胡菊英 姜红霞
高考在即,同学们正在进行紧张而忙碌的复习备考。为了使复习有的放矢,笔者将带领同学们回顾一下平时在写作训练中常犯的错误,以便同学们能在有限的时间内针对自己的误区进行强化训练,做到“扬长避短”,让自己的作文“亮”起来。
下面我以2015年新课标Ⅰ卷的书面表达为例:
假定你是李华,你校英文报“外国文化”栏目拟刊登介绍美国节日风俗和中同学生活的短文。请给美国朋友彼得写信约稿,要点如下:
1. 栏目介绍;
2. 稿件内容;
3. 稿件长度:约400词汇;
4. 交稿日期:6月28日前。
注意:
1. 词数100左右;
2. 可以适当增加细节,以使行文连贯;
3. 开头语已为你写好。
Dear Peter,
Id like to ask you to write an article for our schools English newspaper.
_________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
Yours,
Li Hua
同学们常犯的典型错误主要来自以下方面:
词汇错误
1. 单词拼写错误
单词拼写错误率极高,许多同学甚至出现很低级的错误,如: foringer(foreigner),litter(little),prefer(prefer),intresting(interesting),ourself(ourselves),agaist(against),beared(born),writed(wrote)等。
2. 词语搭配不当或用词不准确
很多同学们对常用短语、习惯表达法掌握得不够,导致搭配不当,或是绞尽脑汁去回忆一个不熟悉的词,但记不起来,最后只好胡乱找个词代替,出现用词不准的现象。如:“栏目”一词很多同学用area,part,program而非section,column。又如:
(错误句) Please write some traditional festivals to larger our horizons.
(修改句) Please write about some traditional festivals to enlarge/broaden our horizons.
对策 冲刺阶段应熟记高频单词、固定搭配,有意识地避免出现如上文所述的低级错误。考试时在运用某个单词或者短语时,慎重考虑这个单词或短语与其他内容是否搭配。
语法错误
1. 时态错误
大部分同学们在首段能使用正确的时态,但段中就开始出错,或者前半句时态正确,后半句时态就错了。这部分同学对各种时态的用法还不是很清楚,不能做到整篇文章时态基本一致。如:
(错误句) Your article will be put on the part of Foreign Culture, which aimed to introduce many other countries culture.
(修改句) Your article will be put on the part of Foreign Culture, which aims/is aimed to introduce many other countries culture.
又如:
(错误句) Therefore, Id appreciate it if you wrote articles for our newspaper.
(修改句) Therefore, Id appreciate it if you could write articles for our newspaper.
2. 语态错误
很多同学们在不及物动词上误用被动语态,把不规则动词的过去分词写错,或该用被动语态的地方没有用被动语态。如:
(错误句) If your article is written well, it will be appeared in the newspaper.
(修改句) If your article is well written, it will be selected in the newspaper.
又如:
(错误句) Keep in mind that the articles suppose to be around 400 words.
(修改句) Keep in mind that the articles are supposed to be around 400 words.
3. 句子结构错误
很多时候受中文思维影响,同学们写出的很多句子结构不完整,甚至出现句首的短语与句子后半部分的逻辑关系混乱不清的情况。如:
(错误句) There are many foreign friends write about the cultures of their home countries in our newspaper.
(修改句) There are many foreign friends who write about the cultures of their home countries in our newspaper.
或There are many foreign friends writing about the cultures of their home countries in our newspaper.
又如:
(错误句)First of all, the article must about the USAs Festival and students life, you can write the students study behavior.
(修改句) First of all, the article must be about the USAs Festivals and students life, and you can write about the students study behavior as well.
4. 句式结构单一,无连接词或过渡词
很多同学们写作时习惯于逐条翻译,没有写复合句的意识或能力,因此文中缺乏结构复杂的高级句式。如:
(不妥句) We have a column named “Foreign Culture”. Its used to introduce Americas customs and students daily life.
(修改句) We have a column named “Foreign Culture”, which is intended to introduce Americas customs and students daily life.
