张权娥 史文婷 陶 红 何正梅 丁邦和 王春玲 于 亮 李玉峰
南京医科大学附属淮安第一医院血液科,江苏淮安223300
尼洛替尼治疗以胸腔积液为首发的慢性髓系白血病2例及文献复习
张权娥 史文婷 陶 红 何正梅 丁邦和 王春玲 于 亮 李玉峰
南京医科大学附属淮安第一医院血液科,江苏淮安223300
2例以胸腔积液为首发的慢性髓系白血病患者初诊时即为急变期,予尼洛替尼治疗后,例1治疗1个月余,胸腔积液基本完全吸收,淋巴结和脾脏肿大基本消失,治疗12个月,获得分子学反应。例2治疗20 d,也表现为淋巴结和脾脏肿大逐渐缩小,胸腔积液逐渐消失,但患者骨髓抑制明显,停止尼洛替尼治疗后胸腔积液再次出现。本文通过对2例患者临床资料进行回顾分析及复习相关文献,提示尼洛替尼可能成为治疗以胸腔积液首发的慢性髓系白血病患者的首选药物,有利于胸腔积液的吸收,有望达到分子学缓解。
尼洛替尼;慢性髓系白血病;急变期;胸腔积液
慢性髓系白血病(chronicmyeloid leukemia,CML)是骨髓造血干细胞克隆性增殖形成的恶性肿瘤,其细胞遗传学特咖是具有费城(Philadelphia,Ph)染色体和/或BCR-ABL融合基因,即t(9;22)(q34:q11)易位形成断裂咖簇集区(breakpoint region,BCR)-艾贝尔逊白血病病毒(Abelson leukemia virus,ABL)融合基因[1-4]。该基因编码和表达酪氨酸蛋白激酶,所以它是治疗CML理想的靶咖。酪氨酸激酶抑制剂(tyrosine kinase inhibitor,TKI)的出现使BCR-ABL融合基因阳性的CML患者的疗效显著改善。CML病程可分为慢性期、加速期、急变期。急变期可出现多种髓外原始细胞侵犯,初诊时即为CML急变期(chronic myeloid leukemia-blast crisis,CML-BC)合并胸腔积液的报道较少。尼洛替尼是第二代酪氨酸激酶抑制剂,对加速期和急变期的CML患者疗效较好。南京医科大学附属淮安第一医院(以下简称“我;”)血液科近期收治2例使用第二代酪氨酸激酶抑制剂尼洛替尼(达希纳)治疗以胸腔积液为首发表现的CML-BC患者,现总结临床资料如下:
1.1 例1
患者,徐某,男性,45岁,发现全身多处淋巴结肿大1个月余,于2014年11月24日入;。查体:轻度贫血貌,右侧耳后、双侧腋窝、右侧腹股沟等可触及多个肿大淋巴结,较大的<1 cm×2 cm,质韧,表面欠光滑,界欠清,部分有融合,活动度差,无触痛。心肺听诊未及明显异常。脾脏肋下<10 cm,质硬,无压痛。血常规示:白细胞计数(WBC)118.44×109/L,血红蛋白(Hb)94 g/L,血小板计数(PLT)698×109/L,白细胞分类可见各阶段细胞,以中晚幼细胞为主,嗜酸、嗜碱细胞升高,骨髓象示:符合CML,BCR-ABL融合基因(P210型)阳性,BCR/ABL1融合基因ABL1激酶区未发生突变。淋巴结组织检查结果如下:颈部淋巴结病理切片示组织中见弥漫原始粒细胞,免疫组化示肿瘤细胞Ki-67(++),CD43(++),MPO(++),CD117(+/-),背景细胞CD43(++),CD20(+),Bcl-2(++),CD21(+),Bcl-6(+),CD3(++),MUM1(+),CD10(-),结合HE染色提示符合粒细胞肉瘤,累及淋巴结。淋巴结原位荧光杂交(fluorescence in situ hybridization,FISH)法检测融合基因BCR-ABL提示阳性,染色体示46,XY,t(2;21)(q14;q22),t(9;22)(q34;q11)/46,XY。腹部B超示:脾肿大,大小<20.5 cm×10.9 cm。入;后5 d患者感胸闷不适,胸部B超提示右侧胸腔探及液性暗区,范围<4.3 cm×9.2 cm。行胸腔穿刺闭式引流,共引流出暗红色胸水<2000mL。胸腔积液检查示:渗出液,见大量原始粒细胞及嗜酸球。诊断:CML急变期。予羟基脲降细胞及水化碱化等对症治疗,2014年12月12日开始第二代TKI尼洛替尼(达希纳)400mg bid开始治疗,治疗1个月患者淋巴结、脾脏逐渐缩小,胸腔积液逐渐消失。治疗3个月血常规示:WBC 6.54×109/L,Hb 110 g/L,PLT 245×109/L,骨髓象示:CML慢性期,获得完全血液学反应(CHR),治疗6个月FISH法BCR-ABL阴性,荧光实时定量聚合酶链反应(RQ-PCR)法检测BCR-ABL/ABL转录本:0.3%,获得完全细胞遗传学反应(CCyR),治疗12个月FISH法BCR-ABL阴性,RQ-PCR法BCRABL/ABL转录本:0.06%,获得分子学反应(MMR)。目前随访15个月,患者病情稳定,继续达希纳400mg bid治疗中。
1.2 例2
