周欢欢 陈玉凤 徐书杭 刘林 刘超 楼青青
·综述·
胰高血糖素样肽专题
肠促胰素类降糖药物的低血糖风险
周欢欢 陈玉凤 徐书杭 刘林 刘超 楼青青
胰高血糖素样肽-1(GLP-1)受体激动剂和二肽基肽酶-4(DPP-4)抑制剂是两类新型的肠促胰素类降糖药物。普遍认为,GLP-1受体激动剂和DPP-4抑制剂具有不明显增加低血糖发生风险的优点。然而,这两类药物单用仍可导致低血糖发生,与不同药物联合治疗,该风险可不同程度地增加,尤其与磺脲类药物联用时。临床医师应了解GLP-1类似物和DPP-4抑制剂的低血糖风险,为2型糖尿病患者制定更合理、安全和有效的治疗方案。
2型糖尿病;肠促胰素;低血糖
糖尿病已成为当今社会危害公众健康的主要杀手之一。在中国成年人中,糖尿病患病率高达11.6%[1]。在治疗糖尿病过程中发生的低血糖是血糖达标的主要障碍,可导致患者不适甚至生命危险,应引起特别注意和重视。降糖药物的选择和使用不当是低血糖发生的常见原因之一,其中胰岛素低血糖发生风险高达51.13%,磺脲类低血糖风险为0.7%~75%,而非磺脲类胰岛素促泌剂低血糖的发生率较磺脲类低[2-4]。作为治疗糖尿病的一类新药物,胰高血糖素样肽-1(GLP-1)受体激动剂和二肽基肽酶-4(DPP-4)抑制剂等肠促胰素类药物已在临床应用,其低血糖风险也一直很受关注。2013年《中国2型糖尿病防治指南》指出,GLP-1受体激动剂及DPP-4抑制剂单药使用时不增加低血糖的发生风险[5]。但一直以来的研究表明,GLP-1类似物与DPP-4抑制剂单用或与其他降糖药物联用治疗时,仍然存在不同程度的低血糖风险。
GLP-1是人胰高血糖素原基因编码而后经修饰的具有30个氨基酸的肠肽类激素,由大肠和小肠黏膜L细胞分泌,是肠促胰岛素中发挥重要生理功能的一种肽类激素。它通过与广泛分布于全身多种器官和组织的GLP-1受体结合,呈葡萄糖依赖性促胰岛素分泌,并抑制胰高血糖素分泌、增加饱腹感、延缓胃排空时间、抑制胰岛β细胞凋亡和促进其增殖,从而可降低餐后血糖,并使之维持在恒定水平[6]。DPP-4是体内降解GLP-1并使其失活的关键酶之一。DPP-4广泛存在于血浆、胃肠道、肾脏、淋巴结和结缔组织等体内组织中,其中肾脏最多。DPP-4抑制剂可使DPP-4失活,进而生理性地升高活性GLP-1水平、葡萄糖依赖性促胰岛素多肽的循环水平,调节胰岛素和胰高血糖素的分泌[7]。在低血糖状态下保存胰高血糖素的反调节机制,使其低血糖发生率低。目前,已上市或进入临床研究的DPP-4抑制剂有西格列汀(sitagliptin)、维格列汀(vildagliptin)、沙格列汀(saxagliptin)和利格列汀(linagliptin)。目前已在临床应用的GLP-1类似物有艾塞那肽(exenatide)、利拉鲁肽(linaglutide)等。
2.1 艾塞那肽 Moretto等[8]将232例2型糖尿病(T2DM)患者随机分为单用艾塞那肽5、10 μg组和安慰剂组,观察24周后发现,各组低血糖风险分别是5%、4%和1%,艾塞那肽组高于安慰剂组。美国一项研究针对336例单用二甲双胍血糖控制不良的肥胖T2DM患者,加用5、10 μg艾塞那肽,30周后各组低血糖风险分别是4.5%、5.3%,与安慰剂+二甲双胍组(5.3%)接近[9]。同样,在艾塞那肽联合噻唑烷二酮(TZDs)+二甲双胍时,低血糖风险是4%,高于安慰剂+TZDs+二甲双胍组(2%)[10]。以上结果表明艾塞那肽在单药治疗、联合二甲双胍或TZDs治疗时的低血糖风险均高于安慰剂组。为进一步观察艾塞那肽的低血糖风险,Buse等[11]对单用磺脲类血糖控制不佳的T2DM患者,加用5、10 μg艾塞那肽,30周后各组的低血糖风险分别是14%、36%,显著高于安慰剂+磺脲类组(3%)。这一结果表明,在与磺脲类药物联合治疗时,艾塞那肽的低血糖风险显著增加。Kendall等[12]对733例使用磺脲类联合二甲双胍血糖控制不佳的肥胖T2DM患者,加用艾塞那肽5、10 μg,同时,磺脲类剂量逐渐增至最大,各组低血糖风险分别是19%、28%,均显著高于安慰剂+磺脲类+二甲双胍组(13%),在5 μg艾塞那肽组有1例重度低血糖发生,进一步证实,低血糖发生率增加可能与磺脲类的剂量相关。
