Overview of Pharmaceutical Research on the Poria with Hostwood of Traditional Chinese Medicine

Guangci XU, Dexia ZHANG, Dan LI, Fanfan ZHANG, Yunfang LI, Suomin FENG, Jiang GONG, Xia ZHANG, Shifeng NI*

1. College of integrated traditional and Western Medicine, Hunan University of Chinese Medicine, Changsha 410208, China;

2. Pharmaceutical Institute, Xi’an Medical University, Xi’an 710021, China;

3. Department of Medicine, Tibet Nationality College, Xianyang 712082, China;

4. College of Life Sciences, Northwest University, Xi’an 710069, China

Introduction of Poria with hostwood

Sources

Poria with hostwood (Poriacum Radix Pini) parasitizes on and surround tree roots, which has better quality than ordinary Poria[1].

Characteristics

Poria with hostwood has a shape of square block, attached with cut cylinder-like hostwood. The hostwood has a width and a length both of 4-5 cm and a thickness of 0.4-0.6 cm,with a diameter of the wood center not greater than 1.5 cm. The surface of Poria with hostwood was off-white,while some is faint red. Poria with hostwood has heavy and rigid body,and is odorless, bland, and sticky while chewing. Under microscope,many irregular colorless granular masses and terminal blunt round branched masses can be seen, which were soluble in chloral hydrate, and the mycelium is long thin, slightly curve,and branched[2-3].

Processing

Cheng et al.[4]suggested that Poria with hostwood was processed with minimum usual dose as basis unit,and each block of Poria with hostwood was best controlled at a weight of about 6 g.

Identification

Physic identification A piece of genuine Poria with hostwood and a piece of fake Poria with hostwood are placed into two beakers filled with clear water, respectively, and soaked.The beaker with genuine Poria with hostwood has more brown loose scraps, while the one with fake Poria with hostwood has fewer or no. This method is suitable for identify “singlepiece fake”Poria with hostwood[5-6].

Chemical identification When iodine test solution is dropped onto samples,genuine Poria with hostwood has no change while fake Poria with hostwood changes into blue or purple brown. This method is suitable for“multiple-peice fake” Poria with hostwood[5].

Application methods and dosage

Poria with hostwood appears in 300 Chinese medicinal nootropic prescriptions in "Chinese medicinal nootropic theropy"for 79 times.It usual dosage is(35.1±7.6)g[8].It should be noted that cinnabar-coated Poria with hostwood cannot be added into decoctions, and calcined magnet and cinnabar-coated Poria with hostwood cannot be formulated into decoctions for oral administration[9-10].

Quality control of compounds

By thin-layer chromatography,Mantis egg case shows black blue spots while Poria with hostwood shows blue spots, they thus can be identified, and the method is used for the quality control of Sanfu Yishen Decoction and Sangpiaoxiao Powder[9-10].

Composition Study

Polysaccharides

Extraction process The optimal extraction process by ultrasonic method is performed by adding 15 times of water into medicinal material with a granularity of 40 mesh and ultrasonically treating at 50.0 kHz for 45 min twice.The ultrasonic method has an extraction rate better than those of decoction and enzymolysis methods, and it is time-saving, simple, convenient with higher extraction efficiency and suitable for large-scale production[13].

Polysaccharide components The main components of Poria with hostwood are polysaccharides with a content of 1%-4%, and they have main chains composed of β-(1→3)D-glucan with few β-(1→6)glucan branched chains, and contain D-galactose, D-fructose, D-rahmnose, D-mannose, D-xylose and so on[14-15].

Triterpenes

More than thirty triterpene components mainly of lanostane type tetracyclic triterpenes have been isolated from Poria with hostwood at present,which can be classified according to structural characteristics into following four groups:12 kinds of lanostane type triterpanes,9 kinds of 3, 4-seco-lanostene type triterpenes and other triterpene components[7]. Seventy eight triterpene components mainly of lanostane type tetracyclic triterpenes have been isolated from Poria with hostwood at present, which can be classified according to structural characteristics into following four groups:18 kinds of lanosta-8-ene type triterpenes, 37 kinds of lanosta-7, 9 (11)-diene type triterpenes,6 kinds of 3,4-seco-lanosta-8-ene type triterpenes, and 17 kinds of 3, 4-seco-lanosta-7, 9(11)-diene type triterpenes. In its decoction pieces, the total content of triterpenes is of 0.349 1%-0.588 7%[16].

