单项选择类阅读理解解题策略探究

徐启富++向前

阅读理解是中考英语试题的核心部分，也是考试成败的关键所在。2015年全国各地区中考英语试题中，阅读理解中单项选择题的使用率超过90%，每个小题的赋分大多是2分，总分20分左右。尽管学生在读懂文章方面没有太大问题，但要确保得满分，却非常之难或者说没有把握。因此，本文拟就单项选择类阅读理解题的命题方向、解题技巧以及能力训练方法三个方面进行分析，并结合实例探讨提升单项选择类阅读理解解题能力的可行性途径。读完本文，相信你会觉得阅读其实是一件“阅读阅有味，越读越开心”的事。

一、了解命题目标特点，知己知彼方能胜利

面对任何一种测试，我们首先要明确此类题型的目标，即此类题型考查哪方面的能力；然后要了解此类题型的特点，即此类题型一般会以什么方式、内容呈现。根据这两点，结合众多中考真题，我们认为，单项选择类阅读理解题的命题特点有如下几点：

（一）命题考查目标

1.考查学生对主题思想的概括与归纳能力

阅读一篇文章，并能概括文章的主要思想与主要观点，是阅读能力的基本体现，因此，考查学生的概括与归纳能力是阅读理解题的检测重点。通常以文章主旨概括题、段落大意总结题和文章标题归纳题等形式出现。

2.考查对细节的辨认能力

在宏观掌握文章主旨的前提下，学生必须能够理解文章的表层意义，并能带着问题，寻找文章本身所提供的各方面的信息，以查找文章的各个细节。通常以细节题或判断题等形式出现。

3.考查判断推理的能力

要求学生在理解全文的基础上，根据字里行间所表达的深层含义进行推理识别。通常以逻辑推理题、作者观点态度题、文章来源题、预测题等形式出现。

4.考查猜测词义的能力

要求学生利用上下文线索或基础语法知识来判断词义。通常以判断生词意思题、识别指代关系题等形式出现。

（二）命题基本特点

1.问题紧贴文本

阅读理解题的忌讳是学生不需要阅读文本，只需要凭借常识就可以作答。因此，问题的设计一定来源于文本、生成于文本。学生答题时必须紧扣文本本身，必须回到文本中去寻找答案，而不能想当然地作答。为帮助自己厘清思路，学生可以在答题过程中把所选答案的依据在阅读文段中标记出来。

2.问题均匀分布

阅读理解题中的问题一般会均匀分布在文段各个部分，而问题的顺序是根据阅读文章的顺序分布的。基于此项原则，有关文段后面内容的问题一般不会出现在与文段前部内容有关的问题之前，这样学生可以大致判断答案在文段中的位置或范围。

3.题干稍作变动

题干的设计一般都不会照搬原文，而是稍作变动；大多数题干都措辞简洁，不含生词。基于此，学生应认真审题，特别注意干扰项在措辞上与文段内容的细微区别。

4.选项基本对称

为保证测试的科学性，避免给学生造成不必要的干扰，一般来说，单项选择题在选项设置上都会做到长度基本相当，或者两长两短。因此，学生不要抱着侥幸的心理进行选择，所谓“三长一短选最短，三短一长选最长”的窍门在应试中是不可取的。

二、分类训练提升能力，有的放矢方显实效

基于单项选择类阅读理解考查的四个侧重点，笔者将单项选择类阅读理解题分为四大类，即主旨大意题、细节事实题、推理判断题、词义猜测题。下面，笔者将结合具体的中考真题论述各类题型的解题技巧和策略：

（一）主旨大意题

进行中心主旨概括，关键是要厘清脉络、找准主题句。文章的中心思路，即作者的基本思路，往往是通过主题句表现出来的。主题句一般概括了文章的大意，结构简单，位置灵活，可能出现在段落的开头、中间、结尾，也可能在开头和结尾同时出现，还有可能蕴含在整篇文章之中。因此，我们要根据文中所述事实或提供的线索来概括总结。

示例1：

（2015年福州卷阅读理解D篇）Have you noticed Your life becomin9 a little easier？Now，when you go to a certain shopping mall，you can enjoy its free Wi-Fi there.When you want to take a taxi，you can book one with your phone.In fact，all these can be seen as the basic parts of asmartcity.

The idea of a smart city was brought up by US company IBM in 2010.Generally，a smart city is a city that uses digital technologies such as the Internet to improve city planning，save money and resources，and make our life convenient.How smart can a city be？Here are great examples that we can learn from.

In 2009，Dubuque became the first smart city in the US.The city used smart water meters to take the place of traditional water meters.They can detect（探测）water waste and leakage（泄漏）and send data to let the house owner know.The same system is used for other city resources like electricity and natural gas.This way，people know how they use their resources and are glad to help reduce waste.

Santander in Spain also gives us a look at the future.If people point a phone toward a near-by bus stop，the phone immediately shows all bus lines that serve the stop as well as their arrival times.The government organized a research team and provided an App（应用程序）that collects data on almost everything：light，temperature，and the movements of cars and people.Opening the App near a supermarket provides immediate in-formation on special offers.

