墨西哥锡那罗亚引种麻竹：应对气候变化的粮食安全战略

Jesus Daniel Stamatis Portugal

(南京林业大学 风景园林学院 南京 210037)



墨西哥锡那罗亚引种麻竹：应对气候变化的粮食安全战略

Jesus Daniel Stamatis Portugal

(南京林业大学 风景园林学院 南京 210037)

墨西哥锡那罗亚是拉丁美洲最重要的粮食生产区。2009年以来，霜冻和大风不断袭击该区，造成作物减产25%，损毁作物17万hm2，每年损失粮食折合5亿美元。在锡那罗亚州，引种麻竹作为一种主要的经济作物，可以弥补因气候变化导致的粮食损失，并可为墨西哥西北部地区增加17万hm2的竹林。麻竹鲜笋亦可销往墨西哥其他地区、美国南部和中美洲各国。文章旨在阐述当前气候变化背景下竹子资源为人类带来巨大效益的潜力，并可进行商业性生产。在中国的大力帮助下，在墨西哥设计建立了一个竹子商业性生产的试验项目，以此说明竹子在提高人们生活质量方面的潜力。总之，竹子及其相关产业的社会经济价值会极大地影响墨西哥锡那罗亚人们的生活方式。

麻竹；粮食安全；竹子引种；气候变化；墨西哥

1 Sinaloa’s scenery

Sinaloa located in Northwest Mexico is one of the regions which were equipped with the most advanced agricultural technologies and irrigation systems in the World, obtaining a large amount of investment from national and foreign companies. It is the principal food producer of Latin America, with a total fertile valley of 58 328 km2, providing food for Mexico, south of U.S.A. and Central America. The principal crops in Sinaloa includes cucumber, tomato, pumpkin, eggplant, chili, melon, watermelon, corn, bean, soy, rice, wheat, potato and sorghum, which are also exported to Canada, Asia and Europe, representing over 2 billion US Dollars per year. In other words, its economic density is around 1 400 dollars per hectare.

However,as the global warming and climate change, since 2009 an unexpected cold wind for periods of 3-5 days pounded Sinaloa and killed 25% of the total production, leading to 0.17 million ha of dead crops and an economic damage of 500 million $ per year. Even though government authorities and producers together are trying to solve this problem with new policies to support the producers’ income while letting the stock market price available for population consumers, it has proven not to be enough to supply the necessary food at affordable price since 2010. New solutions in food production and food supply are urgently needed.

1.1 The importance of agriculture in Sinaloa

Mexico is one of the cradles of human agriculture, and Sinaloa, known as the “Mexico’s breadbasket”, is the most prominent state in Mexico in terms of food production. During the pre-Columbian era in Mexico, plants such as maize, beans, chili peppers, tomatoes, squash avocados, cacao and various kinds of species were well domesticated. Later, the Spanish introduced more plants. Farming was focused on large private properties from the colonial period until the Mexican Revolution. After the Mexican Revolution these were broken up and the land redistributed. Since late 20thcentury, the free market trade (NAFTA) between Mexico, U.S.A and Canada together with economic policies has favored large scale commercial agricultural holdings. More than 60% of Sinaloa’s agricultural exports go to U.S.A. The agriculture sector of Sinaloa employs 23% of the economically active population.

Irrigated agriculture contributes with about 50% of total value of agricultural production and accounts for about 70% of agriculture exports. Mexico has a total land area of 2.2 millionkm2, from which 23% is equipped with irrigated agriculture. Only Sinaloa represents the 15% of irrigated agriculture. In 1993, the World Bank approved 303 million $ to support this integrated irrigation modernization project.

In Sinaloa, the agricultural activity represents the 13.1% of the GDP, however, in the whole country of Mexico the agricultural activity represents only the 4%. Food supply is a first necessity for population, and Sinaloa is in charge of it in a major part.

1.2 Climate change impact in Sinaloa.

Sinaloa has been struggled by the frosts (frozen winds for 2-3 days of February) each year since 2010, Sinaloa the production of the principal crop such as the maize and beans has lost. The federal government of Mexico supported Sinaloa with maize for re-cultivation of 0.30 million hectares, compensating with 3 million tons of crops. However, the supports of federal government still not enough.

