刘梦志,尹荣焕,潘树德,刘宝山
(沈阳农业大学畜牧兽医学院,辽宁沈阳 110866)
专论与讲座
LAMP技术在家禽病毒检测中的应用
刘梦志,尹荣焕,潘树德,刘宝山*
(沈阳农业大学畜牧兽医学院,辽宁沈阳 110866)
环介导等温扩增技术(LAMP)是一种简便快速的DNA扩增技术,具有特异性强、敏感性高、反应迅速、设备简单、判定简易等特点,非常适合在基层和临床上应用。自LAMP出现后,在多个领域得到了大量的研究和应用,尤其在家禽病毒的检测方面发展迅速,检测动物包括鸡、鸭、鹅、鸽等多种家禽,检测对象包含引起呼吸道感染、肿瘤、免疫抑制等方面的多种病毒,检测的敏感性和特异性比PCR还要高,在家禽病毒性感染的诊断和防控中发挥了重要的作用。当前影响其广泛应用的主要问题是扩增模板,如果能解决病原核酸在生产现场的简便提取,定能在将来得到更广泛的普及应用。
环介导等温扩增技术;家禽病毒;检测
环介导等温扩增技术(Loop-mediated isothermal amplification,LAMP)是2000年由Notomi T等[1]建立的一种新的核酸扩增技术,该技术能够特异、高效、快速地扩增靶序列,扩增产物可以直接观察,即具有实验室检测方法敏感性高、特异性强的优点。所以,自LAMP建立以来,已被广泛应用于生物安全、食品分析及环境监测等多个领域,在疾病诊断领域更是凭借无可比拟的优势得到广泛的应用。
病毒性疾病是危害畜禽生产最严重的一类疾病,所以,LAMP技术也就被广泛应用于畜禽病毒的检测。家禽饲养中病毒病的发生非常频繁,LAMP技术对家禽病毒的检测也有了大量的研究和报道。
LAMP技术对家禽病毒的检测多集中在感染鸡的病毒的检测上,无论是感染呼吸道的病毒,还是致肿瘤、免疫抑制的病毒,都已有不少的报道。
1.1对呼吸道感染病毒的检测
临床上鸡呼吸道感染的发生非常常见,LAMP技术用于感染鸡呼吸道病毒的检测报道也最多,尤其是对禽流感病毒(Avian influenza virus,AIV)的检测,现已有数十篇。2007年Imai M等[2]、2013年和Liu Y等[3]利用RT-LAMP技术进行了H5亚型AIV的检测,发现其比一步法RT-PCR灵敏100倍,并且只能特异性地检测出H5亚型AIV的血凝素基因,不能检测出其他类型的血凝素基因。2012年和2014年Bao H和Liu J等[4-6]建立了检测H7亚型禽流感病毒的LAMP,最低可以检测0.1 PFU~0.01 PFU的H7亚型禽流感病毒,敏感性是常规RT-PCR检测方法的100倍,可以在攻毒1 d后检测到病毒排泄。2013年Peng Y等[7]建立了H1、N1和N2亚型禽流感病毒的LAMP检测方法,可以在50 min内完成检测,敏感性和病毒分离一致。2015年,Bao H等和Luo S等[8-9]还进行了H10亚型流感病毒的LAMP检测。2015年Kim E M等[10]还建立了一种uRT-LAMP方法进行流感病毒的检测,比常规LAMP方法敏感10倍,将LAMP检测的敏感度提高到了一个新的高度。
LAMP技术对鸡新城疫病毒(Newcastle disease virus,NDV)病原的检测,报道最早。早在2005年,Pham H M等[11]就报道了NDV的RT-LAMP检测,通过对38份NDV病毒株、其他病毒和实验性感染鸡的临床样品的检测发现,LAMP技术和套式PCR具有同样特异性和敏感性。2008年孔令辰等发现其对新城疫病毒RNA的最低检测阈值为100 pg,和鸡胚病毒分离的阳性符合率高达93.5%。而2009年Li Q等[12]建立了一种对NDV更加敏感和准确的RT-LAMP扩增技术,敏感性可提高5倍,更加便于对病毒早期感染或病毒含量低的组织样品的检测。
对传染性喉气管炎病毒(Infectious laryngotracheitis virus,ILTV)的检测,也有多篇报道。2010年Xie Q M等针对胸苷激酶(thymidine kinase,TK)建立了LAMP检测方法,最低可以检测46个拷贝的病毒粒子,比PCR的敏感性高10倍[13]。2012年Ou S C等[14]进行了ILTV的RT-PCR和LAMP检测的比较,表明LAMP的敏感性比RT-PCR稍低。
对传染性支气管炎病毒的检测,现只有1篇报道。2010年Chen H T等[15]进行了其核衣壳磷蛋白的RT-LAMP检测,检测敏感性为每微升10EID50/mL,对临床样本的检测表明,其比RT-PCR的检出率稍高,为99.5%。