Others

Poria with hostwood has therein components including fatty acid, gum,chitin, protein, lecithin, dextrose, adenine, histidine and choline; inorganic components including SiO2, Ca, Mg,Fe, I, Na, S, P, Mn and Cl; as well as β-pachyman enzyme and trace protease[7]. Lin extracted ergosterol peroxide, pachymic acid, 5-(4-hydroxyphenyl)dihydrogen furan-2 (3H)-ketone, β-D-Glu (3-1)-α-D-Glu and αlinolenic acid from Poria with hostwood[17].

Pharmacological Research

Pharmacology of western medicine Antitumor effect Poria with hostwood inhibits the growth of tumors mainly by triterpene components and polysaccharide components. Its poriatin can significantly inhibit the transportation of L1210 cell nucleuses of leukemic mice, and thus has a synergistic effect on anticaner drug, and it also can enhance the ability of macrophages for producing tumor necrosis factor[16].Methyl ester of triterpene compoents in Poria with hostwood can be used as tumor prophylactic. Pachymaran obtained from reaction of pachyman has an inhibition rate up to 96% to S180 sarcoma, and the pachyman derivative obtained from the hydrophilization thereof also has good antitumor effect[7]. Carboxymethyl pachyman has an inhibition rate up to 92.7% to U-14 tumor and certain inhibition effect on 5180 sarcoma and H22 liver cancer[18].

Sedative, hypnotic and anticonvulsive effects Carboxymethyl polysaccharides extracted from Poria with hostwood has good sedative effect,and can enhance the inhibition effect of thiopentone to maincenter of mice,significantly prolonging anaesthesia time[19]. Fushen mixture can significantly prolong disappearing duration of righting reflex of mice caused by sodium pentobarbital and shorten time to onset of persistent sleep,and can obviously increase animal sleep percentage together with sodium pentobarbital in a subliminal amount of pentobarbital induced hypnosis[20]. It also can postpone the incubation period of being convulsed by central stimulant pentylenetetrazole and reduce the number of convulsed mice, thus having stronger central inhibitory effect[21].Hu detected that Poria with hostwood had a good sedative effect on mice by intragastric administration and intraperitoneal injection of Fushen decoction[22]. The functional food extracted from Jujuboside and Poria with hostwood has a good effect of regulating sleep of mice, a medium dose group can prolong hypnotic lasting time induced by sodium pentobarbital and shorten the hypnotic latent period induced by sodium pentobarbital, and a high dose group also can improve the rate of sleeping mice by subliminal sodium pentobarbital[23]. Linglingshen Granule has a synergistic effect with sodium pentobarbital in increasing the number of sleeping mice[24].

Anti-inflammatory effect Pachyman has an effect of inhibiting acute and chronic inflammation reaction and an effect of inhibiting aggravation of subcutaneous granuloma of rats caused by cotton balls, and a small dose of pachyman can effectively inhibit ear swelling of mice caused by xylene[16]. Triterpenes in Poria with hostwood can inhibit the activity of phospholipase A2, and also can inhibit ear swelling of mice caused by TPA.Pachymic acid can well inhibit SLT-IIe from inducing endothelial cells of intestinal mucosa to secrete excessive sICAM-1 that weakens the adhesion between leukocytes and microvascular endothelial cells, effectively inhibiting excessive leukocytes from arriving inflammatory sites through microvessels,thus preventing excessive inflammation[7].

Bacteriostasis Filer paper with 100% extract of Poria with hostwood has an inhibition effect on Staphylococcus aureus,Pseudomonas aerugi-nosa,Bacillus anthracis,Staphylococcus albus,group A Streptococcus,Escherichia coli, group B Streptococcus,and also has a good effect of regulating intestinal flora[16].