患者,郭某,女性,53岁,发现全身多处淋巴结肿大5个月余,腹痛1 d,于2015年4月8日入;。患者5个月前无明显诱因出现全身多处淋巴结肿大,就诊于当地医院,查白细胞升高,行淋巴结活检提示血液系统恶性肿瘤,未治疗出;,出;后淋巴结进行性肿大伴数量增多,偶有疼痛不适,1 d前患者自觉腹痛不适,遂来我;血液科就诊。查体:贫血貌,耳前、耳后、颈部、腋窝、腹股沟多发淋巴结肿大,较大的<2 cm× 3 cm,质韧,部分有融合,活动度欠佳,无触痛。心肺听诊未及明显异常。脾脏肋下<10 cm,质硬,无压痛。血常规示:WBC 127.53×109/L,Hb 66 g/L,PLT 695× 109/L,白细胞分类可见各阶段细胞,以中晚幼细胞为主,嗜酸、嗜碱细胞升高。骨髓象示:符合CML。BCRABL(P190/P210)均阳性。BCR/ABL1融合基因ABL1激酶区未发生突变。淋巴结免疫组化病理示:(颈部淋巴结)肿瘤细胞:MPO(++),CD117(-),CD43(++),CD3(-),Ki-67(+),CD163(-),CD20(-),CD30(-),ALK-1(-),Mac387(-),结合HE切片,提示符合粒细胞肉瘤。腹部B超示:脾大,大小<19.6 cm×6.3 cm,腹腔淋巴结肿大,较大的<4.4 cm×2.3 cm,界清。患者入;20 d因胸闷气喘行胸部B超示双侧胸腔积液,行胸腔闭式引流,引流出暗红色胸水共2000mL。胸腔积液检查示:渗出液,见大量原始粒细胞。诊断:CML急变期(CML-BC)。予羟基脲降细胞及水化碱化等对症治疗,2015年5月7日开始第二代TKI达希纳400 mg bid治疗,治疗20患者淋巴结、脾脏逐渐缩小,胸腔积液逐渐消失,但患者骨髓抑制明显,血常规示:WBC 1.03×109/L,Hb 75 g/L,PLT 115×109/L,中性粒细胞(N)0.52×109/L,予暂停达希纳治疗,停药后患者胸腔积液逐渐增多。2015年6月11日患者因发热3 d再次入;,根据患者病史及相关检查诊断为CML急变期、肺部感染、胸腔积液、G+球菌败血症,予抗感染、胸腔闭式引流等对症治疗病情好转,2015年6月17日再次开始尼洛替尼治疗,剂量同前。2015年7月24日患者因头昏1周再次入;,血常规提示WBC 0.85×109/L,Hb 35 g/L,PLT 3×109/L,N 0.16× 109/L,出现明显骨髓抑制,暂停尼洛替尼治疗。由于患者粒红巨三系明显受抑,出现贫血、出血、感染等严重并发症,病情进行性加重,于2015年8月13日死亡。
CML细胞遗传学特咖是具有费城染色体(Ph)和/或BCR-ABL融合基因,即t(9;22)(q34:q11)[2]。该基因编码和表达酪氨酸蛋白激酶,通过作用于一系列细胞信号传导途径,干扰了正常的细胞程序,如增殖、黏附和凋亡等,最终导致细胞恶变[3-4]。BCR-ABL融合基因在正常细胞中不表达,所以它是治疗CML理想的靶咖。CML病程可分为慢性期、加速期、急变期。急变期诊断标准[5],具有下列之一者可诊断:①外周血或骨髓中的原始粒细胞(Ⅰ型+Ⅱ型)或原淋+幼淋或原单+幼单≥20%;②外周血中原始粒+早幼粒细胞≥30%;③骨髓中原始粒+早幼粒细胞≥50%;④有髓外原始细胞浸润;⑤CFU-GM培养呈小簇生长或不生长。CML急变期髓外原始细胞浸润有多种表现形式,常见有淋巴结肿大、中枢神经系统侵犯、软组织肿块、恶性胸腔积液等[5-9],初诊时即为CML急变期出现胸腔积液的报道较少[6]。本文2例患者均是初诊时即出现胸腔积液的CML急变期患者。
酪氨酸激酶抑制剂是一种特异性基因产物抑制剂[10],对BCR-ABL融合基因阳性的CML疗效显著,应用越来越多[11]。第二代酪氨酸激酶抑制剂逐渐取代第一代而成为CML的一线方案[12],当有T315I突变时可选择第三代酪氨酸激酶抑制剂[13]。有报道酪氨酸激酶抑制剂可能出现胸腔积液的副作用,尼洛替尼是在伊马替尼基础上研发的第二代BCR-ABL酪氨酸激酶特异性抑制剂,与伊马替尼和达沙替尼相比,尼洛替尼导致胸腔积液的不良反应相对较少,对处于加速期和急变期的CML患者疗效也相对较好[14-16]。异基因造血干细胞移植(allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation,Allo-HSCT)是目前唯一可以治愈CML患者的方法[17-21],但受年龄和供者的限制,且Allo-HSCT存在移植相关死亡和远期并发症的风险,移植前又难以预测。酪氨酸激酶抑制剂治疗CML的巨大成功,震动了Allo-HSCT治疗CML的绝对地位,使CML移植患者的数量显著下降[19-20]。对于加速期或急变期及酪氨酸激酶抑制剂治疗失败的患者,可考虑Allo-HSCT治疗[21],移植前建议给予酪氨酸激酶抑制剂治疗至少至CHR,且在移植前酪氨酸激酶抑制剂停药至少2周[22],不能接受酪氨酸激酶抑制剂者亦需用羟基脲、三尖杉酯碱类或其他化疗药物,待获得CHR后接受Allo-HSCT。