李先强
(塔里木大学动物科学学院,新疆生产建设兵团塔里木畜禽科技重点实验室,新疆阿拉尔 843300)
氟苯尼考研究进展
李先强
(塔里木大学动物科学学院,新疆生产建设兵团塔里木畜禽科技重点实验室,新疆阿拉尔 843300)
氟苯尼考广泛应用于兽医临床防治猪、牛等动物的细菌感染性疾病。近年来该药在药效学以及药动学等方面已有了广泛研究,从氟苯尼考的理化性质、抗菌机理、耐药性、药效学、药动学、水溶性、联合用药以及药剂学等方面进行综述,以期为扩大该药在兽医临床上的应用范围以及新制剂的研制提供参考。
氟苯尼考;研究进展
氟苯尼考(Florfenicol)又称氟甲砜霉素,是甲砜霉素的3 位氟衍生物,属新型酰胺醇类抗生素。该药于1988年由美国先灵-葆雅公司成功研制的一种新型兽医专用氯霉素类广谱抗菌药,1990年首次在日本上市;三年后在挪威上市,商品名为Aquatlor;1995年氟苯尼考注射剂在法国上市,商品名为Nuflor;我国于1999年批准氟苯尼考为国家二类新兽药。目前氟苯尼考已广泛应用于兽医临床防治细菌性疾病,例如巴氏杆菌引起的牛呼吸道感染、乳腺炎;猪传染性胸膜肺炎;黄痢;白痢;鸡大肠杆菌病、禽霍乱等。伴随着全球养殖业的集约化快速发展,临床上细菌感染愈加趋向继发性、混合性及复杂性,近年来,相继有大量耐氟苯尼考菌株的滋生、不规范用药导致出现氟苯尼考药物毒性、新型制剂技术可改善氟苯尼考药物性能等报道。本文就氟苯尼考药物的现有研究报道进行综述。
氟苯尼考的结构式如图1所示,化学名称为D(+)-苏-1-对甲砜基苯基-2-二氯乙酰氨-3-氟丙醇,分子式为C12H14Cl2FNO4S,分子量为358.22。氟苯尼考作为甲砜霉素的氟化衍生物,与氯霉素相比均不含有硝基,因此其不会引起畜禽的再生障碍性贫血。氟苯尼考为白色或类白色的结晶性粉末;无臭,在二甲基甲酰胺中极易溶解,在甲醇中溶解,在冰醋酸中微溶,在水或氯仿中极微溶解,0.5%水溶液的pH 为4.5~6.5。
图1 氟苯尼考结构图
氟苯尼考的作用机理主要是表现在与70S核蛋白体的50S亚基上的A位紧密结合,阻碍了肽酰基转移酶的转肽反应,使肽链不能延伸,而抑制细菌蛋白质的合成。细菌对氯霉素类药物的耐药机制主要与耐药基因floR 有关[1],1996年Kim等首次分离鉴定出氟苯尼考耐药基因pp-floR[2];2000年Clochaert和Keyes分别报道了牛源和鸡源大肠杆菌的氟苯尼考耐药基因[3-4];2002年Bischoff以及2004年Blikcwdee也相继报道了猪源大肠杆菌的氟苯尼考耐药基因[5-6]。从分子结构上看,氯霉素和甲砜霉素容易让病原菌产生氯霉素乙酰转移酶而导致耐药,氟苯尼考将甲砜霉素分子结构C3位置上的羟基(-OH)取代为氟原子(F)能有效解决这一问题[7],从耐药角度考量,氟苯尼考很显然优于氯霉素和甲砜霉素。
氟苯尼考属动物专用的广谱抗菌药,抗菌谱与甲砜霉素相似,但抗菌活性优于甲砜霉素。Shin等分析了氟苯尼考对临床分离的243株猪源和牛源胸膜肺炎杆菌、巴氏杆菌、溶血性曼氏杆菌以及支气管炎博德特菌的敏感性,结果显示最低抑菌浓度(MIC)为0.12~4 μg/mL,且MIC90≤1 μg/mL[8];Berge等报道了氟苯尼考对28株羊源多杀性巴氏杆菌和39株羊源溶血性曼氏杆菌有很好的敏感性[9];Marie等报道了氟苯尼考对110株猪链球菌有较强的抗菌活性[10];Fuente等同样分析出氟苯尼考对60株副猪嗜血杆菌有着很好的敏感性[11];本文作者前期参考CLSI中的微量肉汤法,检测出氟苯尼考对猪链球菌的MIC为0.125~4 μg/mL、对猪胸膜肺炎放线杆菌的MIC为0.5 μg/mL以及对副猪嗜血杆菌的MIC为0.25~0.5 μg/mL[12]。总结相关文献数据表明,氟苯尼考相比其他常用抗菌药物有着较强的抗菌活性,氟苯尼考对耐氯霉素和甲砜霉素的大肠杆菌、沙门菌、克雷伯菌等亦有效。
氟苯尼考给药后在体内吸收迅速、分布广泛、半衰期长、血药浓度高、能较长时间的维持血药浓度,主要经肝、肾代谢。动物种类及给药方式的不同,药动学过程略有差异,这可能与肝微粒体酶系的差异有关。相关药动学参数如表1所示。氟苯尼考对敏感菌的MIC值一般在2 μg/mL左右,而其在大多种属动物体内的药物浓度均高于2 μg/mL,且MRT较长,从防耐药给药方案角度看,氟苯尼考用于治疗剂量应为15~20 mg/kg,1~2 d给药一次。
目前改善氟苯尼考水溶性的方式主要有两种,一是从药剂学的角度研制氟苯尼考包合物等新剂型[20],但羟丙基-β-环糊精等包裹材料价格较为昂贵,并不适用于兽药制剂。二是对其结构进行修饰和改造制成氟苯尼考前体,如氟苯尼考磷酸酯、氟苯尼考二酸单酯等[21],虽有较高的溶解度,但制备条件苛刻,制备原料及反应试剂价格昂贵,不适应工业化生产。目前临床上主要还是以氟苯尼考原形给药。
表1 氟苯尼考在各种动物体内的主要药动学参数