2012年Xie Z等[16]建立了禽呼肠病毒(Avian reovirus,ARV)的LAMP检测方法,该方法针对ARV的S1基因,能检测到10fg的总RNA,比RT-PCR敏感100倍。
1.2对致肿瘤病毒的检测
采用LAMP对鸡致肿瘤病毒的检测,也有较多的报道。2010年Zhang X等[17]就建立了J亚群禽白血病病毒的LAMP检测方法,能检测5个目标基因,比PCR敏感20倍。2011年Wang Y等[18]针对禽白血病病毒A亚群的gp85基因设计引物建立了LAMP检测方法,能检测20个拷贝的前病毒核酸,比常规PCR方法敏感100倍。2015年Peng H等[19]也对常见的禽白血病病毒亚型进行了LAMP检测。
2010年Deng X等[20]进行了网状内皮组织增生症病毒(Avian reticuloendotheliosis virus)pol 基因的LAMP检测,可以检测5个拷贝的病毒,比常规PCR敏感性高,并且可以检测不同血清型的RAV。
2012年—2014年Wei X等[21]、Wozniakowski G等[22]和Niakowski G W等[23]分别使用针对meq基因建立的LAMP进行了家禽羽毛上马立克病病毒的检测,敏感性比PCR方法高100倍以上,可以最低检测3.2拷贝/百万细胞的病毒量,与2型和3型不发生交叉反应,并且可以不用进行DNA的提取就可以进行禽舍尘埃的检测。
1.3对免疫抑制病毒的检测
LAMP也被用在了免疫抑制病毒的检测上,2009年Xue V等[24]和Xu J等[25]分别针对鸡传染性法氏囊病病毒(Infectious bursal disease virus,IBDV)的VP2和VP3基因建立了RT-LAMP检测方法,结果表明,针对保守的VP3基因建立的RT-LAMP更加敏感,而2011年Lee M S等[26]也针对VP2建立了IBDV的RT-LAMP,发现可以检测0.01 fg的病毒RNA,敏感性是常规RT-PCR的100倍,并具有很好的特异性。2011年Wang Y等[27]针对IBDV的VP5基因建立了一种RT-LAMP,可以检测28个拷贝的病毒RNA,敏感度和RT-PCR一样,配合酶切可以区分强毒与弱毒。2012年Tsai S M等[28]将IBDV的RT-LAMP检测方法和横向流动试纸条技术(lateral flow dipstick,LFD )相结合,建立了RT-LAMP-LFD,可以在70 min内完成临床样品的检测,最低可以检测0.1 PFU的病毒。
2010年Huang C H等[29]诊断VP2基因设计引物进行了鸡贫血病毒(Chicken anaemia virus)的LAMP检测,最低可以检测100 fg的病毒,比常规PCR敏感100倍。
1.4对其他病毒的检测
对其他感染鸡的病毒的报道较少,2011年Xie Z等[30]建立了针对禽腺病毒1群hexon基因的LAMP检测方法,12个血清型都能检出,最低可以检测到238个拷贝的病毒粒子, 2群和3群的腺病毒等其他病毒都不能检出。2014年Liu X等[31]建立了一种Real Amp方法,对广东省黄鸡的出血性肠炎病毒进行了检测,相对于套式PCR,符合率为100%,而试验时间减少了15 min。
除了对感染鸡的病毒的检测外,LAMP还用于感染鸭的多种病毒的检测。2009年Ji J等[32]依据UL6蛋白基因设计引物进行了鸭瘟病毒的LAMP检测,显示出比PCR和RT-PCR更高的敏感性。2010年Ji J等[33]针对VP3基因进行了番鸭细小病毒的LAMP检测,可检测出保存的7个病毒分离株,敏感性是常规PCR方法的10倍。2012年Yang L等[34]和Song C等[35]针对2C基因设计引物进行了A型鸭肝炎病毒血清1型的LAMP检测,最低可以检测0.1 EID50/0.1 mL的病毒,对临床样本的检测表明LAMP和RT-PCR、病毒分离的结果一致。2014年Li C等[36]针对3D基因进行了A型鸭肝炎病毒基因C型的LAMP检测,最低可以检测0.3 pg (6.59×104个拷贝)的病毒基因,敏感性是常规RT-PCR的100倍。2012年Yan L等[37]进行了鸭坦布苏病毒(Duck Tembusu virus)的RT-LAMP检测,检测极限为0.01 ELD50,敏感性和rRT-PCR相近,但rRT-PCR的重复性要更好一些。2014年Xie L等[38]进行了鸭圆环病毒Rep基因的LAMP检测,检测极限为20个拷贝的病毒DNA。
