Federico+Guerrini
在这个大部分人口不愁吃、不愁穿的年头,农业的重要性很容易被人忽略。然而展望未来,人口不断膨胀,可用耕地越来越有限,影响农业的不可预测因素也层出不穷,该如何养活全球人口是我们不得不面对的严肃问题。过去,我们依靠科技解决了人们的温饱问题,未来我们需要让农业的经营跟上信息化的步伐,朝着更加精细化、智能化的方向发展。
The agricultural sector is going to face enormous challenges in order to feed the 9.6 billion people that the FAO1) predicts are going to inhabit the planet by 2050: Food production must increase by 70% by 2050, and this has to be achieved in spite of the limited availability of arable2) lands, the increasing need for fresh water (agriculture consumes 70 per cent of the worlds fresh water supply) and other less predictable factors, such as the impact of climate change, which, according to a recent report by the UN could lead, among other things3), to changes to seasonal events in the life cycle of plant and animals.
One way to address these issues and increase the quality and quantity of agricultural production is using sensing technology to make farms more “intelligent” and more connected through the so-called “precision agriculture” also known as “smart farming.”
Its something thats already happening, as corporations and farm offices collect vast amounts of information from crop yields, soil-mapping, fertiliser applications, weather data, machinery, and animal health. In a subset of smart farming, Precision Livestock Farming (PLF), sensors are used for monitoring and early detection of reproduction events and health disorders in animals.
Typical monitored data are the body temperature, the animal activity, tissues4) resistivity5), pulse and the GPS position. SMS6) alerts can be sent to the breeder based on predefined events, say, if a cow is ready for reproduction.
The European Union has sponsored several projects on the topic during the Seventh Framework Programme7) and, now, during Horizon 20208). The currently running EU-PLF project, for instance, is designed to look at the feasibility of bringing proven and cost-effective Precision Livestock Farming tools from the lab to the farm.
Several private companies are also starting to be active in this field, such as Anemon (Switzerland), eCow (UK), Connected Cow (Medria Technologies and Deutsche Telekom). Smart fishing is at initial stage with some projects in Europe, South Korea, North America and Japan.
“Precision agriculture is not new. The agricultural vehicle manufacturers (John Deere, CNH Global, Claas and others) have been involved in this segment for some time. Initially, it was about position technologies (GNSS9)) mainly, but it is becoming more complex moving towards the idea of a connected harvester,” Beecham Researchs principal analyst, Saverio Romeo tells me.
Romeo is the co-author of a report called “Towards Smart Farming—Agriculture Embracing the IoT10) Vision” published in January, 2015 by Beecham and focused on exploring how agricultural operations are changing through the Internet of Things.
The aim of the agriculture sector is to optimize processes and uses of resources and efficient use of existing arable land. The Internet of Things can enable all that. It can increase production, but it can also increase the level of quality of agriculture.
“I would like to highlight the fact,” Romeo says, “that the aim should not be ‘industrializing agriculture, but making agriculture more efficient, sustainable and of high quality. We should not look for revolutions. We should look for re-interpretation of the farming practices through use of data-centric technologies. And this re-interpretation should be placed also within a new vision of rural areas.”
That is to say that smart rural areas should not come out of the blue11) and live in a void, but be connected with smart agri-food industry, smart tourism and other activities that move in rural areas and around agriculture.
Although the cost of smart farming is still high for any but the largest farms (this, by the way, helps explain why the USA, with its vast territories, is at the forefront of this new paradigm), this doesnt mean precision agriculture cant be done in small places. Actually, there are quite a few applications in small-field farming too. In vineyards for instance. “Sensors are installed in various location in the fields in order to have data about the soil and the plants and then this data are used to prevent diseases such as the peronospora12),” Romeo says.
Helpful and sought after13) as it might be, smart farming has still to overcome many hurdles before it becomes more widespread. “One is that the agricultural sector is extremely low margin14). Therefore, investments in innovation are difficult,” the researcher says. Then theres also what we might call an “image problem,” that is causing a hemorrhage15) of labour. “Being a farmer is not cool because agriculture is perceived as something that belong to history, to the grandfathers,” Romeo tells me.
