田 冲 张体江
田冲张体江*
癫是脑神经元异常放电引起反复性发作的脑功能失调综合征。对癫病人脑功能的研究成为近年来的研究热点。其中动脉自旋标记(ASL)灌注成像是一种无创定量测量脑血流灌注量的MR功能成像新技术,可以反映癫病人脑血流动力学的相关情况,能为更好地揭示癫的病理生理机制提供新的理论依据。就ASL新技术在癫的研究进展及临床应用进行综述。
癫;磁共振成像;灌注成像;动脉自旋标记
DOI:10.19300/j.2016.Z3865
ASL是利用水分子为内源性示踪剂,对成像平面上游动脉血中的水质子进行脉冲反转标记,标记过的水质子随血流流入下游成像层面,将引起血液的自旋状态改变,从而得到反转水质子标记影像,将所获取的标记像与未标记的对照影像相减即得到灌注像,通过示踪剂稀释原理,脑血流灌注量(cerebral blood flow,CBF)可被定量测量,以反映组织器官活性及功能的重要信息[3]。
根据标记过程和方式的不同,ASL技术可以大致分为连续式动脉自旋标记(continuous arterial spin labeling,CASL)、脉冲式动脉自旋标记(pulsed arterial spin labeling,PASL)及伪连续式动脉自旋标记(pseudo-continuous arterial spin labeling,PCASL)。近年来有研究者为综合以上各种传统技术的优势以求进一步提高影像信噪比及ASL信号稳定性,提出了速率选择性动脉自旋标记 (velocity-selective arterial spin labeling,VSASL)技术[4],该技术目前正处于基础研究阶段。
2.1基础研究ASL技术由Williams等[5]于1992年提出,运用粗糙的单切片影像方法进行大鼠试验,发现大鼠脑损伤后相应区域有脑灌注异常改变,并且发现应用ASL技术可以对脑损伤区域的CBF进行评估;Roberts等[6]于1994年将ASL应用于人体研究也取得成功。由于相对于身体其他器官,大脑具有高灌注率、丰富的空间血液供应、受运动影响小及神经活动与局部脑组织血流量之间紧密相关性等特点,目前ASL的相关研究主要集中在神经科学[7-8]。
2.1.2临床对照研究2001年,Wolf等[14]首次用CASL技术对 12例难治性颞叶癫病人进行CBF测量及对照研究,结果发现病人双侧颞叶的CBF呈现不对称性,癫侧的CBF较对侧降低[癫侧CBF=(50.16±10.39)mL/(min·100 g),对照侧CBF=(57.13±13.19)mL/(min·100 g)]。2008年Lim等[2]对10例MTLE病人同时采集了癫发作间期的PASL和PET影像数据,并利用灌注影像对区域脑血流量进行了定量分析,结果显示病变侧PASL CBF=(37.69±17.12)mL/(min·100 g),PET CBF= (50.06±17.09)mL/(min·100 g);对照侧PASL CBF= (45.12±20.92)mL/(min·100 g),PET CBF=(54.72± 17.42)mL/(min·100 g),对比两种技术的研究结果,PASL和PET在颞叶区域平均脑血流量的测量无显著差异(病变侧P=0.11,对照侧P=0.24),且病变侧脑血流量低于对侧。Pendse等[15]利用ASL技术对16例难治性癫病人的研究结果与Lim一致,这为ASL在癫的临床应用研究奠定了基础。此外,国内研究者郭等[16]通过对22例健康志愿者和30例内侧颞叶癫且伴有海马硬化病人发作间期进行对比研究,发现除患侧颞叶呈现低灌注外,在患侧海马、额叶、岛叶及对侧脑区也有部分区域出现灌注下降现象,但范围远小于患侧,认为这与颞叶癫病人在长期、反复发作过程中,通过网络传播导致致灶以外脑区的损伤有关,甚至波及整个大脑,也可能与长期应用抗癫药物对全脑血流有抑制作用有关。上述研究提示ASL技术对于揭示MTLE的发作机制具有较大优势。
2.2临床应用ASL技术因具有无创性、无辐射损伤、更容易随访和高空间分辨力等特点,基于此,已有研究应用于癫的定侧、定位诊断及动态随访评估。
2.2.2动态随访评估2008年Pizzini等[25]首次报道了利用3.0 T MRI PASL技术动态观察致灶脑血流量的改变情况,病人发作后立即行PASL检查示右顶枕叶皮质区CBF增高,1周后再次行PASL检查示相同区域呈低灌注,该研究表明ASL可以用于常规动态检测癫病人脑区的血流改变情况。Pizzini另一项对照研究表明,PASL在监测癫病人脑血流变化、灌注的不对称性和与时间相关变化方面堪比DSC-MRI(P<0.001)[26]。沈等[27]应用ASL技术对48例MTLE病人行颞叶CBF与病程的相关性研究发现,MTLE病人CBF与临床病程呈负相关性,即发病时间越长,患侧颞叶的CBF越低。
3D-ASL作为一项全新的无创性组织灌注成像新技术,在对癫发病的病理生理机制的理解以及在预防和治疗癫的新策略研究中具有潜在的临床应用价值,此技术具有空间分辨力高、重复性好等优点,有望替代SPECT、PET等方法来监测癫病人脑血流灌注的改变以评估其临床疗效。在未来,利用大样本、与手术对照,并且结合ESI、MR扩散张量成像、扩散峰度成像及静息态功能MRI[28]等影像技术有助于更深入了解癫病理生理机制,并为癫痫的定位、定侧诊断及疗效检测提供理论依据。
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(2015-10-11)
Progress of arterial spin labeling perfusion in epilepsy
TIAN Chong,ZHANG Tijiang.Department of Radiology,Affiliated Hospital of Zunyi Medical University,Guizhou 563003,China
Epilepsy is a brain dysfunction syndrome,which is caused by abnormal discharge of cerebral neurons.It has become a hot topic in the study of brain function in patients with epilepsy at present.Arterial spin labeling(ASL)perfusion is one of the advanced magnetic resonance imaging(MRI)technologies that can measure the cerebral blood flow quantitatively and noninvasively.It is able to reveal the cerebral hemodynamics in epilepsy patients and to provide a new theoretical basis for the pathophysiological mechanism of epilepsy.Recent advances in this field and its applications in clinic were reviewed in this article.
Epilepsy;Magnetic resonance imaging;Perfusion imaging;Arterial spin labeling Int J Med Radiol,2016,39(3):238-240;249
遵义医学院附属医院医学影像科,遵义563003
张体江,E-mail:tijzhang@163.com
*审校者
国家自然科学基金(81360218),贵州省科技厅项目[黔科合J字(2011)38号],贵州省省长资金临床应用课题专项研究[黔省专合字(183)号]