合理使用两种或两种以上药物,利用药物间的协同作用或相加作用研制复方制剂,可适当降低临床耐药风险、提高药物治疗效果、减轻不良反应以及降低养殖成本等。查阅相关文献,总结氟苯尼考联合用药及其复方产品主要有:氟苯尼考与泰乐菌素以2︰1的比例组方使用,商品名为FTD-inj[22];氟苯尼考与盐酸多西环素注射液[12],商品名为Funicon[23];氟苯尼考-氟尼辛葡甲胺注射液。美国默克动物保健公司研制,商品名:Resflor Gold[24],法国REVEEX公司研制,商品名:Flunicol[25];氟苯尼考-双氯芬酸注射液,墨西哥Medker公司研制,商品名:Florfenicplex;氟苯尼考-泰乐菌素-地塞米松注射液,菲律宾Jickstar Pharma公司研制,商品名:Flordex-T。
国内外均有大量关于新型氟苯尼考缓释制剂的报道,且都具有很好的全身和局部耐受性及较小的刺激性、延长消除半衰期,降低给药次数、提高生物利用度等。① 氟苯尼考纳米乳[26]:与普通制剂相比,峰浓度提高3.42倍、生物利用度上升134.5%;② 氟苯尼考固体脂质纳米粒[27]:缓释性能强、稳定性好、毒性低;③ 氟苯尼考混悬液[28-29]:混悬效果好、分散性能强、刺激性低以及便于注射给药;④ 氟苯尼考脂质体[30]:制备方法简单可行且性质稳定。近年来快速发展的纳米等制剂技术为氟苯尼考新制剂的开发奠定了技术基础。
氟苯尼考相比于其他氯霉素类药物具有明显的毒性低、环境污染小以及无再生障碍性贫血等,但也具有一定的免疫和胚胎毒性。氟苯尼考能抑制牛血液嗜中性粒细胞和单核细胞的吞噬功能[31]、可降低鱼肾和脾脏B细胞和T细胞的增殖能力[32]、抑制猪体内B淋巴细胞的产生进而抑制体液免疫,氟苯尼考可使F1代雄性大鼠附睾重量明显减轻,F2幼仔的哺乳指标和存活率降低,因此留种动物、妊娠期以及哺乳期动物禁用氟苯尼考[33]。
氟苯尼考因其优越的药效学特征和相对较低的毒性而广泛的应用于畜禽细菌感染性疾病,然而伴随着大剂量的频繁给药也导致了耐药菌株的产生,加之国家对食品安全问题的重视和药动学-药效学(PK-PD)同步模型愈加成熟的今天,应当制定科学合理的给药剂量和间隔。氟苯尼考对支原体无效,在防治呼吸道疾病时应注意联合用药。随着中草药的快速发展,如麻杏石甘散等,其提取物在降低细菌耐药突变等方面表现突出,因此,建议将氟苯尼考与中草药或其提取物组方制成复方制剂以应对临床细菌感染性疾病的复杂性。伴随着促生长类抗生素的逐渐被禁用,治疗型抗生素方面的需要将会日趋加大,加上新兽药的匮乏,合理使用如氟苯尼考等现有的治疗型抗生素就显得尤为重要。未来应深入对氟苯尼考的PK-PD、PPK-PPD模型研究,延长其临床使用寿命,充分发挥新制剂技术研制氟苯尼考新型制剂以应对目前兽医临床疾病的复杂性及危害严重性。
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(编辑:侯向辉)
Advance in the Research of Florfenicol
LI Xian-qiang
(CollegeofAnimalScience,TarimUniversity,KeyLaboratoryofTarimAnimalHusbandryScienceandTechnologyofXinjiangProduction&ConstructionCorps,Alar,Xinjiang843300,China)
Florfenicol is a new broad-spectrum antimicrobial and belonged to chloramphenicol class with called “star of anti-microbial”, which was widely used in veterinary clinical for prophylaxis and treatment of bacterial infectious diseases in swine, bovine and so on. It had been widely studied on pharmacodynamics (PD), pharmacokinetics (PK) and so on in recent years. And this paper summed up the physical and chemical properties, antibacterial mechanism, drug resistance, PD, PK, water-soluble, combination drug therapy and pharmaceutics of florfenicol to expand its applied range and provide some references for new preparation.
florfenicol; research review
国家自然科学基金"氟苯尼考对猪链球菌的药动学-药效学同步模型研究"(31660729);塔里木大学校长基金-青年创新资金项目"氟苯尼考纳米混悬剂的制备"(TDZKQN201603)
2016-08-25
A
1002-1280 (2016) 11-0005-04
S859.796