Parallel to the frosts issue, Sinaloa (and Mexico in general) is experiencing an accelerated desertification process. Deforestation resulted in serious soil erosion nationwide. In 1985, the government classified almost 17% of all land as totally eroded, 31% in an accelerated state of erosion, and 38% showing signs of incipient erosion. Soil destruction is particularly pronouncing in the north and northwest, with more than 60% of Sinaloa land considered in a total or accelerated state of erosion. As a result, desertification is spreading throughout the region. The agricultural practice of mono-crop cultivation is helpless. As we know, when we cultivate and harvest only one crop (maize for example) in extensive land, we need to prepare the soil again and again, and in the long run, the soil will be degraded until achieve desertification. So, as far as we can see, there are three principal things to change if we aspire to ensure the food supply: firstly, adaptation to the frosts with new crops able to resist 0 ℃ for periods of 2-3 days. Secondly, stop deforesting, or even better, find an alternative manner to supply the wood demand. And thirdly, create large gardens of combined species rather than huge mono-crops land.

2 Observations about Sinaloa

Is the erosion reversible? If so, how can we reverse it? And, how happens that the frosts and desertification get related? This is a major challenge for this generation. The actions we take today will affect further generations dramatically. As usual, the answer is in our natural resources in combination with financial strategies to develop a healthy ecosystem that will bring out the landscape architecture we all deserve. This thesis aimsto the wealth of everyone.

2.1 Bamboo and forestry in Mexico

The 145.3 million ha of vegetable covering in Mexico are home of 25 000-30 000 vegetable species, among which 1 113 species are trees (the wood demand in Mexico is 8 million m3per year). Of the vegetable covering area, 7.6 million ha are protected natural areas; 6.9 million ha are introduced vegetation. Mexico has a vast diversity of ecosystems, including coniferous forests (16 million ha), Encino forests (1.53 million ha), forest mountain (1.70 million ha), Jungle (32.10 million ha), hydric vegetation (4.70 million ha), heaths (55.90 million ha), and grasses (12.30 million ha). It is important to consider that the loss of vegetable covering around 0.20 million ha mainly caused by deforestation and fire every year. In order to recover the loss, bamboo plantations are postulated as a powerful ally since it is the fastest vegetable to grow. Some bamboo species grow one meter per day in spring. Bamboo can be dramatically productive if it is well managed. However, it is an issue to implement bamboo in large scale for reverting the loss of deforestation and fire in Mexico.

In Mexico, 33% of all the bamboo species are endemic and 39% is native and the rest 28% is introduced bamboo. Half of the 10 000 ha organized plantations are introduced species. Chiapas State has 800 ha bamboo ofGuaduaangustifolia. Veracruz State has 2 000 ha, includingBambusaoldamii,Phyllostachysbambusoides,G.angustifoliaandG.otatea. Puebla State has other 1 200 ha bamboo ofG.aculata.

2.2 Bamboo potential for Sinaloa

From the 31 states of Mexico, only 12 have proper conditions to host bamboo species, which in total accumulate 2.85 million ha of potential for bamboo. This represents 2.1% of total vegetable covering of Mexico. Only Sinaloa has 0.25 million ha (9%) of potential to establish productive bamboo forests where have 11 rivers of the state and the fertile valley. Even though other states such as Veracruz (0.50 million ha) and Chiapas (0.30 million ha) have potential, they neither have the top technology for agriculture development nor the commercial logistics especially to U.S.A. and Canada (the principal importers of bamboo products of the world). Sinaloa accumulates the proper conditions to establish bamboo plantations as an ecological response to the climate change and economic development ensuring the food supply for U.S.A and Mexico. In addition, as we all know, bamboo is of more than 1 000 uses which are extra income to explore. So far, there are adequate jobs to stimulate the shoot industry for ecological and economic benefits. Sinaloa can compete directly to China in bamboo products exporting to U.S.A (the principal importer of bamboo products in the world). Sinaloa has some advantages and disadvantages in this healthy and necessary competition. For example, Mexico and U.S.A. both share border with facilitating logistic procedures, which can guarantee the bamboo shoots fresh arrived to U.S.A. instead of the caned products sent from China (13 000 kilometers away from U.S.A.). The disadvantage is the undeveloped bamboo industry in Sinaloa compared with that in China.