对感染鹅的病毒的检测现只有2篇报道。2010年Yang J等[39]针对VP3基因进行了鹅细小病毒的LAMP检测,最低可以检测每微升28拷贝/μL的基因,和RT-PCR的敏感性相近。2012年Niakowski G W等[40]建立了鹅圆环病毒的LAMP检测,和RT-PCR具有相同的敏感性。
对于感染其他家禽病毒的LAMP检测,研究较少。2010年Cardoso T C等[41]报道了火鸡冠状病毒的RT-LAMP检测,最低可以检测100 EID50的病毒,对临床样本的检测显示,RT-LAMP和RT-PCR具有很好的符合率。2014年Tsai S S等[42]进行了鸽圆环病毒的LAMP检测,可以检测到仅0.5 pg的病毒DNA。
综上所述,LAMP在家禽病毒病的诊断中已得到广泛的应用,原因除了其相对于其他扩增技术更灵敏、更准确、更快速等优点外,更主要的还在于其不需要昂贵的PCR仪,利用简单的恒温装置(甚至可以用保温瓶和温度计来代替)就可以进行扩增,同时不用依赖于电泳,加入核酸染料后只依靠肉眼就能进行结果判定,非常适合在生产实际和基层使用,容易得到普及,有巨大的应用和市场潜力。当前影响其使用的最大障碍是病原模板的提取,现在模板提取还要用到高速离心机等仪器,不方便临床应用,所以现在多应用在对分泌物的检测上(因为它可经简单处理后作为模板),对组织样品的检测尚不方便。如果能解决这一问题,LAMP的临床检测将迅速得到普及和应用。
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Application of Loop-Mediated Isothermal Amplification for Detecting Poultry Viruses
LIU Meng-zhi,YIN Rong-huan,PAN Shu-de,LIU Bao-shan
(College of Animal Science & Veterinary Medicine,Shenyang Agricultural University,Shenyang,Liaoning,110866,China)
Loop-mediated isothermal amplification(LAMP) is an extremely rapid,convenient,sensitive and specific DNA amplification method and used to detect a pathogen in Point-of-Care test.Now it can be used in various fields such as detection of fowl viruses.A lot of fowl viruses which can infect chickens,ducks,geese or pigeons to induce symptoms of the respiratory system,tumours or immunosuppressions were detected by LAMP.LAMP has higher sensitivity and specificity than PCR,so it will play an important role in diagnosis and control of fowl viruses.If the trouble that template can be extracted simply in the spot is solved,LAMP will be widely used in future by its rapid, accuracy,simple and convenient characteristics.
loop-mediated isothermal amplification; poultry virus; detection
2016-03-06
刘梦志(1991-),男,山东高唐人,硕士研究生,主要从事从事动物疫病诊断研究。*通讯作者
S854.43
A
1007-5038(2016)09-0108-05