李斌
(兰州军区兰州总医院消化内科,甘肃 兰州 730050)
DLC1在肿瘤中的研究进展
李斌
(兰州军区兰州总医院消化内科,甘肃 兰州 730050)
在癌细胞中,识别基因及其功能的改变对肿瘤的预防与治疗极其重要。大量证据显示抑癌基因(Deleted in liver cancer 1,DLC1),在癌细胞发生及转移的过程作为抑癌基因,其编码的蛋白是一种Rho GTPase的激活剂,可为治疗肿瘤策略提供良好机会。现就DLC1抑制多种肿瘤发生与转移及其调控机制的相关研究进行综述。
抑癌基因;黏着斑;肿瘤;发生;转移
肿瘤疾病复杂的形成与基因的不稳定及癌细胞个别特征密切有关。遗传学与分子生物学是肿瘤形成的分子学基础,早期发现基因及分子物质的改变对肿瘤的发病机制至关重要。在人类多种肿瘤中,抑癌基因通过甲基化、磷酸化或与蛋白质相互作用导致其频繁的下调或沉默,是癌细胞形成与转移的重要原因[1]。近年来,在肿瘤治疗中出现一种新的趋势,即通过表观遗传学机制介导的功能改变来提供及时有效地治疗癌症的策略。本研究以DLC1抑制肿瘤发生与转移及其调控的病理生理机制进行相关综述,望通过此途径构想出有效抑制肿瘤的策略。
DLC1(Deleted in Liver Cancer 1)是第一个从肝细胞癌(HCC)中发现的候选抑癌基因[2]。该基因位于染色体8p21.3-22上,但在肝细胞癌及其他肿瘤中容易发生丢失。自1998年识别DLC1基因至今,更多证据显示在肿瘤中其表现出良好的抑癌特点。DLC1编码的蛋白有三个主要的功能结构域,分别为N端的SAM (Sterile alpha motif)、C端的 START(Steroidogenic acute regulatory-related lipid transfer)和RhoGAP。位于SAM和RhoGAP之间的铰链区对DLC1黏着斑的定位起重要作用,主要通过与其他物质相互作用及磷酸化作用。DLC抑癌家族,其中DLC1、DLC2和DLC3这三者的结构相似且包含相同的功能区域。它们共同定位于黏着斑,并拥有激活GAP特征[3-5]。GAP作为分子开关,在细胞内负性调节激活型GTP-Rho到非激活型GDP-Rho。Rho蛋白是正常生理过程的调节者,比如肌动蛋白细胞骨架的组成、转录、细胞运动和增殖。然而,异常的激活Rho蛋白可导致肿瘤的发生和转移[6]。而肝癌细胞丢失DLC1也可增加RhoA的活性。激活Rho信号通路作为下调DLC1的一个结果。
有趣的是,DLC1并不是一直静止在细胞中,其可游走到细胞核中来改变位置,但可引起半胱天冬酶-3 (Caspase-3)依赖的细胞凋亡[7]。细胞核中的位置主要依靠DLC1残基415~430,其是一种由两部分组成的核定位序列。此外,一种丝氨酸区域(氨基酸209~291)及残基600~700也与调节DLC1与核的位置有关[8]。DLC1靶向进入细胞核的机制能明显降低抑制肿瘤的功能。
2.1 DLC1与张力蛋白(Tensin)相互作用 Tensin是黏着蛋白家族的一种,包括Tensin1、2、3、4。在细胞骨架结构中除了起支架蛋白作用外,Tensin还可能与信号传导及细胞性状转化有关。四者结构相似,由N端的肌动蛋白结合区和黏着斑结合区,及C端的Src同源结构域2(SH2)和磷酪氨酸结合区域(PTB)组成。而Tensin4仅拥有SH2和PTB两个区域,也称C端张力样蛋白(Cten)。位于DLC1中心区域的残基S440和Y442,可与Cten的SH2区域结合[9],但肽Y442的磷酸化作用可降低DLC1与Cten的SH2区域结合,并直接破坏黏着斑的定位及DLC1肿瘤抑制的活性[9]。同样,Tensin1与DLC1相互作用也受磷酸酪氨酸非依赖的方式干扰,并调节DLC1肿瘤抑制的活性。DLC1的 375~385残基可与Tensin2的PTB区域结合[10],但破坏其结合也可导致部分RhoGAP和DLC1抑制肿瘤生长活性的降低。说明Tensin家族与DLC1结合可调控DLC1的活性,控制癌细胞的迁移和转化[11]。
