林承重 张春叶 任振虎 季彤
肿瘤神经侵犯对早期舌鳞癌预后影响的临床回顾性研究*
林承重 张春叶 任振虎 季彤
目的:探讨肿瘤神经侵犯(perineural invasion,PNI)在早期舌鳞癌术后淋巴结转移和局部复发中的作用。方法:对上海交通大学医学院附属第九人民医院口腔颌面头颈肿瘤科2008年6月至2009年12月间156例早期舌鳞癌病例筛选分析,分为PNI阳性组和PNI阴性组各40例,其年龄、性别、病理分期、临床分期基本相同,分析两组患者术后复发、淋巴结转移和预后与PNI及手术方式的相关性。结果:PNI阳性患者较PNI阴性患者术后淋巴结转移率高(P=0.045)、预后差(P=0.034),PNI阳性患者中严密观察组比同期行颈清扫术组术后淋巴结转移率明显高(P=0.001),PNI对早期舌鳞癌局部复发无明显影响(P=0.531)。结论:PNI阳性患者术后淋巴结转移潜能较阴性患者高,早期舌鳞癌PNI阳性患者需要行同期颈淋巴结清扫术。
神经侵犯 早期舌鳞癌 淋巴结转移 复发
口腔鳞状细胞癌是头颈部常见的恶性肿瘤,约占全身恶性肿瘤的3%,全球每年新发病例超过30万。其中,舌鳞癌最为常见、恶性程度最高,可占口腔癌的50%。尽管近年来随着手术、放疗、化疗水平的提高以及多学科综合治疗的开展,口腔鳞癌患者的生存质量得到一定程度的改善,但患者5年生存率仍维持在50%上下,并无明显改善[1]。术后颈淋巴结转移是影响口腔鳞癌患者预后的最主要因素,因此,舌鳞癌的治疗、颈部的处理和原发灶处理同样重要[2]。但对于早期舌鳞癌,目前临床对于是否需要行颈淋巴结清扫术以及对隐匿性转移淋巴结的预防未达成共识。有研究报道对于cN0患者,行选择性颈清扫术或严密随访,患者整体生存率并无明显变化,但对于先观察患者出现淋巴结转移征象时,再行颈清术,其治愈率较同期联合根治术者低[3-5]。而同期行选择性颈清扫术虽然可以早期明确有无颈淋巴结转
·临床研究与应用·移,指导是否行术后辅助放化疗,但早期舌鳞癌隐匿性淋巴结转移仅为20%左右,这对其余80%患者存在过度治疗,影响术后功能,部分患者淋巴结病理阴性,术后出现淋巴结转移现象[6]。因此,临床上需要相关病理生物标记物,以利于预测评估舌鳞癌患者淋巴结转移潜能,指导下一步治疗。
肿瘤神经侵犯(perineural invasion,PNI)是指肿瘤细胞侵入神经鞘三层(神经外膜、神经鞘膜和神经内膜)的任一层,或肿瘤细胞包绕神经周围,且至少累及神经束周径的33%[7]。PNI是多数恶性肿瘤如前列腺癌、胰腺癌、结肠癌以及头颈恶性肿瘤一种常见且非常隐蔽的扩散方式[8-10]。有报道PNI在口腔鳞癌中发生率可达22%~62%,并且是口腔鳞癌淋巴结转移、预后以及局部复发的一项重要预测指标[11-12]。有研究认为对于伴发PNI的早期口腔癌患者,其隐匿性淋巴结转移概率较高,需要行选择性颈清扫术[13]。但对于T1~2期无临床淋巴结转移或术后淋巴结病理阴性舌鳞癌患者,PNI对术后淋巴结转移或原发灶复发有无影响,目前鲜见报道。因此,本研究通过对比PNI阳性与PNI阴性早期舌鳞癌患者临床及预后,探讨PNI、舌鳞癌手术方式与早期舌鳞癌术后淋巴结转移以及预后相关性。
1.1 患者选择
选取上海交通大学医学院附属第九人民医院口腔颌面头颈肿瘤科2008年6月至2009年12月间手术切除、病理科确诊为舌鳞状细胞癌的T1~2期(采用UICC第7版TNM分期标准)患者156例,经本院病理科医师对所有组织苏木素-伊红染色切片再次阅片,舌鳞癌细胞浸润肿瘤内神经束或包绕神经束周径至少33%判断为PNI阳性,明确诊断肿瘤侵犯神经病例47例(图1)。患者纳入标准:1)术前未行放化疗或其他肿瘤相关治疗;2)无临床淋巴结转移征象;3)患者未行颈部淋巴结清扫术或术后淋巴结病理阴性;4)手术安全切缘(1.5 cm)阴性。将纳入标准的患者分为2组,每组40例,分别为PNI阳性组和PNI阴性组,临床病理特征相同(表1)。
1.2 随访
采用电话随访截至2015年3月,随访时间为63~80个月,平均随访时间74个月。
表1 舌鳞癌分组患者基线资料 例Table 1 Clinicopathological characteristics of the study groups n
1.3 统计学分析
使用SPSS 17.0统计软件进行数据分析。两组样本各分类变量关联性分析采用Pearson χ2检验,必要时采用Fisher确切检验,计量资料采用t检验,描述性分析采用病例数和百分比表示,生存分析采用Ka⁃plan-Meier法和Log-rank检验。P<0.05为差异有统计学意义。
2.1 原发灶复发或淋巴结转移情况
两组患者中,行同期颈清术各32例(80.0%,32/ 40),无术后放疗病例。术后淋巴结转移情况,PNI阳性组发生率(27.5%,11/40)显著高于PNI阴性组(10.0%,4/40),差异有统计学意义(P=0.045),而原发灶复发率两组比较差异无统计学意义(P=0.531,表2)。通过分析是否同期行颈淋巴结清扫术对舌鳞癌术后原发灶复发或颈淋巴结转移的影响,发现对于PNI阳性患者,术后淋巴结转移发生率观察组(75.0%,6/8)较颈清组(15.6%,5/32)高,有显著性差异(P=0.001,表3)。而在PNI阴性组中,术后原发灶复发与淋巴结转移观察组、颈清组比较差异无统计学意义(P=0.128)。此外,而单独分颈清组或观察组对比PNI阳性和PNI阴性组,虽PNI阳性组术后淋巴结转移率较阴性组高,但差异无统计学意义。