There are also a number of concerns about the role of giant companies such as DuPont16), John Deere and Monsanto17) that raise questions: for example, data ownership. Who is the owner of soil sensing data? Monsanto or the farmer? And if it is Monsanto (or another company), what does it do with that? One answer could be price discrimination: Data on the soil or on the water could be used by biotech giants to charge farmers a different amount for the same product or service.
Access to real time information about harvesting, planting and yields could also help corporations predict the property value of farms better than anyone else and have unparalleled insight into the commodities market.
Another problem that could slow down IoT in agriculture is the issue of communicating with farmers, who could often not understand the technicalities. “If we tell them that you can do this and that with IoT, they will not understand. The language of the IoT industry has to change dramatically,” Romeo says, “Here, we need a revolution.”
Analysts, however, are positive that in the end this and other barriers will be cancelled.
“It will require some time, also, because the agriculture does not have the same pace of other sectors because of its nature. But, we will be there because we need it. And allow me this, because agriculture will return to be cool.”
联合国粮食及农业组织(FAO)预测,到2050年,地球上居住的人口将达到96亿。要养活这些人口,农业部门将面临巨大的挑战:到2050年,粮食产量必须增长70%,这一增长比率必须得实现,尽管可用耕地有限,淡水需求将增加(农业消耗了全球淡水供给的70%),其他难以预测的因素也会发生,比如根据联合国近期发布的报告,气候变化连同其他因素所产生的影响可能会改变动植物生命周期中的季节性活动。
要解决这些问题并提高农业生产的质量与产量,一个方法就是通过所谓的“精准农业”(也称为“智慧农业”),运用传感技术使农场变得更加“智能化”和互联化。
人们已经开始这样做了,一些公司和农场办公室针对粮食产量、土壤分布图、施肥情况、天气数据、机械装置以及动物健康情况收集了大量信息。在智慧农业的一个细分类别—精准畜牧业中,传感器被用来监测和及早发现动物的繁育行为和健康问题。
具有代表性的监测数据包括体温、动物活动、动物组织的电阻率、脉搏和GPS定位。基于预设的事件(比如当一头母牛准备好生小牛时),系统能向饲养员发送短信提示。
欧盟已经在其第七框架计划以及目前的“地平线2020”计划中资助了关于这一主题的几个项目。比如现在正在进行的欧洲精准畜牧业项目,它的设计目的是为了研究将可靠且划算的精准畜牧业工具从实验室推向农场的可行性。
有几家私营公司也开始活跃于这一领域,比如,瑞士的阿内蒙公司、英国的电子牛公司以及梅德罗尔科技公司与德国电信公司合办的互联牛公司 。智慧渔业还处于起步阶段,在欧洲、韩国、北美和日本有一些相关项目。
“精准农业并不是一个新概念。农用机械制造商(约翰·迪尔公司、凯斯纽荷兰全球公司、科乐收公司以及其他公司)进军这一领域已经有些时间了。最初,精准农业主要围绕定位技术(全球导航卫星系统),但后来有了互联收割机的想法,这个概念就变得更复杂了。”比彻姆研究公司的首席分析师萨韦里奥·罗密欧告诉我。
