曲音音 综述 徐 懋 审校
(北京大学第三医院麻醉科,北京 100083)
·文献综述·
快速康复外科理念下全膝关节置换术围术期镇痛进展*
曲音音 综述 徐 懋**审校
(北京大学第三医院麻醉科,北京 100083)
全膝关节置换术围术期镇痛向多模式镇痛转变。作为快速康复外科(fast track surgery,FTS)中极其重要的一部分,围术期镇痛是影响患者快速康复很重要的一环。本文综述FTS理念下全膝关节置换术前、术中、术后各种镇痛方案的优缺点及最新进展。
全膝关节置换术; 围术期镇痛; 快速康复外科
Kehlet[1]1997年首次提出快速康复外科(fast track surgery,FTS)理念,涵盖术前宣教、营养状况最佳化、标准化镇痛麻醉配方等众多围术期处理措施的综合优化,最终达到降低应激反应、减少并发症和早期恢复的目的[2~4]。全膝关节置换术(total knee arthroplasty,TKA)是治疗严重膝关节疾病的主要方法,通过手术可以解除膝关节疼痛,重建膝关节功能。但TKA术后15%~20%的患者对镇痛不满意[5],患者因疼痛不能进行功能锻炼,延迟出院,且易出现深静脉血栓、肺栓塞、感染、术后关节强直等并发症。疼痛程度严重制约FTS方案的实施,影响关节活动度、开始功能锻炼时间和平均住院日等重要评价指标[6]。因此,TKA围术期镇痛是FTS理念下亟待改善的重要课题。本文对目前FTS理念下TKA术前、术中、术后各种镇痛方案的优缺点进行综述,旨在为TKA围术期镇痛方案的选择和完善提供参考。
FTS强调基础药物的应用,术前应用非甾体抗炎药(NSAIDs)如氟比洛芬酯[7]和选择性环氧化酶2(COX-2)抑制剂如帕瑞昔布,能抑制前列腺素合成,减轻炎症反应,减轻外周敏化和中枢敏化导致疼痛,有效缓解术后疼痛。Straube等[8]的meta分析纳入22项随机对照研究共2246例,与安慰剂组相比,有15个研究结果显示术前应用COX-2抑制剂组术后疼痛评分显著降低,患者满意度提高并且镇痛药用量显著减少。姜天乐等[9]研究显示,与连续股神经阻滞组比较,帕瑞昔布钠联合连续股神经阻滞组TKA术后24 h膝关节后部静息VAS评分明显降低(均值4.0分 vs. 5.5分), 被动活动时膝关节前部(均值3.0分 vs. 4.0分)及后部(均值6.0分 vs. 8.0分)VAS评分均明显降低。
尽管NSAIDs可以应用于TKA镇痛,但仍应注意相关风险。非选择性NSAIDs药物有可能损伤胃肠黏膜,影响血小板、肾功能和增加围术期出血量,选择性COX-2抑制剂相关不良反应较少,但是有心脑血管风险的顾虑。Utvag等[10]研究显示无论非选择性还是选择性COX-2抑制剂,临床常规剂量并不影响骨折的愈合。但Wang等[11]对1993~2012年骨折不愈合发生率与NSAIDs、COX-2抑制剂处方量的分析提示,药物处方量增加与骨折不愈合发病率呈正比。因此,对于高危患者仍要谨慎使用NSAIDs和COX-2抑制剂。我们认为术前预防性镇痛联合宣教可增加患者的配合度和认知度,有助于围术期疼痛管理及患者早期康复。
2.1 改善手术技巧
Liu等[12]Meta分析显示,股内侧肌下入路不损伤股四头肌和伸膝装置,与内侧髌旁入路和经股内侧肌入路相比,可减少不必要的手术组织创伤,术后1周关节活动度明显改善;经股内侧肌入路能够降低VAS评分,增加关节活动度。另外,尽量减少止血带的使用时间和降低止血带压力也有利于患者早期恢复。Dennis等[13]研究显示,与TKA全程使用止血带相比,不用或只在置入假体时使用止血带组患者术后股四头肌肌力明显改善,疼痛减轻,更有利于早期锻炼和功能恢复,而术后早期活动正是FTS理念强调的重要内容。因此,术中应注意手术入路选择,尽量减少止血带的使用时间。
2.2 关节周围注射或囊内药物应用(“鸡尾酒”疗法)