Hepatoprotective effect Poria with hostwood has obviously protection effect on rat liver injury caused by carbon tetrachloride by remarkably reducing the activity of glutamic-pyruvic transaminase, preventing hepatocellular necrosis. Its effect of resisting necrosis of liver cells is so significant as to remarkably reduce hepatocyte swelling and accelerate hepatocyte regeneration, thereby protecting liver and lowering transaminase. Poria with hostwood also can slow down the occurrence of hepatic fibrosis of rats,and the mechanism might be related to the down regulation of TGF-β1 and PDGF expression, inhibition of HSC proliferation and activation, promotion of extracellular matrix degradation and reduction of deposition of liver fiber connective tissue[7].

Hypoglycemic effect Triterpene components of Poria with hostwood can enhance differentiation-inducing activity of insulin, and triterpene components themself also have differentiation-inducing activity[7].

Diuretic effect Pachyman can facilitate the discharge of potassium, sodium and related electrolytes in urine,with its diuretic effect strength varied according to animal species[16].

Enhancing of immune function

The material base of Poria with hostwood for regulating immune function is mainly triterpenes, soluble sugar and acidic polysaccharides[7].

Antidepression effect Poria with hostwood can up-regulate the expression level of astrocyte GFAP, which might be due to the activation effect on As, while the exact mechanism remains to be further researched[25].

Analgesic effect The result from analgesic effect of the compounds of Poria with hostwood showed that in hot plate test only its extract and soluble triterpenes has remarkable analgesic activity. The experimental result by writhing method showed water extracts, soluble triterpene components,and crude polysaccharides of the compounds of Poria with hostwood and linglingshenmi Paste can remarkably reduce mouse writhing times by inhibiting local pain induced by glacial acetic acid and improving pain threshold of mice, and the dosage of soluble triterpenes was of 0.44 g/kg,with most significant efficacy[17].

Pharmacology of Chinese medicine

Poria with hostwood is sweet in taste and neutral in nature, attributed to heart and spleen meridians. It has the effect of nourishing heart and tranquilizing mind, and mainly treat malaise, palpitation due to fright and amnesia[26].

Clinical Application

Most clinical treatments adopt this medicine for a very long history.

Insomnia

Professor Gao Ziping often adds radix polygonati officinalis and Poria with hostwood when treating insomnia caused by pruritus, with good efficacy[27]. By analyzing ancient insomnia prescription with literature search and statistical analysis, the result showed that Poria with hostwood was used for 65 times in 177 prescriptions, with a fourth utilization frequency[28]. Danzhi Xiaoyao Shengmai Mixture was used for treating 30 cases with insomnia together with western medicine therapy,achieving an effective rate of 100%[29].Fushen Zaoren Decoction had an effective rate of 95.6%in treating 68 patients with refractory insomnia[30].Shi[32]mentioned 22 prescriptions, 11 of which used Poria with hostwood.Medicated food, modified Zhuxin Fushen Decoction and Guipi Decoction was used for treating heart-spleen deficiency type insomnia with respective effective rates of 83.8% and 91.11%[33-34].Jiaotai Anshe Yin cooperated with acupuncture and moxibustion has remarkable effect in treating refractory insomnia, with a total effective rate up to 94.4%[35].

Emotional syndrome

Zhou studied 153 cases with emotional syndrome of stagnation of phlegm-dampness in middle Jiao,and found that Poria with hostwood was used for 55 times in 153 prescriptions[36].

Postpartum psychosis Forty eight patients with postpartum depression are treated with Fushen Powder by oral administration, in which 33 cases were cured, 8 cases felt obvious efficacy and 4 cases were promoted,with a total effective rate of 93.75%[37]. Hao treated postpartum depression, and classified it into three types, all of which were treated with application of Poria with hostwood[38].

Anxiety disorder Yanxue Anshen Decoction was used to treat 200 cases suffered anxiety disorder, 141 cases were cured, 40 cases were improved greatly and 13 case felt its efficacy,with a total effective rate of 90.5%[39].

Climacteric mental disorder Ganmai Dazao Decoction cooperated with Guipi Decoction was used for treat 57 cases with climacteric depression, achieving an effective rate of 96.49%[40].Modified Bozi Yanxin Pill has a total effective rate of 90% in treating climacteric syndrome[41].Modified Zhibai Dihuang Decoction was used for treating 40 cases with climacteric syndrome, in which 22 cases were cured and 16 cases acquired significant efficacy, with a total effective rate of 95%[42].