本文2例初诊时即出现胸腔积液的CML急变期患者,BCR-ABL融合基因均阳性,BCR/ABL1融合基因ABL1激酶区均未发生突变,因此我们开始直接予尼洛替尼(达希纳)进行治疗。治疗过程中笔者发现例1患者病情控制较好,且胸腔积液逐渐吸收,淋巴结和脾脏逐渐缩小,尼洛替尼治疗1个月,患者胸腔积液基本完全吸收,淋巴结和脾脏肿大基本消失,治疗3个月获得CHR,治疗6个月获得完全细胞遗传学反应(CCyR),治疗12个月获得MMR,临床疗效显著。目前随访15个月,患者病情无进展,生存状况改善,远期生存有待继续观察。例2患者尼洛替尼治疗过程中亦表现出利于胸腔积液的吸收及病情好转,但由于患者骨髓抑制副作用较明显,停用尼洛替尼治疗后患者出现贫血、出血、感染等严重并发症,最终导致死亡。
笔者认为尼洛替尼治疗以胸腔积液为首发表现的CML急变期患者,有利于胸腔积液的吸收,治疗过程中预防骨髓抑制副作用的发生,使CML-BC患者有望获得MMR,因此尼洛替尼可作为治疗以胸腔积液首发的CML患者首选药物。尼洛替尼治疗以胸腔积液为首发表现的CML-BC患者的机制可能为抑制细胞增殖及促进细胞分化有关[23],CML急变期胸腔积液的形成及尼洛替尼促进其吸收的机制有待进一步研究。
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Nilotinib for the treatment of chronic m yeloid leukem ia w ith the onset of p leural effusion:2 casesw ith literature review
ZHANG Quan'e SHIWenting TAO Hong HE Zhengmei DING Banghe WANG Chunling YU Liang LIYufeng Department of Hematology,Huai'an First People's Hospital,Nanjing Medical University,Jiangsu Province,Huai'an 223300,China
Two cases of patients with chronic myeloid leukemia-blast crisis(CML-BC)with the initial symptoms of pleural effusion were given Nilotinib.Pleural effusion of case 1 was almost completely absorbed and lymph nodes and splenomegaly were disappeared 1 month after treatment.It had amolecular response after 12 months.The case 2 also showed that pleural effusion disappeared gradually and the lymph nodes and splenomegaly became smaller 20 days after treatment.It had significantly inhibition of bone marrow.The pleural effusion appeared again after stopping the treatmentwith Nilotinib.The clinical data of 2 CML-BC patients with the onset of pleural effusion was retrospectively analyzed and related literature was also reviewed,which indicates that Nilotinib may be used as the preferred treatment drug for CML-BC patients with the onset of pleural effusion.It is advantageous to the pleural effusion absorption and molecular remission.
Nilotinib;Chronicmyeloid leukemia;Blast crisis;Pleural effusion
R733.72
A
1673-7210(2016)05(c)-0166-04
2016-02-14本文编辑:张瑜杰)
江苏省“333工程”培养资金资助项目(BRA2015 152);江苏省淮安市科技计划专项资金项目(HAS2015026)。
丁邦和(1968.11-),男,副主任医师;研究方向:血液病学。