“鸡尾酒”疗法发挥不同镇痛药物的协同作用和多环节作用,提高镇痛特异性,减少单种药物的剂量和副作用,可有效缓解术后疼痛[14]。常用药物包括盐酸罗哌卡因、盐酸吗啡、酮洛酸和肾上腺素等。联合股神经阻滞,关节周围局麻药注射与坐骨神经阻滞相比,术后疼痛评分、患者满意度、镇痛药用量、康复时间和住院日等指标均无显著差异[15,16]。关节周围组织注射局麻药的发展也对外周神经阻滞提出挑战,在疼痛评分、康复进度和住院时间等FTS重点关注指标上,多项研究表明即使单独应用关节周围局麻药注射,效果类似于单次股神经阻滞[17]、连续硬膜外阻滞[18]和股神经阻滞联合硬膜外自控镇痛[19]。Fan等[20]Meta分析结果显示,注射局麻药组在术后疼痛数字评分(numerical rating scale, NRS)、吗啡用量、关节活动度及住院时间等指标与外周神经阻滞组相近。与外周神经阻滞相比,局部药物注射操作简单,可在术中由手术医师完成,不需要另行操作,此外,对股四头肌肌力影响小,有利于早期功能锻炼,有助于早期恢复,在FTS理念下更有优势[21, 22]。关节周围局麻药注射镇痛的不足是受药物时效影响,不能达到长时间镇痛,留置导管可延长镇痛时间,但有增加切口感染发生率的可能[23]。Moghtadaei等[24]比较单次股神经阻滞与关节周围局麻药注射,结果显示局麻药注射组术后6 h内吗啡使用量明显降低(中位数10 mg vs. 12.5 mg),VAS评分也降低(中位数3分 vs. 4分),患者满意度更高,但12 h VAS评分相对更高(中位数6分 vs. 5分)。可见,关节周围或囊内局麻药注射效果较可靠,与传统镇痛方案相比优势明显,但既往荟萃分析中所纳入研究异质性较高,镇痛方案和评价指标不完全一致,且注射药物配方较多样,包含多种药物的“鸡尾酒”目前尚无统一配方,还有待进一步深入研究。
新型布比卡因(布比卡因脂质体)可实现手术部位单次注射镇痛效果长达72 h,而且延长术后到第1次辅助应用阿片类药物时间(14.3 h vs. 1.2 h)[25,26]。布比卡因脂质体注射用悬浮液(EXPAREL)2011年经FDA批准应用于单次局部浸润,目前国内尚未引进或应用。长效布比卡因(POSIDUR)是布比卡因的缓释注射剂,目前处于试验阶段,尚未获得FDA批准。新型布比卡因的应用尚需大量研究指导临床的应用,但是已经显示出良好的应用前景。
3.1 硬膜外自控镇痛
持续硬膜外镇痛效果可靠,广泛应用于临床术后镇痛,但可能引起低血压、尿潴留等并发症[27]。对于TKA而言,可能影响肌力和运动功能,延迟术后康复锻炼,导致患者延迟出院[18]。Spreng等[28]研究表明,与罗哌卡因局部浸润镇痛对比,硬膜外镇痛组患者恢复运动能力更慢且住院时间更长(均值5.5 d vs.3.5 d)。另外,TKA大多需要抗凝治疗,硬膜外镇痛由于有硬膜外血肿的顾虑,应用也受到影响。鉴于对肌力影响和血肿方面的考量,在FTS理念下,硬膜外自控镇痛逐渐被其他镇痛方案替代。
3.2 静脉自控镇痛
静脉自控镇痛操作方便,肌力影响小,在临床镇痛管理中应用广泛,但阿片类药物的应用,会增加恶心、呕吐、呼吸抑制等阿片类药物相关不良反应发生率,延长患者住院时间并增加费用支出[29]。阿片类药物不能有效抑制导致疼痛的炎症反应及痛觉过敏,而且不良反应相对较多,与神经阻滞等其他镇痛方式相比无明显优势。Peng等[30]研究显示,与连续股神经阻滞相比,静脉自控镇痛组术后慢性疼痛发生率(50.7% vs.37.1%)、补救药物用量(帕瑞昔布均值31.5 mg vs.22.4 mg)及术后3、9、12个月关节屈曲角度上均明显处于劣势,外周神经阻滞更有助于患者康复,其他研究也有类似的结果[31,32]。因此,静脉自控镇痛在TKA围术期不作为首选镇痛方案,多作为多模式镇痛的一种补充手段。
3.3 连续股神经阻滞