2.2 与其他蛋白分子相互作用 DLC1除了与Tensin相互作用外,也与其他蛋白相互作用。存在于START区域的899~996残基介导DLC1与质膜微囊结构蛋白Caveolin-1形成复合体[12],但相结合的部位若被删除可有效抑制Rho的活性,降低抑制细胞迁移和克隆源性细胞增长[12]。除了Caveolin-1,Akt也可与DLC1的START区域相结合,并且通过S567的磷酸化作用来负性调控DLC1的生物活性[13]。此外,4,5二磷酸磷脂酰肌醇(PI(4,5)P2与DLC1相结合可刺激RhoGAP的活性;但PI(4,5)P2与DLC1有突变缺陷的蛋白结合,将有效地降低抑制Rho的活性并抑制细胞迁移和增殖的能力[14]。另外,DLC1的SAM区域可独立地与真核延伸因子1A1(Eukaryotic elongation factor1A1,EF1A1)及PTEN相结合,并重新招募EF1A1到膜外围来抑制细胞迁移[15-16]。
此外,位于SAM和RhoGAP之间的铰链区也与多种蛋白相互作用,包括踝蛋白(Talin)、黏着斑激酶(FAK)、S100A10、14-3-3、α-catenin。总之,DLC1通过与多种蛋白相互作用调控细胞的增长和迁移,尤其是Tensin蛋白起着调控的主导作用,但其具体机制复杂且未知。
3.1 Protein kinase B/Akt的磷酸化作用 Hers等[17]首先提供了DLC1蛋白磷酸化作用调控的证据,但其导致重要功能的改变并没有探究。蛋白激酶试验证实Akt可直接在DLC1的保守序列S567上磷酸化[13],并解除DLC1对细胞生长和抑制转移活性的控制。在裸鼠中DLC1的S567D磷酸化突变可导致巨大肿块形成和癌细胞远处转移。但DLC1的RhoGAP的活性并未受到影响,说明了DLC1抑制癌细胞的活性也可受RhoGAP非依赖途径的介导。总之,Akt过多激活和表达导致DLC1功能异常,使肿瘤患者的预后差,总生存期不佳。
3.2 Protein kinase C/D的磷酸化作用 DLC1的铰链区除了介导与多种蛋白相互作用,也与Protein kinase C/D(PKA C/D)磷酸化作用。PKAC及PKAD的激活可与S327及S431发生磷酸化,最终使DLC1与 14-3-3相结合,其复合体可抑制DLC1的RhoGAP的活性[18]。除外,与14-3-3相结合能掩饰DLC1的核定位序列,进一步阻碍其在核与质之间的穿梭运动。PKD也可以直接磷酸化DLC1的S807残基,其位于RhoGAP区域[19],体外实验显示,S807的磷酸化作用可负性调节DLC1抑制细胞生长和迁移能力。也有文献显示PKA可磷酸化S549,可导致DLC1二聚体的生成,并增加RhoGAP的活性并且抑制癌细胞的生长和转移[20]。这些结果说明PKA C/D对调控DLC1的活性至关重要。上述研究都表明,DLC1的蛋白激酶磷酸化作用在肿瘤的病理生理过程中发挥重要作用,正常DLC1通过多种途径磷酸化作用,导致DLC1表达异常和DLC1活性的变化,进一步引起影响癌细胞的生长和转移。
4.1 肝癌 作为我国临床上常见肿瘤之一且发病率逐年增高的肝癌,尽管患者目前能接受有效的外科切除及前沿的化疗方法,但生存率依然很低。在肝癌中,DLC1可抑制细胞的迁移和癌症的转移,但其显著下调或缺失,并且抑制癌细胞发生及迁移的作机制并不是非常清楚。在一项临床研究中,52%的肝细胞癌患者发生DLC1基因的丢失[21],然而在转移性肝细胞癌细胞系及外科标本中也发现了相似的结果。更为惊讶的是DLC1的表达和侵袭的程度及转移的倾向存在紧密的联系,高度侵袭性肿瘤与低度侵袭性相比,DLC1的表达显著降低,转移性的肝细胞癌细胞株与非转移性相比,DLC1的表达也相应降低[22]。为了进一步研究,有研究者发现来源于高度侵袭性肝细胞癌的Focus和7703K两者中缺乏DLC1的表达,但在体外恢复DLC1的表达后可显著抑制细胞的增殖,并且在体内实验也一定程度上抑制肿瘤的发生[23]。
4.2 前列腺癌 作为男性常见的恶性肿瘤前列腺癌,约1/3前列腺癌根除后的患者会复发或远距离转移,进一步发展为雄激素难治性前列腺癌,并且越来越增加肿瘤细胞的侵袭性[24]。国内外研究发现,在前列腺癌中DLC1可抑制细胞的增生、侵袭和重新恢复凋亡信号,但在前列腺癌中其也表现下调或缺失。有研究发现,DLC1基因沉默的前列腺上皮可通过上调VEGF来促进细胞转化,并伴有缺氧诱导的积累因子1α及其核定位的生成[25]。在进一步的前列腺癌转移模型中,DLC1的丢失可使NF-κB激活水平显著增高,使粘附连接稳定性发生变化,导致癌细胞发生转移[24]。同样在癌细胞中,E-cadherin表达水平上调,导致细胞侵袭的程度提高[26]。