In order toconstruct the bamboo plantations for Sinaloa and exploit the possible 0.25 million hectares, it is important to design a pilot project. We need to begin something we can handle, something we can make mistakes to learn. A 50 hectares’ project will be enough to reach the quality, and then increase quantity. The selected region to develop the first small project to achieve quality is located in Angostura, Sinaloa, Mexico, where the local people are willing to do. They recognize the need of new alternatives to fight the struggle of the frost and desertification. For them, it is a case of life or death.

The labor cost conditions in Angostura today is 13.5 $ for one worker per day, including activities such as irrigation, laborer, cleaning and planting. Tractor man is 18.5 $ per day plus medical insurance 105 $ per month, bonus 225 $ per year, and utilities 187 dollars per year. In total, the labor cost is 5 860 $ per person/year.

In Angostura, Sinaloa, the weather conditions today look like those of 24 meters above sea level, the maximum, minimum, and average temperatures of 41 ℃, 2 ℃ and 24 ℃ respectively. The raining seasons are from June to October. However, water is available from dams and wells for 8 months per year, which can extend to the whole year if we do the right adjustments. Recent unstable temperatures between January and February can achieve 0-5 ℃ for short periods of 2 to 3 days.

2.3 Adaptable productive bamboo species for Sinaloa

So, according to our data, from all the vegetable covering in Mexico (145 million ha), 6.9 million ha are introduced vegetation. In addition, 28% of all the bamboo species living in Mexico are introduced. In that sense, to introduce a new species won’t be new deal. Actually, if we impact our ecosystem anyway, then we’d better do it in a positive way. A negative way would be to keep logging excessively, it stimulates desertification and droughts. But a positive way would be to plant extensive bamboo forest in order to increase our biomass with an evergreen system, affecting the environmental temperature dramatically. In theory, with well managed bamboo forests, there is no need to log more trees for wood, since bamboo can provide it in a fastest and more economical way. One of the current objections we hear in Mexico about bamboo plantations is: “bamboo plantations only bring rats and snakes to our homes”. That is not a right way to think. I mean, of course if we don’t manage properly a bamboo plantation sooner or later it will be full of other vegetation and will provide the ideal conditions to host different animal species. Actually, it would happen with any other crop (maize, beans or whatever). Bamboo needs care, just as any other productive crop.

Here is a key question, from more than 1 250 bamboo species known by human, which could resist and evolve successfully into the Sinaloa environment for ecological improvements and economic benefit? (Including the recent frost that is killing other crops). Three candidates areDendrocalamusasper,D.brandisii, andD.latiflorus.D.asperis about 20-30 meters high with BDH 8-20 cm, which is one of the important economic bamboo species. It is distributed in Southeast Asia, and widely introduced to tropical and subtropical regions. The main usages ofD.asperare as a material for building and pulping, and delicious shoots as vegetable. In normal conditions it can survive in Sinaloa. However, it cannot resist the recent frosts in Sinaloa.

D.brandisiiis about 30 meters high with BDH 15-20 cm, which is also one of the important economic bamboo species. It is distributed in Southeast Asia, and introduced to south China. The main usages ofD.brandisiiare as a material for building, making daily life tools, and delicious shoots as vegetable. In normal conditions it can survive in Sinaloa. However, it also cannot resist the recent frosts in Sinaloa.

D.latiflorusis about 14-25 meters high with BDH 8-20 centimeters. It is one of the important economic bamboo species. It is distributed mainly in South China and has been introduced to Southeast Asia. The main usage ofD.latiflorusis as a material for building and making daily life tools and pulping. It is one of the main shoot production species in China. This is the onlyDendrocalamusspecies that can resist the frosts. This species represents the opportunity for food supply in Mexico and U.S.A[1]. There are 0.17 million ha of opportunity only in Sinaloa. It will be imported-exported from Costa Rica (Central America) to Sinaloa Mexico.D.latiflorusis is an introduction of a new species for Sinaloa’s ecosystem.

3 Establishment D. latiflorus in Sinaloa

From the 0.25 million ha of potential for bamboo plantation establishment in Sinaloa, we will pick the first 50 ha in Angostura, inside Sinaloa state, Mexico, as a pilot project to achieve first quality, and then quantity.

Because of the weather and soil conditions, in Sinaloa the proper bamboo species to develop plantations is from the Sympodial. The best book available and the only one we will probably ever need to begin is “Bamboo and Rattan in the World”[2]from which we resume as:site,seasonsandmethods.