股神经阻滞镇痛效果相对可靠,不引起恶心、呕吐、瘙痒和镇静等并发症,与硬膜外镇痛及静脉自控镇痛比可增大屈膝角度, 有利于早期活动。Chan等[33]的Meta分析显示,与静脉自控镇痛比较,股神经阻滞镇痛显著减轻术后24 h静息痛(标准均数差-0.72)和活动痛(标准均数差-0.94),恶心呕吐风险低(相对危险度0.47),膝关节活动度更大(均数差6.48°);与硬膜外镇痛比较,尽管在疼痛评分和膝关节活动度无明显差异,但恶心、呕吐风险低(相对危险度0.63)。近年来,由于超声和神经刺激器的应用,股神经阻滞在临床膝关节镇痛应用日趋广泛,神经损伤的发生率也明显降低[34]。Chan等[35]报道与单次股神经阻滞相比,连续股神经阻滞VAS评分更低(均数差-0.57,P<0.05),阿片类药物用量更少(术后第1日晨均数差-18.5 mg;术后第2日晨均数差-24.4 mg),恶心、呕吐等阿片相关不良反应更少(优势比0.24)。但连续股神经阻滞也存在导管脱落[31]、导管相关感染、降低股四头肌肌力进而影响患者术后活动和增加患者跌倒风险(1.6%~2.7%)等问题[23,36~38],部分患者需要再次手术(0.4%)。另外,由于神经支配区域限制,对于膝关节后侧坐骨神经支配区域疼痛需要联合阻滞,由此增加操作时间,可能增大对肌力的影响。近年来,随着局部浸润技术的发展,以及FTS理念下追求更快的患者恢复和功能锻炼,股神经阻滞的地位也受到挑战。
3.4 收肌管阻滞
收肌管阻滞主要阻滞隐神经,对股四头肌影响极小[39]。Grevstad等[40]报道收肌管阻滞组患者最大等长随意收缩肌力增加到基线值的193%,而股神经阻滞组减少到基线值的16%,有显著性差异。与股神经阻滞相比,行收肌管阻滞的患者术后第1、2天运动距离均显著延长,且平均住院时间为2.67 d,明显短于股神经组3.01 d[41]。而连续收肌管阻滞与连续股神经阻滞相比,患者的运动功能明显增强,计时起立行走测试、10 m行走试验、30 s椅子测试及行走距离等指标均有显著差异,患者可以更早进行康复锻炼,加快恢复[42, 43]。但是收肌管阻滞中由于隐神经辨识存在一定难度,要求操作者更富有经验;同时,药物在收肌管内扩散也有影响肌力的可能,Chen等[44]报道隐神经阻滞造成股四头肌运动阻滞的现象。
3.5 坐骨神经阻滞
坐骨神经阻滞可有效缓解膝关节后侧牵拉痛和屈膝运动疼痛,通常作为多模式镇痛的一部分与其他方案联合应用,具有外周神经阻滞的优点,可避免硬膜外镇痛相关并发症[27,45]。Tanikawa等[15]对比股神经阻滞分别联合坐骨神经阻滞和关节局部药物浸润的研究结果显示,2组术后1~21 d疼痛评分和关节活动度、到达康复目标的时间(如直腿抬高时间2.5 d vs. 3.0 d,P=0.44)和住院时间(33.0 d vs.37.0 d,P=0.95)均无明显差异。坐骨神经阻滞和关节局部药物浸润均可作为股神经阻滞的一种补充[16]。作为股神经阻滞/腰丛阻滞的一种补充,持续输注相比单次注射VAS评分(静息及被动运动)更低,并发症发生率也更低,有效运动更多,更有助于患者早期恢复[46]。但坐骨神经阻滞与局部药物浸润相比操作复杂,2个部位神经阻滞所需操作时间更长。
3.6 其他
口服或肌注镇痛药,如塞来昔布、曲马多、哌替啶等,可作为其他镇痛方案的补救措施,也可以作为多模式镇痛的一部分在围术期应用。但吗啡等阿片类药物用量过大存在恶心、呕吐等风险,不利于患者早期恢复。Zhu等[47]对100例TKA的研究结果显示,与盐水对照组相比,术后应用COX-2抑制剂帕瑞昔布可显著降低术后6、12、24、48、72 h各时间点VAS评分(P<0.01),显著增加术后24、48、72 h各时间点关节活动度(P<0.01),并减少24 h吗啡用量(均值8.40 mg vs. 14.18 mg)。Lin等[48]的荟萃分析显示,TKA围术期应用COX-2抑制剂可显著降低术后VAS评分,改善关节活动度。另外,芬太尼透皮贴剂[49]、冷冻疗法[50]及舒芬太尼舌下含服[51]等其他方案也可用于术后镇痛。