4.3 乳腺癌 作为抗肿瘤基因,DLC1在乳腺癌的复发、进展、侵袭和转移起着重要作用。一项国外研究表明,在相邻的正常组织及良性乳腺病变标本与乳腺癌相比,DLC1的表达水平显著增高,在高度侵袭伴转移性肿瘤与低度侵袭肿瘤相比,DLC1表达水平降低[27]。乳腺癌标本显示DLC1低表达可增加PTHLH的表达,进一步增加溶骨性骨转移且具有器官特异转移性[28]。另外一项研究表明,DLC1的高表达和CDK6的低表达协同作用与乳腺癌的良好预后有关[29]。
4.4 肺癌 大量的数据显示DLC1在肺癌的发展及转移中起着重要作用,并且有效地监视DLC1已经被认为是肺癌预后结果的一个可靠标记[30]。在缺乏内源性表达DLC1非小细胞肺癌转染其后可抑制癌细胞在裸鼠的移植瘤的生长。而肺癌中DLC1基因发生甲基化作用预示着癌细胞可能或已经发生转移[31]。有研究表明,在291例肺腺癌的组织中发现DLC1的表达与早期肺癌的预后存在很大关系[32];此外,LDC1的下调也与非细胞肺癌较差的预后有关,而且其过度表达与化疗药物抵抗有关,如厄洛替尼、顺铂;但其低表达也与一定程度的化疗药物抵抗有关,如依托泊苷、卡铂[33]。
4.5 其他肿瘤 有研究表示DLC1功能可能与其他肿瘤的发生和转移有关,比如多发性骨髓瘤、卵巢癌、肾癌、鼻咽癌、胰腺癌与泌尿系肿瘤。多种肿瘤相关的研究表明,DLC1可抑制癌细胞的增殖和迁移。
综上所述,DLC1功能的缺失或下调,可造成癌细胞的发生、远处转移及继发性损伤;但调控其抑制功能是一个复杂的过程,并且涉及多种蛋白及信号通路,其介导癌细胞转移的具体机制还没有阐述清楚。若DLC1的研究取得突破性进展,将可能成为治疗肿瘤的靶点,降低转移的机率,提高患者的生存质量和增加患者的生存率。
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Research progress of DLC1 in carcinoma.
LI Bin.Department of Gastroenterology,Lanzhou General Hospital of Lanzhou Command,Lanzhou 730050,Gansu,CHINA
In cancer cells,the identification of genetic and functional alterations is critical for designing preventive and therapeutic strategies.Evidence showed that the deleted in liver cancer 1(DLC1)acted as a suppressor gene in the genesis and metastasis of cancer cells.Moreover,protein DLC1,a Rho GTPase activator,promises opportunities for therapeutic strategies based on DLC1 function.This review presents evidence supporting an anti-occurrence and metastatic role for DLC1 in human cancers and discusses the mechanisms contributing to its inhibitory effects.
Deleted in liver cancer 1(DLC1);Focal adhesion;Tumor;Genesis;Metastasis
R73-3
A
1003—6350(2016)05—0792—04
10.3969/j.issn.1003-6350.2016.05.036
2015-05-09)
李斌。E-mail:chenly0939@163.com