2.2 利拉鲁肽 临床已有研究证明,利拉鲁肽和艾塞那肽一样,在与磺脲类联用时,低血糖风险增加[13]。Buse等[14]的研究证实了这一观点。该研究为期26周,未接受磺脲类治疗的患者,随机分组接受利拉鲁肽、艾塞那肽单药治疗,各组低血糖风险分别是3%、4%;接受磺脲类治疗的患者,随机加用利拉鲁肽、艾塞那肽,利拉鲁肽+磺脲类组低血糖风险12%,低于艾塞那肽+磺脲类组的15%(表1)。所以,利拉鲁肽不论是单用还是与磺脲类联用,低血糖风险均低于艾塞那肽。在一项2 953例T2DM患者接受利拉鲁肽治疗的试验中,仅有7例患者发生低血糖,其中6例发生在利拉鲁肽联合磺脲类组[14-15]。因此,与磺脲类联用时,需要适当调整磺脲类药物用量。为进一步研究利拉鲁肽的低血糖风险,Zinman等[16]和 Nauck等[17]的研究先后发现利拉鲁肽与二甲双胍+TZDs联用时,低血糖发生风险分别是7.9%~9.0%和4.1%~5.0%,分别高于安慰剂组的5.1%和2.5%。说明利拉鲁肽与二甲双胍联用时,低血糖风险低;联合TZDs时,低血糖风险略有增高;但二者均高于安慰剂组。
以上研究显示,GLP-1类似物在单药治疗、联合二甲双胍或TZDs治疗时的低血糖风险均高于安慰剂组,其中,艾塞那肽+二甲双胍组的低血糖风险4.3%~5.3%与安慰剂+二甲双胍组(5.3%)结果相近(表1),所以,GLP-1类似物联合二甲双胍或TZDs时的低血糖风险略有增高。艾塞那肽与磺脲类联合用药时,低血糖风险显著增高,在Zinman等[16]的研究中,利拉鲁肽与磺脲类联合用药时的低血糖风险低于艾塞那肽+磺脲类组;同时,艾塞那肽、利拉鲁肽与磺脲类联合用药时,均有重度低血糖不良事件发生。
3.1 西格列汀 西格列汀单用时, 100、200 mg低血糖风险分别是1.2%、0.9%,与安慰剂组(0.9%)相近[18]。Bergenstal等[19]对糖化血红蛋白>8.5%接受稳定剂量二甲双胍治疗的肥胖T2DM患者,随机分组加用100 mg西格列汀、2 mg艾塞那肽、45 mg吡格列酮,西格列汀+二甲双胍+安慰剂组低血糖风险(3%)高于艾塞那肽+二甲双胍+安慰剂组和吡格列酮+二甲双胍+安慰剂组(1%)。由此可见,西格列汀与二甲双胍联用时,低血糖发生风险低,与Nauck等[20]研究结果一致,但仍高于艾塞那肽。Hermansen等[21]进行为期24周的随机安慰剂对照试验,对单用格列美脲或格列美脲联合二甲双胍血糖控制不佳的T2DM患者,加用西格列汀100 mg/d,西格列汀+格列美脲+二甲双胍组低血糖风险(12.2%)明显高于安慰剂+格列美脲+二甲双胍组(1.8%)。这一结果表明,西格列汀与格列美脲联用时,低血糖风险显著增加。
表1 GLP-1受体激动剂低血糖风险(%)
注:GLP-1:胰高血糖素样肽-1;*:艾塞那肽与噻唑烷二酮类±二甲双胍联用时
3.2 维格列汀 维格列汀单用时,没有低血糖风险发生。Pan等[22]研究证实了这一点(表2)。维格列汀与吡格列酮联用时,也几乎没有低血糖风险发生。Garber等[23]对单用匹格列酮血糖控制不良的T2DM患者,加用50、100 mg维格列汀,各组低血糖风险分别是0%、0.6%,均低于安慰剂+吡格列酮组(1.9%,表2)。Ferrannini等[24]对2 789例接受稳定剂量二甲双胍治疗(平均1 898 mg/d)的T2DM患者,随机分组加用50 mg维格列汀、6 mg格列美脲,发现维格列汀+二甲双胍组低血糖风险(1.7%)显著低于格列美脲+二甲双胍组(16.2%,表2),格列美脲组有10次重度低血糖不良事件发生,两组差异有统计学意义(P<0.01),由此可见,与二甲双胍联用时,低血糖发生风险低。2014年,Lukashevich等[25]对二甲双胍联合磺脲类血糖控制不佳的T2DM患者,加用500 mg维格列汀,其低血糖风险(5.1%)高于安慰剂+二甲双胍+磺脲类组(1.9%)。这一结果显示,与二甲双胍和磺脲类联用时,低血糖风险略有增高。
3.3 沙格列汀 一项为期4年的双盲、随机、安慰剂对照的研究分为Ⅱ期:为期24周的研究11和为期42个月的研究14,在研究11中,患者随机分组,接受单药沙格列汀2.5、5、10 mg/d,各组低血糖风险分别是1%、1%、0%,与安慰剂低血糖风险(0%)相似[26]。由此可见,沙格列汀单用时,低血糖发生风险很低。同样,与二甲双胍或TZDs联用时,低血糖发生风险低,均与安慰剂组相近(表2)[27-28]。Chacra等[29]的随机试验中,患者随机分组接受沙格列汀2.5、5 mg联合7.5 mg格列本脲,各组沙格列汀+格列本脲组的低血糖风险分别是13.3%、14.6%,均高于10 mg格列本脲组(10.1%)。表明与格列本脲联用时,低血糖风险增加。