多模式镇痛指应用2种或2种以上不同作用机制的镇痛药或方法,前述镇痛方法或药物可以进行互补性联合应用改善镇痛效果,减少单药用量,避免单药过量所致不良反应,是FTS着重强调的围术期镇痛模式,大量研究证实多模式镇痛的优势。Sarridou等[52]研究显示帕瑞昔布联合股神经阻滞相比单独股神经阻滞术后VAS评分更低(术后4、12、24 h,P<0.01),吗啡用量更少(P=0.054),有利于患者早期康复。Perlas等[53]研究显示与单独应用连续股神经阻滞相比,局部浸润和局部浸润联合收肌管阻滞可明显改善术后第1天可行走距离(中位数20 m vs.30 m vs.0 m,P<0.0001),疼痛评分低且阿片类药物应用更少;联合应用相对单独局部浸润,患者出院后直接返家而非进入康复中心的比例更高(88.2% vs.73.2%,P=0.018)。多模式镇痛联用可以改善围术期镇痛效果,降低不良反应,已经得到临床广泛认可,但是具体联合药物和方法仍有一定争议,不同地区和中心的方案不尽相同,新的方法和药物的出现也提供了更多的选择和更好的效果。
TKA围术期镇痛是FTS理念下的重要组成部分,直接关系到患者能否早期进行康复锻炼,快速恢复和及早出院。目前,FTS理念下多模式镇痛已成基本共识,多模式镇痛是从术前、术中到术后的一系列严格方案,但各中心的方案不尽相同,麻醉方式、静脉镇痛药物、外周神经阻滞和局部浸润麻醉配方不同,至今也尚未有统一的最佳方案。关节周围注射是近年研究的热点,在多模式疼痛控制方案中显示出优势。关于局部浸润所采用的最佳药物配方、药物注射部位,如何与其他方案联用,尚需进一步研究。新的局麻药的应用可能有助于改善围术期的镇痛效果,减少相关不良反应,但尚需大量研究证实。
1 Kehlet H. Multimodal approach to control postoperative pathophysiology and rehabilitation. Br J Anaesth,1997,78(5):606-617.
2 Melnyk M, Casey RG, Black P, et al. Enhanced recovery after surgery (ERAS) protocols: Time to change practice? Can Urol Assoc J,2011,5(5):342-348.
3 Varadhan KK, Neal KR, Dejong CH, et al. The enhanced recovery after surgery (ERAS) pathway for patients undergoing major elective open colorectal surgery: a meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Clin Nutr,2010,29(4): 434-440.
4 Husted H, Jensen CM, Solgaard S, et al. Reduced length of stay following hip and knee arthroplasty in Denmark 2000-2009: from research to implementation. Arch Orthop Trauma Surg, 2012,132(1):101-104.
5 Bourne RB, Chesworth BM, Davis AM, et al. Patient satisfaction after total knee arthroplasty: who is satisfied and who is not? Clin Orthop Relat Res, 2010,468(1):57-63.