对策 (1)同学们要弄清写作中常用到的几种基本时态,近几年全国卷主要考查书信,一般交叉使用现在时态、过去时态和将来时态;
(2)有意识地进行主/被动语态的转换练习;
(3)掌握五种基本的简单句句型和there be句型;
(4)学会恰当使用连接词、同位语、非谓语动词对结构单一的句子进行合并,逐步掌握复杂句式;
(5)通过翻译句子、改错、改写、转换句型等方式将各种句子结构熟练掌握,应用自如;
(6)要关注句子结构上的完整性。
对“适当增加细节”把握不准
近几年高考书面表达提供的要点较简洁,很多同学逐条翻译后发现字数太少,随意添加无关句子凑字数,导致文章读起来不连贯;也有同学增加了过多的细节,导致文章语言啰嗦,详略不当,影响了更重要的内容的表达。
做到“适当增加细节”需要技巧,同学们要在平时的训练中慢慢领会,不断尝试去改进。如:
简单介绍栏目后,很多学生直接向Peter提出请求:I want you to write about how Americans spend their festivals and the life of American students.
这样开门见山,直接提出约稿的要求可行,但是过于简洁,且语气生硬,没有Would you please write something about the culture in your part of the United States?这一句委婉、礼貌。
有部分同学增加了几个细节,如:
Because you are an American, there is no doubt that you can make it.
Because you are familiar with them, its certain that you can teach us a great amount of knowledge about it. Because of you, we can know more about American culture. So I hope you can write articles for us.
这些同学也考虑到了句子之间的因果关系,知道要为约稿事宜做些铺垫,但是增加的细节过多,给阅卷老师留下语言表达啰嗦、同样的句式重复使用的印象而影响得分。
也有部分同学灵活地适当增加了一两句话:
Considering you are good at writing and you always dream of becoming a writer, I think its a good opportunity for you to write for our newspaper. (运用非谓语动词)
还有同学增加了一句:By doing so, not only can you improve your writing skills but also you can become popular in China. (运用倒装句)
通过以上的比较,同学们不难看出,适当增加一至两句话,不但使句式结构显得更高档,而且使约稿一事显得自然、合情合理。
对策 同学们要牢记“适当增加细节”的目的是使行文连贯、流畅,所以一般只用增加一至两句话,不能无限发挥而影响了重要内容的表达,给阅卷老师留下语言不简练、行文繁杂的感觉。
在写作时同学们应该在认真审题后归纳出内容要点,列出提纲,理清各个要点之间的逻辑关系,酝酿一下怎样过渡、怎样设铺垫及怎样体现逻辑关系。平时还要多读些美文以培养和保持良好的语感,在欣赏中逐渐学会写作技巧。
书写随意,卷面不整
书写是一篇文章的“外包装”,是影响得分的一个重要因素。高考阅卷实行网上阅卷以后,书写方面的不足在电脑屏幕上无形中被扩大了。有的文章不用细读,快速浏览一遍,根据书写就可以基本定位在较低档次。这类文章常见问题有:
1. 小错不断、标点随意、大小写不分。有些同学对书写规则不够重视,出现了很多可以避免的小错,造成了不必要的失分。
2. 涂改过多、卷面太满,影响美观。
3. 字数太少,明显可见表达能力不足。
4. 不够自信,落笔轻飘潦草。
对策 书写中的一些问题往往是习惯造成的,很难一下子纠正,但只要有决心,在老师的帮助下反复打磨还是能够得到改善。
首先,学会布局,书写时四面留空,整体上给人正规、大方的感觉;
其次,字体不宜太小或太大,即使不能保证写得漂亮,至少要写得端正、清楚;
再次,必须注意中英文书写方面的差别,特别要注意首字母和一些专用名词的大写;
万一写错了不能擦除,切记不能涂抹,建议加用小括号,不要划横线,以保证卷面的整洁;
最后,切忌乱用标点符号,只要加以注意,标点符号的问题是最容易解决的。
总之,文章的“内涵”很重要,文章的“外包装”也很重要,只有把“内涵”和“包装”都用最认真的态度做好,书面表达才能得高分。