3.4 利格列汀 Araki等[30]对接受利格列汀单药5、10 mg治疗的日本T2DM患者研究发现,两组低血糖风险均是0.4%,与使用安慰剂或伏格列波糖组的0.4%相同(表2)。利格列汀与二甲双胍联用时,低血糖风险是0.6%,明显低于安慰剂组(2.8%,表2)[31]。与吡格列酮联用时,低血糖风险1.2%,高于安慰剂+吡格列酮组(0%,表2)[32]。在另一项24周的双盲、安慰剂对照研究中,对二甲双胍联合磺脲类血糖控制不佳的T2DM患者加用利格列汀5 mg,该组低血糖风险16.7%,高于安慰剂+二甲双胍+磺脲类组(10.3%);利格列汀+二甲双胍+磺脲类组重度低血糖风险2.7%,低于安慰剂组(4.8%)[33]。
表2 DPP-4抑制剂低血糖风险(%)
注:DPP-4:二肽基肽酶-4;*:西格列汀与格列美脲±二甲双胍联用时
以上研究显示,DPP-4抑制剂在单药使用时,联合二甲双胍或TZDs时的低血糖风险与安慰剂相比,结果相近,均在0%~3%之间,可见DPP-4抑制剂联合二甲双胍或联合TZDs时的低血糖风险低。西格列汀、维格列汀、沙格列汀、利格列汀分别与磺脲类联用时,各组的低血糖风险均高于安慰剂+磺脲类组。西格列汀、利格列汀分别与磺脲类联合用药时,有重度低血糖不良事件发生。
综上所述,一次严重的医源性低血糖事件或由此诱发的心血管事件,可能会抵消一生维持血糖在正常范围所带来的益处,甚至可能成为致命因素,故减少低血糖发生具有重要临床意义[34]。熟悉并合理选择降糖药物,是减少低血糖发生的重要方法之一。GLP-1类似物、DPP-4抑制剂单药使用时低血糖风险分别为3%~12%、0%~1.3%,与《中国2型糖尿病防治指南》推荐相一致。与二甲双胍或TZDs联合用药时,GLP-1类似物的低血糖风险为4%~9%,DPP-4抑制剂则为0%~3%;而与磺脲类药物联用时GLP-1类似物与DPP-4抑制剂的低血糖风险显著增加。其中,西格列汀、利格列汀与磺脲类联合用药时有重度低血糖不良事件的发生,需要引起重视。临床医师应了解GLP-1类似物和DPP-4抑制剂的低血糖风险,为T2DM患者制定更合理、安全和有效的治疗方案。
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Hypoglycemicriskofincretinmimetic
ZhouHuanhuan*,ChenYufeng,XuShuhang,LiuLin,LiuChao,LouQingqing.
*TheCollegeofNursing,NanjingUniversityofChineseMedicine,Nanjing210023,China
LouQingqing,Email:lqq188@yahoo.com
Incretin mimetics including glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) receptor agonists and dipeptidyl peptidase -4 (DPP-4) inhibitors are new types of anti-hyperglycemic drugs. GLP-1 analogues and DPP-4 inhibitors are believed to have a lower risk of hypoglycemia. However, they still cause hypoglycemia, especially when combined with sulfonylureas. Clinicians should be aware of the risk of hypoglycemia of GLP-1 analogues and DPP-4 inhibitors, which can lay the foundation for developing more rational, safe and effective treatments for patients with type 2 diabetes.
Type 2 diabetes mellitus; Incretin; Hypoglycemia
(IntJEndocrinolMetab,2015,35:314-318)
10.3760/cma.j.issn.1673-4157.2015.05.007
210023 南京中医药大学护理学院(周欢欢,陈玉凤);210028 南京,江苏省中医药研究院,南京中医药大学附属中西医结合医院健康教育科(刘林,楼青青),内分泌代谢病院区(徐书杭,刘超)
楼青青,Email: lqq188@yahoo.com
2015-03-16)