3.1 Site

Sympodial bamboo demands warm and moist climate for its growth. Although a few species can endure a moderately low temperature, most species cannot survive when it falls below zero. Therefore, temperature is the major factor affecting sympodial bamboo growth. Temperature and precipitation are primary concerns for selecting a plantation site beyond the region of origin. Sympodial bamboo has no underground rhizome, and new seedling grow from buds on both sides of the mother culm base to form clumps. Moist land on river banks or along creeks is the ideal sites for commercial sympodial bamboo plantations. Dry, gravelly, clayey, and poorly drained or alkali soil plus mountain ridges and poorly irrigated lands are not suitable for this purpose.

3.2 Season

The best time for sympodial bamboo silviculture is spring before germination of buds and flowing of sap. However, transplanting of seedlings or mother bamboo within short distance can be done throughout the year irrespective of the season, as long as intensive care is taken following planting. The key to succeed is a balanced water supply. The optimal time is before rainy season starts in areas with distinctive dry and wet seasons. In Sinaloa, because the high quality irrigation system, we can transplant mother bamboos and seedlings anytime.

3.3 Methods

Method1:Motherbambootransplanting. As a traditional method, mother bamboo transplantation ensures higher success rates and faster stand establishment (3-5 years), and produces more and bigger shoots. The selected mother bamboo should be a healthy, pest and disease free plant of 1-2 years old with medium diameter and fat node buds at the culm base. Follow this procedure:

1)Dig out the soil around the root ball from a distance of 25-30 cm near to the roots.

2)Find out the connection part linking the mother bamboo rhizome and the old bamboo, which is cut off with a sharp chisel of a knife. Then, the mother plant is dug out with root ball and soil associated. Small diameter species have closely connected root systems, so they have to be dug out in clumps of 3-5 plants.

3)The upper part of the culm is cut off at the middle of an internode, with only 5-8 nodes and 2-3 rounds of branches left. Dense planting is suitable for shoot-producing stands, while large-diameter species can be planted in a lower density. On level lands and gentle slopes, the density is around 500 pieces per hectare.

4)The hole for planting should be one or two times larger than the root ball, usually 60 cm in diameter and 30-40 cm deep. Back fill the hole with some fine soil before placing the plant into the hole at an angle, which is covered with top soil to be firmed down and washed. Then cover the surface with subsoil in dome shape to be mulched with weed.

Method2:Bambooseedlingstransplantation. To establish large scale plantations, nurseries have to be set up to rise seedlings. This method guarantees high success rates and low cost. Due to easy transportation, it is also suitable for long distance introduction. Seedlings with a diameter of more than 0.5 cm at culm base can be transplanted to plantations.

1)Dig them in clumps, trim off most of the branches and leaves and keep several nodes near the base.

2)After being separated into small clumps of only 2-3 seedlings, they are transported to the stand site with their root balls bound up in dysentery soil. Planting density is the same as in transplanting mother bamboo.

3)Seedlings are planted in the hole with root system unfolded, and covered with soil to be firmed down.

4)After watering, another layer of loose soil thicker than the sedentary soil is added, which is mulched with weeds to maintain moisture.

Method3:Bamboonodelayeringorbranchcutting. Sympodial bamboo stands can be established directly by internode planting or branch cutting on sites with favorable conditions.

1)Plant 3-4 pieces in each hole.

2)Water well and mulch with weeds to protect them from strong sunlight. Routine management such as watering and shading is needed following planting.

As we can see, these methods are not “rocket science” but quite simple. However, on one hand the establishment, and on the other hand the management are both important. Coming up next is the synthesis for management.

4 Management of D. latiflorus

D.latifloriousand other rich species of sympodial bamboo are widely distributed in tropical regions and the south of subtropical regions, most of which occur in mixed natural forests managed in a rather extensive manner. Currently, yield increase is achieved mainly through soil and manure management, structure adaptation and bamboo shoots harvest. Soil and manure management of sympodial bamboo stands requires special technical measures such as basking shoots, manure application, earthling up, irrigation and clean tillage. Let’s take a look into each one of these concepts:

Baskingafterdiggingup. In this measure, soil surrounding the plants’ root balls is dug out in each spring to expose the rhizome and shoots tips so that all the shoots eyes can enjoy direct sunlight, through digging soil with great care, removing the mess of the root system and cutting off fibrous roots entangled on shoot buds. The purpose is to hasten shooting in larger numbers.

