□张祥美
there be “有”你更精彩
□张祥美
there be句型是常见的一种简单句,其谓语在前,主语在后,属于主谓倒装结构,意思是“……有……”,今天我们一起来看看“there be句型”的精彩展示。
【展示一】there be结构的意义及形式
there be结构主要用于表达“某处(某时)有某人(某物)”,其基本句型为“There be +某物或某人+某地或某时”,其中there是引导词,本身没有意义;be是谓语动词,“某人或某物”是句子的主语;“某地或某时”一般是介词短语,作句子的状语。如:
There is a computer in my room.我的房间里有台电脑。
引导词谓语动词主语(某物)介词短语(某地)
【展示二】there be结构中的主谓一致
1. there be结构中的谓语动词be在人称和数上应与其后的主语保持一致。主语是不可数名词或可数名词单数时用is,是可数名词复数时用are。如:
There is a man at the door.门口有个人。(可数名词单数)
There is some money in the purse.钱包里有些钱。(不可数名词)
There are some boys under the tree.树下有一些男孩。(可数名词复数)
2.若句子中有几个并列的主语时,be的形式要与离其最近的一个主语在人称和数上保持一致。如:
There is a boy,a girl and two women in the house.房子里有一个男孩、一个女孩和两个妇女。
There are ten students and a teacher in the office.办公室里有十个学生和一个教师。
另外,在陈述句中为了强调地点,也可将介词短语提置句首。如:
In the tree there are five birds.树上有五只鸟。
【展示三】there be结构的否定句和疑问句
1. there be结构的否定句:there be的否定式通常在be后加not构成(口语中be时常与not缩写在一起,is和not缩写为isn’t,are和not缩写为aren’t)。如果句中有some,一般要变成any。如:
There are some children in the picture.图画里有些孩子。
→There aren’t any children in the picture.图画里没有一些孩子。
There is some milk in the bottle.瓶子里有些牛奶。
→There isn’t any milk in the bottle.瓶子里没有牛奶。
2. there be结构的一般疑问句及其答语:一般疑问句是把be提到there前,首字母大写,句末用问号。其肯定回答是:“Yes,there is/are.”,否定回答为:“No,there isn’t/aren’t.”。如:
—Are there two cats in the tree?树上有两只猫吗?
—Yes,there are.是的,有。(No,there aren’t.不,没有。)
3. there be结构的特殊疑问句及其答语:
①对句子主语(包括主语前的修饰语)进行提问时,句型一律用“What is +地点介词短语”(无论主语是单数还是复数都用is)。如:
There are some kites in the tree.→What’s in the tree?
②对there be后面的地点状语进行提问时,句型用“Where is/are +主语?”。如:
There is a car in the street.→Where is the car?
③对可数名词(主语)前面的数量进行提问时,用how many,句型结构为“How many +复数名词+ are there +介词短语?”(无论主语是单数还是复数,be通常要用are)。如:
There is a cat under the bed.→How many cats are there under the bed?
④对不可数名词(主语)前面的数量进行提问时,用how much,句型结构为“How much +不可数名词+ is there +介词短语?”。如:
There is a lot of rice in my bag.→How much rice is there inyour bag?
【展示四】there be与have(got)的区别
there be与have都表示“有”的意思,但它们的含义不同。there be表示的是“存在”之意,而have表示的却是“拥有;所有”,强调主语和宾语的所属关系,它的主语一般是人(有时也可以是物)。如:
There is a car in front of the school gate.学校门前有辆小汽车。(强调车在学校门前)
I have a car.我有一辆小汽车。(强调车归我所有)
【补给站】当这两个“有”的句型中含有some时,改为否定句或疑问句时要改为any。如:
There is some water in the glass.→There isn’t any water in the glass. Peter has got some fruit.→Peter has not got any fruit.
如果表示部分或整体的所有关系时,have/has与there be结构常常表示相同的意思,两者可以互相转换。如:
A week has seven days.(= There are seven days in a week.)一周有七天。
【练一练】
一、按要求改写下列句子。
1. There are some pictures on the wall.(改为否定句)
There____ ____ ____pictures on the wall.
2. There is some water in the bottle.(改为一般疑问句)
____ ____ ____water in the bottle?
3. There aresome chairsnear the window.(对划线部分提问)
____near the window?
4. There aretwobikes under the tree.(对划线部分提问)
____ ____ ____are there under the tree?
5. There isa littleorange juice in the bottle.(对划线部分提问)
____ ____ ____ ____is there in the bottle?
【参考答案】
一、1. are not any 2. Is there any 3. What’s 4. How many bikes 5. How much orange juice