药物洗脱支架治疗冠状动脉疾病疗效优势的研究进展

2015-12-09 23:57郭冠兰黄胜堂综述审校
医学综述 2015年9期
关键词:雷帕主干支架

郭冠兰,黄胜堂(综述),吴 翔(审校)

(1.南通大学医学院心内科,江苏南通 226001;2.湖北科技学院药学院,湖北咸宁 437100)

冠状动脉粥样硬化性心脏病(冠心病)严重影响人们的健康。每100万美国成年人中有5000 人需施行血运重建术[1]。从1980年以来,冠状动脉旁路移植术(coronary artery bypass grafting,CABG)是冠心病血运重建的金标准。随着经皮冠状动脉介入(percutaneous coronary interventions,PCI)在临床上的应用,CABG的临床应用逐渐减少,至2008年只有不到20%的血运重建采用 CABG[1]。在应用 PCI进行血运重建中,约68%的患者使用药物洗脱支架(drug-eluting stents,DES),28%的患者使用裸金属支架(bare-metal stent,BMS),仍有3.5%的患者施行球囊成形术[1-2]。最近的一项研究结果表明,在非急性适应证的PCI中,有11.6%(16 838例)是不合适的,难以提高患者生活质量或存活率,另有38.0%(54 988例)的PCI疗效不显著[3]。现对DES治疗冠状动脉疾病疗效优势的研究进展进行综述。

1 DES

1.1 雷帕霉素洗脱支架(sirolimus eiuting stent,SES)1999年,雷帕霉素包覆的Cypher支架首次用于临床。雷帕霉素是一种免疫抑制剂,通过抑制细胞因子和生长因子介导的平滑肌和淋巴细胞增殖来减少内膜增殖[4-6]。2002年有研究将SES与BMS进行随机比较,结果表明SES降低了术后6个月再狭窄发生率和心脏并发症。SES和BMS的Meta分析结果显示,两者植入后患者的病死率和心肌梗死(myocardial infarction,MI)发生率相似,但前者在再次血运重建方面有更大的改善[4-6]。

1.2 紫杉醇洗脱支架(paclitaxel-eluting stents,PES)TAXUS Express PES是一种紫杉醇包覆的支架,紫杉醇是一种抗肿瘤药物,可减少平滑肌增殖和迁移。PES和SES一样,比BMS的临床应用效果要好,术后6个月无再狭窄发生,晚期管腔丢失率下降[7]。PES和BMS的病死率和MI发生率相似,前者使再次血运重建率下降[8]。TAXUS Liberte PES是另一种紫杉醇包覆的支架,和TAXUS Express PES比较,在输送性、顺应性、药物分布均匀性等方面均有提高[9]。与PES相比,SES在病灶血运重建(target lesion revascularization,TLR)和预防MI方面效果更好,在病死率和支架血栓方面相当[6]。对于糖尿病患者,是否应该优先考虑SES目前仍存在争议,因为和紫杉醇相比,雷帕霉素抑制平滑肌迁移的作用要差。

1.3 佐他莫斯洗脱支架(zotarolimus-eluting stents,ZES) 佐他莫斯是一种免疫抑制剂,可诱导支架表面均匀和完全覆盖内膜[10]。裸露的支架材料有可能引起血栓形成[11]。第一代DES(SES和PES)表面的高分子涂层会引起过敏和炎症,从而导致血栓[12]。第二代DES使用高分子仿生内皮组织,可预防血栓[13]。因此,理论上ZES不良反应较少。

随机试验结果表明,与BMS相比,ZES的安全性相似,但效果更好[14]。研究表明,ZES降低了MI的发生率,然而却导致了较高的管腔晚期丢失、支架内再狭窄和 TLR发生率[15-16]。与PES比较,ZES的管腔晚期丢失和TLR发生率较高,然而,术后3年的MI发生率较低[17]。这与早期的报道不同,早期报道PES和ZES有相近的病死率和MI发生率,但PES的12个月TLR发生率较高[15]。

1.4 依维莫司洗脱支架(everolimus-eluting stents,EES) 依维莫司是雷帕霉素的衍生物,雷帕霉素是一种用于治疗器官移植排斥反应的免疫抑制剂。目前临床使用的有2种EES产品,Xiernce V EES和Promus EES。EES和BMS的比较研究结果表明,EES可降低管腔晚期丢失、支架内再狭窄和TLR发生率[18]。与PES比较,EES不仅有较低的管腔晚期丢失、支架内再狭窄和TLR发生率,且病死率、MI和主要不良心血管事件的发生率也降低[18-22]。对EES和SES术后3年临床效果统计的结果表明,EES有较低的MI、TLR及支架内血栓发生率[13]。最近的研究表明,EES和ZES在术后的病死率、MI或TLR方面差异无统计学意义[23]。

2 DES的并发症

尽管DES要比球囊成形术与BMS效果好得多,但DES也会引起一些并发症,如支架破裂等。病理研究报道,DES术后并发症发生率达29%,即177例中有51例发生支架破裂[24]。动脉瘤是其中一个并发症,一项血管造影随访研究报道,1.3%植入DES的患者罹患动脉瘤[25]。这些并发症与ST段抬高、血管再狭窄和栓塞有关[8]。支架植入后需长期服用抗血小板药物,选用哪种抗血小板药物、双药还是三药联用,疗程多长等都有争论。此外,DES植入后也会引起一定的过敏反应等[26]。