Manureapplication. The general experience is applying manure at three stages each year in sympodial bamboo stands. The first manure is needed after basking in order to stimulate shoot sprouting. Fasces or well-rotted compost is applied around bamboo clumps and then covered with soil. The application rate is 15 kg for refuse manure, and this should be adjusted to specific site conditions. The second stage of manure application is in mid to late of May to reestablish nutrition that has been used during differentiation and swelling of shoot buds. A quick-acting fertilizer is often used in this stage. For shoot-producing stands, the third manure is done after shoots harvests by applying diluted urea solution to rhizomes.

Coveringshoots. After exposure to sunlight, some shoot eyes begin swelling and develop shoots. Move back the soil at this time to cover shoot buds so that they can grow in dark conditions to pleasant-tasting, delicate and fat mature shoots.

Irrigation. Channeling water for irrigation is highly recommended for shoot-producing stands. A pump can be installed or a water reservoir built if there are rivers, wells or ponds nearby to ensure irrigation once every or every second week in dry season, which hastens shoot sprouting and increases yield.

Tillage. Lean tillage is usually done in slack farming seasons or during basking, earthling and shoot harvesting. In some regions, it is carried out during logging of old bamboo, when root balls are also dug out and the whole site is ploughed to 20 cm deep in order to improve weathering and aeration of the soil.

Structureadaptation,initialplantingdensity. According to the research report of Taiwan Forestry Research Institute in 1984 on economic analysis ofD.latiflorusproduction, the density of slope and level land was 204-400 clumps per hectare. However, in some regions with a long history of bamboo cultivation, a much higher density is widely adopted. Experiments on shoot-producing stands carried out in Jinchuan in Zhejiang province showed that a density of 825 clumps per hectare produced the largest number and quantity of shoots.

Plantsnumberperclump. In theory, maintaining a number of mother bamboos of shooting age as large as possible is necessary to increase the yield of either shoot or culm producing stands. The recommended number of plants per clump is 12-14. However, a much smaller number of younger mother bamboos is preferred for shoot-producing stands in some regions, where each clump has only 5-7 or even 2-3 mother plants.

Bambooagestructure. With their well-growing oculus on root balls that are highly capable of sprouting, young and middle age plants of 1-2 years old are the bases for regeneration of sympodial bamboo plantations. The 3-4 years old bamboos are mature, of which many oculus on root balls have already produced shoots and new seedlings. Although the remaining shoot eyes are less capable of sprouting shoots, their exuberantly growing branches and leaves can support and protect the younger plants from wind. Therefore, the 4-year-old bamboo is logged selectively each year to maintain a balanced age structure or organism.

Shootharvestandbambooreservation. Degraded shoots are inevitable during shooting of sympodial bamboo, as also happens with monopodial bamboo. The percentage is reported to be as high as 71% in certain cases. Therefore, much attention should be paid to cutting shoots and reserving bamboo in either shoot or culm producing plantations. A special technique is required for collecting sypmodial bamboo shoots. Some tillers at the base of harvested shoots are still capable of sprouting new shoots, so the method for collecting monopodial bamboo shoots cannot be applied. Instead, shoots at earlier and later stages of emergence are usually harvested. When they emerge to the ground level, dig out the soil surrounding the shoot buds to expose the shoots and then cut them off with knives.

5 Expected results

We cannot ignore adjacent fields such as economy, commerce or architecture. The social cohesion between disciplines might take society to the next level. The obligation of this article is to jump out of the paper and to emerge in reality. It needs real markets, real landscapes, and real societies[3]. Coming up within the next social business proposal skyline of the landscape might be influenced dramatically.

5.1 Bamboo plantations social business in Sinaloa

In order to actually build a social business, it shall recall a social problematic and solve it in a business way[4]. In this case, as the problematic in Sinaloa is food supply, food supply is basic agriculture, agriculture in essence is landscape, and then is the strategy to design our landscape architecture. Yes, we will design landscape architecture from an agricultural and commercial point of view.

Building a social business in Sinaloa is about creating an enterprise with main goal to solve the problem of the frosts winds for achieving food supply of Mexico and South of U.S.A. It is about the introduction of a new bamboo species from Taiwan. The business begins from the introduction of the main productive speciesD.latiflorusthat will resist the frosts in Sinaloa and provide food and wood for Mexico and U.S.A.