70.What's the main idea of the passage？

A.Digital technologies help improve city planning.

B.Smart cities will make our future life bet-ter and smarter.

C.Smart cities are very common in both Dubuque and Santander.

D.Spain and the US take the leading posi-tion in building smart cities.文章呈“总分”结构：第一段是总起，引出话题“智能型城市给我们生活带来的影响”；而后三段以举例的方式进行分述。整篇文章的主题句位于第一段首尾两处，通过主题句以及随后几段中的举例内容，我们可以归纳出全文的主旨大意为“智能型城市能使我们未来的生活更好、更智能化”。因此，正确答案为B。

示例2：

（2015年武汉卷阅读理解B篇）Donna Ash-lock，a 14-year-old girl from California，was very sick.She had a bad heart."Donna needs a new heart，"her doctor said."She must have a new heart，or she will die soon."

Felipe Carza，15，was worried about Donna.Felipe was Donna's friend.He liked Donna very much.He liked her freckles（雀斑），and he liked her smile.Felipe didn't want Donna to die.

Felipe talked to his mother about Donna.“I am going to die，"Felipe told his mother."And I am going to give my heart to Donna."

Felipe's mother didn't pay much attention to Felipe."Felipe is just kidding，"she thought.¨Felipe is not going to die.He's strong and healthy."

But Felipe was not healthy.He had terrible headaches sometimes."My head really hurts，"he often told his friends.Felipe never told his par-ents about his headaches.

One morning Felipe woke up with a sharp pain in his head.He was dizzy（眩晕的），and he couldn't breathe.His parents rushed Felipe to the hospital.Doctors at the hospital had terrible news for them."Felipe's brain is dead，" the doctors said."We can't save him."

The parents were very sad.But they remem-bered Felipe's words."Felipe wanted to give his heart to Donna."they told the doctors.

The doctors did several tests.Then they told the parents，"We can give Felipe's heart to Don-na.”

The doctors took out Felipe's heart and rushed the heart to Donna.Other doctors took out Donna's heart and put Felipe's heart in her chest.In a short time the heart began to beat.

The operation was a success. Felipe's heart was beating in Donna's chest，but Donna didn't know it.Her parents and doctors didn't tell her.They waited until she was stronger；then they told her about Felipe."I feel very sad，"Donna said."But I'm thankful to Felipe."

Three months after the operation Donna went back to school.She has to have regular checkups，and she has to take medicine every day.But she is living a normal life.

Felipe's brother John says，"Every time we see Donna，we think of Felipe.She has Felipe's heart in her.I hat gives us great peace.”

65.Which of the following may probably be the best title for the passage？

A.The Gift

B.The Operation

C.The Peace

D.The Illness

解题思路：通过快速浏览可以发现，此篇文章为记叙文体裁，并没有十分明确的主题句，但根据故事的情节发展，我们可以很清楚地了解文章的大意，即“Felipe临终前将其心脏捐给了他的朋友Donna，挽救了Donna的生命”。而在文章末尾，John的一句话“That gives us great peace.”也点明了本文的主题，即“帮助别人能给自己以及周围的人带来心灵的祥和、宁静”。因此，正确答案为C。

示例3：

（2015年宜昌卷阅读理解B篇）We all know that exercise is good for your health.But some kinds of exercise may be better than others.Running，for example，may help to protect against heart disease and other health problems.Runningmay also help you live longer.

Recently，researchers studied more than 55，000 adults.About a quarter of the adults have a good habit of running.The study found these runners were much healthier than non-runners.In fact，the runners lived，on average （平均），three years longer than the non-runners.

Running may be good exercise，but it can be difficult on the body.Here are commonly shared ideas among fitness experts（健身专家）to lower the risk of injury（受伤）for people who are new to running.

Take it easy.

Do not run too much，too soon or too fast.Most people get running injuries when they push themselves too hard.The body needs time to get used to increases in distance（里程）or speed.

Get good running shoes.

There is no single best shoe for every runner.You should find the shoe that offers the best fit and support for your feet.More importantly，you should have a new pair of shoes every 500 to 800 kilometers.

Take good notes.

Take time after each run to write down notes about what you did and how you felt.Look for things that happen again and again.For example，you may find that your knees hurt when you run sometimes.But perhaps you feel great when you have a rest between running days.These notes will help you make the best plan for running.

61.The writer wants to tell us in the first paragraph___________.

A.good health comes from running

B.running is the best exercise

C.health problem can be solved by good ex-ercise

D.not all exercise is equally（同样的）good

解题思路：本题要求概括第一段的主旨大意，重点就应该放在找出第一段的主题句。而对于其他段落内容，我们只需要扫读一下其首句及小标题即可。第一段的主题句很容易找到，即“We all know that exerclse is good for your health.But some kinds of exercise may be better than others.”，其中表示转折关系的并列连词but引出了第一段的主题思想，故而可以确定答案为D。