6 Husted H, Lunn TH, Troelsen A, et al. Why still in hospital after fast-track hip and knee arthroplasty? Acta Orthop,2011,82(6):679-684.
7 张劲军,孙来保,徐康清,等.氟比洛芬酯减少膝关节置换术后硬膜外镇痛的吗啡用量.中国疼痛医学杂志,2008,14(5):317-318.
8 Straube S, Derry S, McQuay HJ, et al. Effect of preoperative Cox-Ⅱ-selective NSAIDs (coxibs) on postoperative outcomes: a systematic review of randomized studies. Acta Anaesthesiol Scand,2005,49(5):601-613.
9 姜天乐, 邓 莹, 贾东林,等.帕瑞昔布钠对全膝关节置换术后股神经阻滞镇痛及膝关节功能恢复的影响——前瞻、双盲、随机对照研究.中国微创外科杂志, 2014,14(4):334-337.
10 Utvag SE, Fuskevag OM, Shegarfi H, et al. Short-term treatment with COX-2 inhibitors does not impair fracture healing. J Invest Surg,2010,23(5):257-261.
11 Wang Z, Bhattacharyya T. Trends of non-union and prescriptions for non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs in the United States, 1993-2012. Acta Orthop,2015,86(5):632-637.
12 Liu HW, Gu WD, Xu NW, et al. Surgical approaches in total knee arthroplasty: a meta-analysis comparing the midvastus and subvastus to the medial peripatellar approach. J Arthroplasty, 2014,29(12):2298-2304.
13 Dennis DA, Kittelson AJ, Yang CC, et al. Does tourniquet use in tka affect recovery of lower extremity strength and function? A randomized trial. Clin Orthop Relat Res, 2015, DOI: 10.1007/s11999-015-4393-8.
14 Andersen LO, Kehlet H. Analgesic efficacy of local infiltration analgesia in hip and knee arthroplasty: a systematic review. Br J Anaesth,2014,113(3):360-374.
15 Tanikawa H, Sato T, Nagafuchi M, et al. Comparison of local infiltration of analgesia and sciatic nerve block in addition to femoral nerve block for total knee arthroplasty. J Arthroplasty, 2014, 29(12):2462-2467.
16 Gi E, Yamauchi M, Yamakage M, et al. Effects of local infiltration analgesia for posterior knee pain after total knee arthroplasty: comparison with sciatic nerve block. J Anesth, 2014, 28(5):696-701.
17 Ashraf A, Raut VV, Canty SJ, et al. Pain control after primary total knee replacement. A prospective randomised controlled trial of local infiltration versus single shot femoral nerve block. Knee, 2013, 20(5):324-327.
18 Andersen KV, Bak M, Christensen BV, et al. A randomized, controlled trial comparing local infiltration analgesia with epidural infusion for total knee arthroplasty. Acta Orthop, 2010, 81(5):606-610.
19 Yadeau JT, Goytizolo EA, Padgett DE, et al. Analgesia after total knee replacement: local infiltration versus epidural combined with a femoral nerve blockade: a prospective, randomised pragmatic trial. Bone Joint J,2013, 95-B(5):629-635.
20 Fan L, Zhu C, Zan P, et al. The Comparison of local infiltration analgesia with peripheral nerve block following tka: a system review with meta-analysis. J Arthroplasty, 2015, DOI: 10.1016/j.arth.2015.04.006.
21 Surdam JW, Licini DJ, Baynes NT, et al. The use of exparel (liposomal bupivacaine) to manage postoperative pain in unilateral total knee arthroplasty patients. J Arthroplasty, 2015, 30(2):325-329.
22 Chaumeron A, Audy D, Drolet P, et al. Periarticular injection in knee arthroplasty improves quadriceps function. Clin Orthop Relat Res,2013, 471(7): 2284-2295.
23 Stathellis A, Fitz W, Schnurr C, et al. Periarticular injections with continuous perfusion of local anaesthetics provide better pain relief and better function compared to femoral and sciatic blocks after TKA: a randomized clinical trial. Knee Surg Sports Traumatol Arthrosc,2015,DOI: 10.1007/s00167-015-3633-5.