比彻姆研究公司在2015年1月份发布了一份标题为《走向智慧农业—农业拥抱物联网的愿景》的报告,罗密欧是报告的合著者。这份报告的焦点是探讨物联网手段正在使农业管理发生怎样的改变。
农业部门的目标是优化资源的加工和使用,并最大化地有效利用现有耕地。物联网能让所有这些成为可能。它不仅能够增加产量,还能提高农业的质量等级。
“我想强调一个事实,”罗密欧说,“那就是,我们的目标不应该是使农业‘产业化,而是打造更加高效、可持续和优质的农业。我们不应该寻求剧烈的变革,而应该运用以数据为中心的技术对农业实践进行重新解读,这样的重新解读也应该放在对农村地区的全新愿景之下来进行。”
也就是说,智慧农村不应该是毫无征兆地出现,然后与世隔绝地存在。它应该与智慧农产品工业、智慧旅游业以及正向农村地区转移并围绕农业展开的其他活动相结合。
除了那些最大型的农场,智慧农业对于其他农场而言成本仍然较高(顺便说一下,这有助于解释为什么拥有广袤土地的美国走在这一新潮流的最前沿)。但是,这并不意味着精准农业不能在小地方实施。事实上,还真有不少在小型农场里应用的案例,例如在葡萄园里。“将传感器安装在田地里的不同地方以便收集土壤和植物的数据,而后这些数据可以用来预防诸如霜霉病之类的疾病。”罗密欧说。
虽说智慧农业可能会大有益处而且很受欢迎,但是在广泛普及之前还需要克服很多困难。“其一,农业是利润率很低的部门。因此,它很难获得创新投资。”这位研究员说。其次,还有我们所说的“形象问题”,这一因素导致劳动力大量流失。“做一个农民可不是一件多酷的事,因为农业被认为是属于历史和祖辈的行业。”罗密欧告诉我。
还有人对于像杜邦、约翰·迪尔和孟山都这样的公司巨头充当的角色表示诸多担忧,他们提出了许多问题,比如数据的所有权。谁才是土壤传感数据的所有者?是孟山都公司还是农民?如果所有者是孟山都公司(或者其他公司),它会用那些数据做什么呢?一种答案可能就是价格方面的差别待遇:生物技术巨头在出售同样的商品或者服务时,可以利用土壤或者水源的数据向农民收取不同的费用。
掌握收割、播种和产量的实时信息还可以帮助企业比其他任何人更好地预测农场的资产价值,并拥有对农产品市场无与伦比的洞察力。
另一个可能导致农业物联网发展缓慢的原因就是与农民的沟通问题,他们经常搞不懂专业术语。“如果我们告诉他们可以通过物联网干这干那,他们会听不懂。物联网产业的专门用语必须得有个大的改变,”罗密欧说,“在这个方面,我们需要进行一场变革。”
然而,分析人士很乐观地认为这个问题以及其他障碍终将被克服。
“这还需要一些时间,因为鉴于农业本身具有的属性,其发展无法与其他部门步调一致。但是,我们会成功的,因为我们需要智慧农业。请允许我这样说,因为农业将会重新变得酷起来。”
1. FAO: 联合国粮食及农业组织(Food and Agriculture Organization的缩写)
2. arable [??r?b(?)l] adj. 可耕的,适合耕种的
3. among other things:除……之外还有,与……一起
4. tissue [?t??u?] n. [生]组织
5. resistivity [r??z?s?t?v?ti] n. 电阻率,电阻系数
6. SMS:短信息服务(short message service)
7. Seventh Framework Programme:欧盟第七框架计划(简称FP7),这是欧盟官方投资的全球性科技合作开发计划,其研究以国际前沿和竞争性科技难点为主要内容,实施年限为2007年至2013年,总预算为505.21亿欧元。
8. Horizon 2020:“地平线2020”计划,欧盟于2014年初启动的总额为800亿欧元的研发创新框架计划,为期七年(2014~2020)。
9. GNSS: 全球导航卫星系统(Global Navigation Satellite System的缩写)
10. IoT:物联网(Internet of Things的缩写),利用局部网络或互联网等通信技术把传感器、控制器、机器、人员和物品等通过新的方式联在一起,形成人与物、物与物相联,实现信息化、远程管理控制和智能化的网络。
11. out of the blue:出乎意料,突然
12. peronospora [p?r???n?sp?r?] n. 霜霉病
13. sought after:受欢迎的,很吃香的
14. margin [?mɑ?(r)d??n] n. 利润,盈利;利润率
15. hemorrhage [?hem(?)r?d?] n. 大量流损,大损失
16. DuPont:杜邦公司,一家以科研为基础的全球性企业,成立于1802年,业务涉及农业与食品、楼宇与建筑、通讯与交通、能源与生物应用科技等众多领域。
17. Monsanto:孟山都公司,成立于1901年,目前已成为世界第一大种子公司,致力于通过不同的农田解决方案来满足不断增长的世界人口对于食物和营养的需求。