Epilepsy

Dingxian Pill attained remarkable efficacy in treating epilepsy together with sodium valproate tablets, achieving a total effective rate of 98.36%[43].Huanshen Decoction was adopted for treating 33 cases with depressive psychosis, in which 12 cases recovered,and 15 cases recognized an obvious efficacy, with a total effective rate of 81.8%[44]. In the treatment of 50 cases with insanity by Longyucheng Qi Decoction,43 cases were cured, and remarkable efficacy appeared on 5 cases,with a total effective rate of 96%[45].

Heart diseases

Modified Pingchong Wenxin Decoction was used for treating 3 patients had palpitation,all were cured[46].In treating 68 cases suffered postinfarction angina by Yiqi Tongmai Decoction combined with conventional western medicine, the higher effective rate was of 88.24%[47].In the treatment of 50 cases suffered coronary heart disease combined with arrhythmia by modified Guipi Decoction combined with metoprolol,the therapy had a significant efficacy on 26 cases and also had an efficacy on 16 cases,with a total effective rate of 84%[48]. Dingji Fumai Decoction was used for treating48 cases with sick sinus syndrome, in which 24 cases acquired significant efficacy and 16 cases was improved,achieving a total effective rate of 83%[49].

Senile dementia

In the treatment of 57 cases with vascular cognitive impairment(VCI)by Tianzhi Granule combined with western medicine , the therapy had a significant efficacy on 10 cases, and was effective to 39 cases,with a total effective rate of 86.1%[50]. Xixin Decoction can obviously improve the level of O-GlcNAcylation modifying Tau protein of hippocampus tissues in rats with sporadic Alzheimer’s disease,and thus might be capable of inhibiting hyperphosphorylation on Tau protein at important sites and Tau toxicity thereof, preventing the aggravation of sporadic Alzheimer’s disease[51].In the treatment of vascular dementia by Yizhi Decoction, a significant efficacy appeared on 82 cases, and 16 cases were improved,achieving a total effective rate of 81.82%[52].

Hypertension

Tianma Gouteng Decoction cured 99 cases and had a significant efficacy on 8 cases in the treatment of 108 cases with primary hypertension, with a total effective rate of 92.50%[53]. Cui Yuheng treats hypertension with Pinggan Qianyang Decoction and Yanxin Anshen Decoction with good effect[54].

Diabetes

Treating 66 aged patients with type 2 diabetes with Modified Fushen Buxu Decoction combined with Danxing GuiJian Decoction achieved an effective rate up to 83.33%[55]. Poria with hostwood attained an effective rate of 89% in the treatment of 38 cases with diabetes[56].

Cervicogenic cerebral ischemia

Fushen Juming Decoction can fundamentally improve blood circulation of vertebrobasilar arteries of patients with cervicogenic cerebral ischemia,achieving an idea efficacy[57].

Enuresis

In the treatment of 44 cases with Fangfushen Decoction,32 cases were cured, and 12 cases were improved,with a total effective rate of 100%[58].

Health protection

The jelly taking semen ziziphi spinosae and Poria with hostwood as main materials and white granulated sugar, edible gelatinizing agent and citric acid as auxiliary materials, has comprehensive nutrition and good health protection function[59].

Others

Ancient prescription from southern Fujian, Fengfushen, is capable of treating morbid night crying of babies and mental disorder[60]. Fushen Decoction can treat hypotension,leukopenia and rheumatic carditis[61].Mixing Poria with hostwood with cinnabar can enhance the effect of tranquilizing the mind. In Chinese medicinal prescriptions, cinnabarcoated Poria with hostwood is also a drug frequently used[62].

Summary and Prospect

Poria with hostwood is widely distributed in China, with larger resource quantity as well as long medicinal history and exact efficacy, while further study is still needed. The future research is directed at steride components and protein components, and the pharmacological activity mainly researched is central activity. Meanwhile, the protection of its resource should not be neglected, in order to provide sustainable medicinal material sources for further rational development.

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