Because it is about the introduction of a new species in Sinaloa, it is necessary to create small test to achieve the quality of the cultivation. Once we achieve quality of cultivation then we go for quantity. By quality we mean no more than 500 m2. By quantity we mean in a first step 50 ha, second step 350 ha, and later if possible reach the maximum amount available in Sinaloa 0.17 million ha. But any business first shall begin small and manageable.

After the first 3 years, onceD.latiflorusis adapted to the Sinaloa’s soil and environment, we will begin to propagate the 50 ha available in Sinaloa of this experiment. Remember that we are building a social business; this is not charity but a commercial plantation that solves environmental and social issues. In order to make it works, the business shall perceive incomes, these incomes are not dividends, but rather are reinvested in the same business in order to make it growing.

5.2 Further landscape in Sinaloa

By 2026, Sinaloa will be the head quarter of bamboo industry in Mexico. Because bamboo system is a sustainable system by definition, it will help to increase the biomass of Sinaloa, keep water banks safe, balance the temperatures, absorb CO2, provide tons of food, satisfy our wood demand, and more[5]. The valley will increase its biomass dramatically and the water problems in the region are over. Twelve months a year of available water for irrigation, thanks to the strategic location of bamboo plantations among the 11 rivers of Sinaloa.

Mexico is strongly influenced, inspired and encouraged by China through China National Bamboo Research Center and the Bamboo Institute of Nanjing Forestry University, to develop the bamboo system in Mexico. Bamboo system in Sinaloa will be aligned to other clean energy resources such as the Offshore Wind Energy.

5.3 International market competence

It is never recommendable going into a market that has no competition[6]. If others are selling information similar to yours, that is excellent for you. Here is why: they have validated the market. You know there is profit to be made. You can market their products as an affiliate. They can become your top partners later and they can promote your product for you, too. You want competition. Competition is excellent.

We all know that China is the champion of the world in bamboo products exporting, by far. We also know that in Sinaloa the bamboo industry is just beginning. The principal importer of bamboo products of the world is U.S.A, especially in California, the principal consumer of bamboo products of U.S.A. California shares border with Mexico. Sinaloa is 800 km far away of California, unlike China 13 000 km. International cooperation is highly recommendable.

References

[1]Mcclure F A. The bamboos: a fresh perspective [J]. Bioscience, 1968, 18(1):129-130.

[2]Jiang Z H, Peng Z H. Bamboo and rattan in the world [M]. Beijing: China Forestry Publishing House, 2007: 56-64.

[3]Yunus M. Building social business: The new kind of capitalism that serves humanity’s must pressing needs [M]. New York: Public Affairs, 2011: 256.[4]Yunus M. Creating a world without poverty: Social business and the future of capitalism [M]. New York: Public Affairs, 2009: 320.[5]Wright F Ll. The living city[M]. New York: Horizon press, 1958: 15-81.[6]Smith A. Thewealth of nations [M]. London: W. Straham and T. Cadell. 1776: 18-26.

IntroducingDendrocalamuslatiflorusto Sinaloa Mexico:Strategy for Food Safety Tackling the Climate Change

Jesus Daniel Stamatis Portugal

(College of Landscape Architecture, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing 210037, Jiangsu, China)

Sinaloa Mexico is the most important region of food production of Latin America. Since 2009, unexpected frost winds hitting the region has caused burning 25% of the total crop production (Equal to the value of 500 $ million USD) per year. IntroducingDendrocalauslatiflorusto Sinaloa as a main “cash crop”, aims to compensate for the lost, bringing 170 000 hectares of new bamboo forests in northwest Mexico. Such action will provide fresh bamboo shoots for market in south of USA, Mexico and Central America. This article aims to illustrate the potency of bamboo as a powerful ally and a social business model for humankind during the climate change. Focusing on the direction of a pilot project to establish a bamboo social business in Mexico, with a large contribution from China. As a consequence, the quality of life for habitants in Sinaloa will be strongly influenced by the socioeconomic aspects of bamboo and other complementary systems.

Dendrocalamuslatiflorus, food security, bamboo introduction, climate change, Mexico.

Jesus Daniel Stamatis Portugal，墨西哥人，南京林业大学留学生，研究方向为园林景观规划设计。E-mail: chus90@aliyun.com。

10.13640/j.cnki.wbr.2016.04.003