胡 婵 刘 萍
(湖北理工学院 外国语学院,湖北 黄石 435003)
《水浒传》赛珍珠英译本中的女性人物形象解读*
胡 婵 刘 萍
(湖北理工学院 外国语学院,湖北 黄石 435003)
文章以沙博理和登特杨(男性译者)所译《水浒传》为对照本,结合译者赛珍珠(女性译者)的双语文化背景及女性身份两大要素,探讨不同性别的译者传译《水浒传》女性形象时的翻译策略与立场差异:沙博理和登特杨译本奉行与原作一致的男性主导、女性从属立场;赛译本却从女性角度出发,引导目标读者重新评价被封建意识形态烙上负面印记的女性人物,修正了《水浒传》原著中被歪曲的女性人物形象,构建了积极反叛的女性形象,使译本更加符合西方意识形态下人们的文化认同与价值取向。
《水浒传》译本;译者性别;女性形象传译;翻译策略
引言
《水浒传》目前主要有四个英译本,即赛珍珠译本《四海之内皆兄弟》(1933年)(以下简称“赛译本”)、杰克逊译本《发生在水边的故事》(1937年)、沙博理译本《水泊好汉》(1980年)(以下简称“沙译本”)和约翰·登特-杨、阿莱克斯·登特-杨父子《水泊梁山》(2002年)(以下简称“登译本”)。本文选取沙博理和登特-杨父子所译《水浒传》为对照本,以女性主义为视角,对比分析有着双语文化背景及女性译者身份的赛珍珠所译文本,旨在为性别与翻译的互动研究提供某些思路借鉴[1]。
作为1938年诺贝尔文学奖得主,赛珍珠的一生都在用笔书写生活在男权大厦里的旧社会中国女性的怨恨与反抗。她曾经创作了大量表现当代中国女性自我意识觉醒的女性主义文学作品,如《母亲》、《群芳亭》和同时获得1932年普利策奖和1938年诺贝尔文学奖的《大地》。事实上赛珍珠无论在小说还是非小说中, 都始终关注并思考着妇女的命运和地位问题[2]。她也因此成为了一位替女性言说、充满母性的女性主义作家。
《水浒传》是一部典型的男权主义的代表作[3]。魏崇新曾在《明清小说研究》中指出,《水浒传》是一个反女性的文本[3]。作者施耐庵在《水浒传》中塑造的女性人物极少,全部700多位小说人物中仅有70多位是女性,且大多数女性人物是以消极被动的形象出现的。她们无论多么美丽多情,也难逃含恨而死的命运;无论怎么反抗,至死也没能逃脱封建礼教的精神枷锁;她们被男权道德逼得走投无路,也最终还是没有梁山可上。还有像潘金莲、阎婆惜等等,她们不幸地掉进了封建道德的陷井[3],成了封建婚姻的受害者和男权政治的牺牲品,做了梁山英雄的刀下鬼,还落下了千古骂名。
《水浒传》中的女性大致可以分为三类:第一类是弱女子,第二类是女英雄,第三类是淫妇。第一类是被侮辱和被损害的弱女型,如金翠莲和林冲之妻张自贞等。第二类是完全被男性化的女英雄,其实也是些“恶女”,她们是梁山108将中仅有的三大女将:“一丈青”扈三娘、“母大虫”顾大嫂和“母夜叉”孙二娘。第三类即所谓的红颜祸水,如武大郎之妻潘金莲、宋江之妻阎婆惜等。这三类女性在小说中都是以男性附属品的形象出现的,且大多都没能逃脱悲惨的命运和结局。他们有的随夫战死沙场,如“一丈青”扈三娘;有的被夫所休、最终含恨而死,如林冲娘子;有的饮恨吞金自杀,如李师师;还有的则因红杏出墙被无情虐杀,如阎婆惜、潘金莲、潘巧云等。
《水浒传》为什么如此仇恨女性?原因之一是作者施耐庵受封建社会意识形态的影响,形成的妇女观难免陈腐守旧。而这与深受当时西方男女平等思想熏陶的美国女译者赛珍珠自身的女性主义意识是完全背道而驰的,那么她的译文中还会忠实地再现小说中地位卑微的女性人物吗?她将怎样传译其中被贬损的女性人物形象?她的译作是否会和她所创作的女性主义文学之间形成某种互动关系?
再者,随着时代的变迁,《水浒传》原著中强加于女性的封建礼教已不再符合当代西方意识形态的价值取向,那么赛珍珠该如何去满足西方目标读者的阅读心理?她的译文中会怎样去抵消原作中的性别偏见,尽量提升那些处于失语状态或边缘地位的女性形象,使她们的呐喊声能够为全世界所聆听?下面将就这些问题结合原著及其三种译本来解读赛译本中三个典型的女性人物形象。
(一)敢爱敢恨的阎婆惜
例1 原著:那阎婆惜倒在床上,对着盏孤灯,正在没可寻思处,只等这小张三来。听得娘叫道:“你的心爱的三郎在这里。”那婆娘只道是张三郎,慌忙起来,把手掠一掠云鬓,口里喃喃的骂道:“这短命,等得我苦也!老娘先打两个耳刮子着。”飞也似的跑下楼来,照见是宋江,那婆娘复翻身转又上楼去,依前倒在床上[4]。
赛译本:Now that P’O Hsi was lying on the bed and was facing the solitary lamp and was dreaming and waiting for Chang The Third to come. Hearing her mother call thus,“The love of your heart is here!”,the young woman mistook it that Chang The Third was come and in great haste she arose,and smoothed back the clouds of her hair,and began a clatter of curses,saying,“Your short—lived wretch to make me wait all this time so bitterly! I will slap your cheeks for you!”and as though flying she ran down the stairs, ┉the light of the glazed lantern fell upon Sung Chiang. The woman looked at him and then turned and went away and again went upstairs and threw herself on the bed as before[5].