2.2 预后
80例患者平均随访时间为74个月,总体生存率为68.8%(55/80),PNI阳性组(57.5%,23/40)显著低于PNI阴性组(80.0%,32/40)(P=0.034,图2)。
图1 舌鳞癌侵犯神经HE染色Figure 1 PNI in tongue squamous cell carcinoma by H&E staining
表2 PNI与术后淋巴结转移、局部复发相关性 n(%)Table 2 Relationship among PNI,neck,and local recurrence n(%)
表3 PNI阳性组有无同期颈淋巴结清扫对术后淋巴结转移、局部复发影响 n(%)Table 3 Effect of neck dissection among patients with PNI-positive ear⁃ly squamous cell carcinoma of the tongue on post-operative lymph node metastasis and local recurrence n(%)
图2 PNI与患者总体生存率Figure 2 Relationship between the prevalence of PNI and overall survival
肿瘤神经侵犯是肿瘤细胞沿着与神经束膜相连的疏松组织扩散的一种侵犯方式[7]。其发生机制尚不完全清楚,目前普遍认为肿瘤PNI的发生与癌及癌旁多种因子的变化有关,特别是一些神经营养因子和细胞间的黏附因子[14]。随着研究的不断进展,越来越多学者认为口腔鳞癌神经侵犯的发生与血管生成和血管浸润以及淋巴管生成和淋巴管浸润一样对口腔鳞癌的临床及预后有重要影响。以往研究表明,PNI的发生与口腔鳞癌淋巴结转移、临床分期、病理分级显著相关,且PNI阳性患者预后明显低于PNI阴性患者[15-16]。本研究通过对比T1~2N0期舌鳞癌患者发现PNI阳性患者总体生存率明显低于PNI阴性患者。
颈淋巴结转移是影响口腔鳞癌患者预后的最主要因素,尤其是位于舌部的肿瘤,因舌体具有丰富的淋巴管和血液循环,加以舌的机械运动频繁,这些促使舌鳞癌更易发生淋巴结转移。尽管目前临床对于早期舌鳞癌是否需要行颈淋巴结清扫未达成共识,多数文献报道认为,PNI是口腔鳞癌发生隐匿性淋巴结转移的重要预测指标,对于伴发PNI的早期口腔癌患者,其隐匿性淋巴结转移概率较高,需要行选择性颈清扫术[13,17-18]。Tai等[17]对307例不同部位口腔鳞癌临床病理分析发现,PNI甚至是早期鳞癌淋巴结转移的独立预测指标,认为对于T1~2期无临床淋巴结转移的舌鳞癌患者,PNI是隐匿性淋巴结转移重要预测指标,PNI阳性患者需行选择性颈淋巴结清扫术。Chatzistefanou等[18]也认为,PNI不仅与早期口腔癌淋巴结转移相关,更是患者出现术后淋巴结转移重要预测指标,PNI阳性的早期口腔癌患者需要行选择性颈清扫术。本研究通过对比有无发生PNI的早期舌鳞癌患者,也发现PNI阳性组术后出现淋巴结转移概率明显高于PNI阴性组,而且对于PNI阳性患者,观察组术后出现淋巴结转移概率显著高于颈清组,这提示PNI阳性患者淋巴结转移潜能较PNI阴性患者高、预后差,对于PNI阳性的早期舌鳞癌患者,应尽可能同期行颈淋巴结清扫术,以减少术后淋巴结转移,改善预后。舌鳞癌侵袭深度也是颈淋巴结转移的一项重要预测指标,而多数学者认为,PNI与舌鳞癌侵袭深度也存在相关性,因为舌体黏膜下层组织中神经纤维丰富,癌细胞侵袭越深,越容易侵及舌体的神经束[15,19]。但本研究仅对比T1、T2期舌鳞癌,未见PNI与T分期存在明显相关,考虑到本研究PNI阳性样本均为早期无临床淋巴结转移或颈清术后淋巴结病理阴性患者,需扩大样本量进一步分析研究。
舌鳞癌局部复发也是影响预后的一个重要因素。但对舌鳞癌局部复发与PNI的关系,目前未达成共识。尽管有报道PNI与口腔癌局部复发存在相关性,但大多数都不能证明PNI是局部复发的独立预测指标[20]。也有一些学者认为,PNI与口腔癌淋巴结转移重要相关,但与局部复发无相关性[21]。本研究对比PNI阳性组与PNI阴性组患者局部复发情况,未见显著性差异。
美国国家综合癌症网络(National comprehensive cancer network,NCCN)临床指南[22]认为PNI可以作为早期口腔癌术后辅助放疗指征,欧洲癌症研究与治疗组织(European organization for research and treat⁃ment of cancer,EORTC)分析22 391例辅助放疗患者,将PNI作为一个风险因素纳入分析,认为PNI患者术后辅助放疗有助于提高生存率[23]。但多数文献报道,术后放疗对PNI阳性早期舌鳞癌患者预后无明显影响,且存在过度治疗现象[18,24]。本研究的早期舌鳞癌患者均未行术后放疗。对于PNI的发病机制的理解、如何提高PNI阳性患者的预后以及对PNI患者隐匿性淋巴结转移的控制有待进一步研究。
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(2015-06-19收稿)