24 Moghtadaei M, Farahini H, Faiz SH, et al. Pain Management for Total Knee Arthroplasty: Single-Injection Femoral Nerve Block versus Local Infiltration Analgesia. Iran Red Crescent Med J,2014,16(1):e13247.
25 Gorfine SR, Onel E, Patou G, et al. Bupivacaine extended-release liposome injection for prolonged postsurgical analgesia in patients undergoing hemorrhoidectomy: a multicenter, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. Dis Colon Rectum, 2011, 54(12):1552-1559.
26 Skolnik A,Gan TJ. New formulations of bupivacaine for the treatment of postoperative pain: liposomal bupivacaine and SABER-Bupivacaine. Expert Opin Pharmacother,2014,15(11):1535-1542.
27 Patel N, Solovyova O, Matthews G, et al. Safety and efficacy of continuous femoral nerve catheter with single shot sciatic nerve block vs epidural catheter anesthesia for same-day bilateral total knee arthroplasty.J Arthroplasty, 2015,30(2):330-334.
28 Spreng UJ, Dahl V, Hjall A, et al. High-volume local infiltration analgesia combined with intravenous or local ketorolac+morphine compared with epidural analgesia after total knee arthroplasty. Br J Anaesth,2010,105(5):675-682.
29 Oderda GM, Gan TJ, Johnson BH, et al. Effect of opioid-related adverse events on outcomes in selected surgical patients. J Pain Palliat Care Pharmacother, 2013,27(1):62-70.
30 Peng L, Ren L, Qin P, et al. Continuous Femoral Nerve Block versus Intravenous Patient Controlled Analgesia for Knee Mobility and Long-Term Pain in Patients Receiving Total Knee Replacement: A Randomized Controlled Trial. Evid Based Complement Alternat Med,2014,DOI: 10.1155/2014/569107.
31 Ng FY, Chiu KY, Yan CH, et al. Continuous femoral nerve block versus patient-controlled analgesia following total knee arthroplasty. J Orthop Surg (Hong Kong), 2012,20(1):23-26.
32 Lee RM, Lim Tey JB,Chua NH. Postoperative pain control for total knee arthroplasty: continuous femoral nerve block versus intravenous patient controlled analgesia. Anesth Pain Med,2012,1(4):239-242.
33 Chan EY, Fransen M, Parker DA, et al. Femoral nerve blocks for acute postoperative pain after knee replacement surgery. Cochrane Database Syst Rev, 2014, DOI: 10.1002/14651858.CD009941.pub2.
34 贺端端,贾东林,郭向阳,等.超声联合神经刺激器引导连续股神经阻滞用于全膝关节置换术后镇痛的对比研究.中国微创外科杂志,2011,11(4):304-307.
35 Chan EY, Fransen M, Sathappan S, et al. Comparing the analgesia effects of single-injection and continuous femoral nerve blocks with patient controlled analgesia after total knee arthroplasty. J Arthroplasty, 2013, 28(4):608-613.
36 Sharma S, Iorio R, Specht LM, et al. Complications of femoral nerve block for total knee arthroplasty. Clin Orthop Relat Res, 2010,468(1):135-140.
37 Wasserstein D, Farlinger C, Brull R, et al. Advanced age, obesity and continuous femoral nerve blockade are independent risk factors for inpatient falls after primary total knee arthroplasty. J Arthroplasty,2013,28(7): 1121-1124.
38 Pelt CE, Anderson AW, Anderson MB, et al. Postoperative falls after total knee arthroplasty in patients with a femoral nerve catheter: can we reduce the incidence? J Arthroplasty, 2014,29(6):1154-1157.
39 Jaeger P, Zaric D, Fomsgaard JS, et al. Adductor canal block versus femoral nerve block for analgesia after total knee arthroplasty: a randomized, double-blind study. Reg Anesth Pain Med, 2013,38(6):526-532.
40 Grevstad U, Mathiesen O, Valentiner LS, et al. Effect of adductor canal block versus femoral nerve block on quadriceps strength, mobilization, and pain after total knee arthroplasty: a randomized, blinded study. Reg Anesth Pain Med,2015,40(1):3-10.