3 DES与CABG,BMS疗效比较

一些研究结果表明,CABG的疗效要比PCI好[27-29]。然而,对于有些患者来说,DES是标准治疗方法[30-31],DES特别适合于治疗单支或双支血管病变。DES禁用于已经植入支架且不能再接受新支架或支架植入导致多次支架内血栓的患者。

3.1 左前降支近段 左前降支是冠状动脉最重要的一个分支,其供血范围约占左心室的50%,因此,左前降支近段狭窄病变的危险性显著高于其他部位的病变。PCI与BMS和CABG的研究结果显示,左前降支近段病变患者在心肌血运重建时应优先采用CABG而不是PCI[30]。CABG显著降低心绞痛复发率、靶血管血运重建发生率、主要心脑血管不良事件发生率[31-32]。因为与BMS相比,DES可显著降低心绞痛复发率和再次血运重建,一些研究试图证明对左前降支近段病变患者植入DES和施行CABG有相似的疗效[33-38]。一项为期5年的ARTSⅠ期和Ⅱ期数据的分析结果表明,SES和CABG有相似的死亡率、脑卒中率和MI发生率,但DES的血运重建重复发生率较高。这些研究表明,DES和CABG有相似的安全性,但CABG疗效较好[33]。因此,CABG依然是目前左前降支近段病变患者的标准治疗方法。

另有文献报道,在两组患者的年龄、性别构成和冠心病危险因素、临床诊断、左心室射血分数差异无统计学意义的情况下,SES组和DMS组的实验结果显示,术后12个月随访中SES组冠状动脉造影再狭窄率显著降低,并直接导致术后不良心脏事件发生率的下降[39]。冠状动脉左前降支近中段病变DES置入术在继续保持创伤小、恢复快特点的同时,显著缩小在再次血管重建术上与CABG的差距,成为冠状动脉左前降支近中段病变的有效血运重建策略。

3.2 多血管病变 PCI和CABG用于治疗多血管病变,哪个更好成为近几十年来大家研究的课题。对BMS和CABG比较试验结果进行Meta分析,结果表明两者的病死率或MI发生率相似,但是BMS的血运重建的复发率较高[28]。

DES的出现使介入心脏病专家对PCI用于治疗冠心病的前景更加乐观,尽管随机试验结果还没有证明PCI和CABG有相似的疗效[40]。SYNTAX试验证实CABG依然是治疗多血管病变的标准方案[31,41-42]。PCI的主要心脑血管事件发生率较CABG高(28.0%比20.2%),这是由于前者反复血运重建的发生率高(19.7%比10.7%)所致。SYNTAX分数用来表征冠心病的复杂程度,对于SYNTAX分数较低(<23)的患者,PCI和 CABG 有相似疗效[43],表明 PCI对于复杂程度较低病灶的患者有较好的疗效,可拓展PCI的应用,使其适用于复杂程度较低的三血管患者的治疗。对糖尿病患者来说,CABG的效果比PCI要好[27]。在引入 DES和采用较好的抗血小板治疗方法后,PCI的疗效得到提高,然而,SYNTAX试验结果证明CABG的疗效要好得多[44-45],糖尿病患者也适用[46]。CABG依然是治疗糖尿病冠心病患者的最佳选择,虽然如此,采用何种手术方案还是应该由专家会诊确定。另有文献报道,DES组患者的血栓形成数、再次血管重建术、心绞痛再次发作、心功能衰竭等均明显少于BMS 组[47]。

3.3 左主干冠状动脉病 临床上左主干病变是指冠状动脉造影左主干狭窄程度>50%的病变,占动脉造影病例的4% ~6%,在CABG患者中占30%[48]。左主干冠状动脉病患者采用何种治疗最佳一直有争论。尽管研究表明用DES进行的PCI与CABG的效果相似,目前关于心肌血运重建的指导方针依然将CABG作为最佳对策[30]。有研究报道,PCI-DES与CABG治疗无保护左主干病变患者总体疗效相似[49]。用SYNTAX评分指导无保护左主干病变血管重建方式的选择有重要价值,但在不同的患者人群中,仍应结合临床特征和冠状动脉病变特点选择恰当的血运重建术。研究报道支架植入的疗效令人满意,但CABG的再次血运重建发生率更低[50-51]。在705例左主干冠状动脉病患者中,与PCI相比,CABG治疗后的再次血运重建发生率明显较低[31,52]。最近的PRECOMBAT试验结果表明,左主干冠状动脉病患者采用DES进行PCI手术和CABG的效果(2年内)相当。PCI和CABG术后的MI、中风或局部缺血引起的靶血管血运重建分别为12.2%和8.1%[53]。因为该试验存在一些缺陷,试验结果不具临床上的指导价值。SYNTAX和PRECOMBAT试验的统计功效较低,EXCEL试验可能得到较明确的结论,值得期待。

4 结语

综上所述,DES可通过携带抑制平滑肌细胞增生的药物或抗细胞增殖药物,从而抑制新生内膜增生,达到进一步控制再狭窄率的效果。采用支架植入的PCI最近几十年来已取得显著成就,导致PCI和CABG的术后效果越来越接近。复杂程度较低的冠心病患者用DES进行PCI手术的疗效好。不可否认的是,CABG仍有其不可替代的地位,对于某些DES无法处理的病变和PCI高危患者,CABG依然是重要治疗手段,而且CABG也不断地向全动脉化、微创化和智能化方向发展。CABG依然是左前降支或左主干冠状动脉病以及复杂的多血管病变患者优先选择的治疗方案。

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