(2015-08-14修回)
(编辑:邢颖)
Clinical significance of perineural invasion among patients with early squamous cell carcinoma of the tongue
Chengzhong LIN,Chunye ZHANG,Zhenhu REN,Tong JI
Department of Oral Maxillofacial and Head and Neck Oncology,Shanghai Ninth People's Hospital,Shanghai JiaoTong University School of Medicine,Shanghai Key Laboratory of Stomatology,Shanghai 200011,China
This study was supported by the Municipal Natural Science Foundation of Shanghai(No.15ZR1424600)and the Cross-Over Studies Foundation of Medicine and Science of Shanghai Jiao Tong University(No.YG2012MS58)
Objective:To investigate the effect of perineural invasion(PNI)on patients with early squamous cell carcinoma of the tongue (ESCCT)and the controversial issues related to PNI's effect on loco-regional recurrence,cervical lymph node metastases,and prognosis. Methods:Data of 156 patients with ESCCT were analyzed.Two subgroups comprising 40 patients each were investigated.One was PNI-positive subgroup,and the other subgroup was consisted of patients with PNI-negative carcinomas.These patients had similar histopathological characteristics and were randomly selected from the total number of cases.The relationship among the prevalence of PNI,loco-regional recurrence,cervical lymph node metastases,and prognosis was analyzed.Results:PNI was significantly correlated with high cervical lymph node metastases and poor 5-year survival rates(P=0.045 and P=0.034,respectively)but not with local recurrence(P=0.531).Elective neck dissection was considerably associated with a low risk of regional recurrence among the PNI-positive ESCCT patients(P=0.001).Conclusion: PNI should be considered as a predictor for high cervical lymph node metastases and poor 5-year survival of early tongue squamous cell carcinoma.Elective neck lymph node dissection should be performed among patients with PNI-positive early tongue squamous cell carcinoma.
perineural invasion,early tongue squamous cell carcinoma,cervical lymph node metastases,recurrence
10.3969/j.issn.1000-8179.2015.16.859
上海交通大学医学院附属第九人民医院口腔颌面-头颈肿瘤科,上海市口腔医学重点实验室(上海市200011)
*本文课题受上海市自然科学基金项目(编号:15ZR1424600)和上海交通大学“医工(理)交叉研究基金”项目(编号:YG2012MS58)资助通信作者:季彤 jitong70@163.com
季彤 专业方向为口腔颌面头颈肿瘤的治疗及术后重建。
E-mail:jitong70@163.com