41 Ludwigson JL, Tillmans SD, Galgon RE, et al. A Comparison of Single Shot Adductor Canal Block Versus Femoral Nerve Catheter for Total Knee Arthroplasty. J Arthroplasty, 2015, DOI: 10.1016/j.arth.2015.03.044.
42 Shah NA and Jain NP. Is continuous adductor canal block better than continuous femoral nerve block after total knee arthroplasty? Effect on ambulation ability, early functional recovery and pain control: a randomized controlled trial. J Arthroplasty,2014,29(11):2224-2229.
43 Mudumbai SC, Kim TE, Howard SK, et al. Continuous adductor canal blocks are superior to continuous femoral nerve blocks in promoting early ambulation after TKA. Clin Orthop Relat Res,2014,472(5):1377-1383.
44 Chen J, Lesser JB, Hadzic A, et al. Adductor canal block can result in motor block of the quadriceps muscle. Reg Anesth Pain Med,2014,39(2):170-171.
45 Al-Zahrani T, Doais KS, Aljassir F, et al. Randomized clinical trial of continuous femoral nerve block combined with sciatic nerve block versus epidural analgesia for unilateral total knee arthroplasty. J Arthroplasty,2015,30(1): 149-154.
46 Sato K, Adachi T, Shirai N, et al. Continuous versus single-injection sciatic nerve block added to continuous femoral nerve block for analgesia after total knee arthroplasty: a prospective, randomized, double-blind study. Reg Anesth Pain Med,2014,39(3):225-229.
47 Zhu Y, Wang S, Wu H, et al. Effect of perioperative parecoxib on postoperative pain and local inflammation factors PGE2 and IL-6 for total knee arthroplasty: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled study. Eur J Orthop Surg Traumatol,2014,24(3):395-401.
48 Lin J, Zhang L,Yang H. Perioperative administration of selective cyclooxygenase-2 inhibitors for postoperative pain management in patients after total knee arthroplasty. J Arthroplasty, 2013,28(2):207-213.
49 Sathitkarnmanee T, Tribuddharat S, Noiphitak K, et al. Transdermal fentanyl patch for postoperative analgesia in total knee arthroplasty: a randomized double-blind controlled trial. J Pain Res, 2014,7:449-454.
50 Ewell M, Griffin C,Hull J. The use of focal knee joint cryotherapy to improve functional outcomes after total knee arthroplasty: review article. PM R, 2014,6(8):729-738.
51 Jove M, Griffin DW, Minkowitz HS, et al. Sufentanil sublingual tablet system for the management of postoperative pain after knee or hip arthroplasty: a randomized, placebo-controlled study. Anesthesiology,2015,123(2):434-443.
52 Sarridou DG, Chalmouki G, Braoudaki M, et al. Intravenous parecoxib and continuous femoral block for postoperative analgesia after total knee arthroplasty. A randomized, double-blind, prospective trial. Pain Physician, 2015,18(3):267-276.
53 Perlas A, Kirkham KR, Billing R, et al. The impact of analgesic modality on early ambulation following total knee arthroplasty. Reg Anesth Pain Med, 2013,38(4):334-339.
(修回日期:2015-12-01)
(责任编辑:李贺琼)
Progress of Perioperative Analgesia of Total Knee Arthroplasty in Fast Track Surgery Protocol
QuYinyin,XuMao.
DepartmentofAnesthesiology,PekingUniversityThirdHospital,Beijing100083,China
Correspondingauthor:XuMao,E-mail:anae@163.com
【Summary】 In total knee arthroplasty, perioperative analgesia is transforming into multimodal analgesia. As a significantly important part of fast track surgery (FTS) protocol, perioperative analgesia does affect the recovery of patients. We reviewed the advantages and disadvantages of perioperative (pre-operative, intra-operative and post-operative) analgesia in FTS protocols in total knee arthroplasty, including the latest progress of the field.
Total knee arthroplasty; Perioperative analgesia; Fast track surgery
北京大学第三医院临床重点项目青年项目(项目编号:BYSY2014019)
A
1009-6604(2016)02-0172-05
10.3969/j.issn.1009-6604.2016.02.021
2015-08-27)
**通讯作者,E-mail:anae@163.com