词;例3答案为wind ,句中notice为 使感官动词,其后的宾语a snake与宾补间为主动关系,故用过去现在分词。