登译本:Poxi just now was lying on her bed, absently gazing the solitary lamp, counting the hours till Zhang’s visit. When she heard her mother call out, “The one you love is here!” of course she thought it was Zhang! She rose hurriedly, and, composing her raven tresses with one hand, muttering to herself the while, “The wretch, to keep me waiting like this! I ought to box his ears for him!”, flew downstairs.┉ When she saw that it was Song Jiang, she turned and fled upstairs again. She threw herself down on the bed, in the same position as before[6].
沙译本:Poxi was lying on her bed, staring at the lamp and thinking of nothing in particular.She was hoping that Zhang would come.When she heard her mother say:“Your beloved is here,”she thought it was the young rake.She got up quickly and fixed her hair.“That rogue.” she muttered.“He made me wait long enough.I’ll box his ears!” She flew down the stairs ┉┉The glass lamp in the parlor brightly illuminated the figure of Song Jiang. Poxi promptly turned, went back up the stairs and threw herself down on her bed[7].
阎婆惜本是一贫苦人家的女儿,母亲将她典于宋江。无奈因受到宋江冷落,她便和宋江手下的张三互生好感。后来她和宋江两人起了争执,阎婆惜不幸死于宋江刀下。例1中详细地描绘了阎婆惜在深闺中苦等爱人张三到来时的情景。从表1可以看出三译本在词法和句法上的区别。就沙译本而言,他将“对着盏孤灯”译为“staring at the lamp”。这样的译法缺乏文化意境。“孤灯”在中国文化中本是一种暗喻,象征着一个人在情感失落时孤独的心境。赛珍珠将它译为“facing the solitary lamp”,形象地再现了阎婆惜在深闺中苦等爱人到来时既苦涩又期盼的复杂心情。读到这样的译文,读者眼前仿佛再现了这样一幅情景:傍晚夜幕降临时分,万家灯火,华灯初上,灯火阑珊处,一盏孤灯下,阎婆惜孤孤单单,形影相吊。接下来,当阎婆惜误以为张三到来时,她再也按捺不住内心的激动,放下了少女应有的矜持,“飞也似的跑下楼来”。赛珍珠将此句译为“as though flying she ran down the stairs”,借用明喻的修辞手法形象地刻画了阎婆惜在长久的等待之后渴望见到爱人的迫切心情。相比之下登译本“flew downstairs”和沙译本“She flew down the stairs”则显得较为平淡无奇。阎婆惜边下楼时口里还边喃喃的骂道:“这短命,等得我苦也!”赛珍珠将此句译为 “Your short—lived wretch to make me wait all this time so bitterly”,比起登译本 “to keep me waiting like this”和沙译本“He made me wait long enough”,赛译本更传神地译出了少女的娇羞和对爱人的绵绵情意。
表1 赛译本、登译本及沙译本对照表
对女性译者赛珍珠而言,鉴于其相似的女性经验和曾经失败的婚姻经历①,她在翻译两性关系时,较之男性译者更能深刻地体会到女性被封建礼教长期压抑的内心情感世界。她不仅译出了她们的动作、言语,同时也译出了她们的心声。在她的笔下,一个情窦初开的少女独自苦等爱人到来时的孤独心境、渴望见到爱人的焦急心情、对待爱人的柔情蜜意及最终还是没能见到爱人的极度失望心情统统跃然纸上。借助她的译笔,阎婆惜的孤独、期盼、多情、失望、苦闷全部被一览无遗。赛珍珠在其翻译中所践行的正是多年后加拿大女性主义翻译的奠基人雪莉·西蒙在其专著《翻译中的性别》一书中所呼吁的:“在翻译中也要争取女权, 即在译文中让女性的身影尽量被看到, 女性的声音尽量被听到。”[8]
例2 原著:阎婆惜道:“第一件,你可从今日便将原典我的文书来还我;再写一纸,任从我改嫁张三,并不敢再来争执的文书。”[4]
赛译本:P’o Hsi said, “First, from today you can return to me my papers of sale to you and write out others allowing me to give myself freely to Chang The Third so that there may be no trouble about these papers.”[5]
登译本:“From today you must return the contract by which I was given to you, and sign another paper certifying that you agree to my marrying Zhang, and will not at any time in the future contest the marriage.”[6]
沙译本:“First, give back my contract of sale to you, and write another transferring me to Zhang in marriage, with a guarantee that you'll never contest it.”[7]
在小说所刻画的所有红杏出墙的女性人物中,阎婆惜是最敢于挑战封建礼教的,她也是其中唯一一个敢于主动要求解除婚约的。她性格张扬泼辣、言辞善辩、不畏流言,也不仅仅满足于同张三秘密见面,而是要求宋江为她写下一纸休书,好让她和心上人张三能够结为正式夫妻。例2中,赛珍珠将“任从我改嫁张三”一句译为“give myself freely to Chang The Third”,形象地表达了旧社会封建买办婚姻制度下女性对自由的渴望,无声地控诉了封建婚姻制度对女性身心的桎梏。而登译本“you agree to my marrying Zhang”则暗示出了男性在婚姻关系中的权威地位和男性特权。沙译本“ transferring me to Zhang in marriage”也不能很好的体现出阎婆惜急于摆脱不幸婚姻的迫切心情。
(二)不畏强权的潘金莲
例3 原著:那清河县里有一个大户人家,有个使女,娘家姓潘小名唤作金莲;年方二十余岁,颇有些颜色。因为那个大户要缠他。这女使只是去告主人婆,意下不肯依从[4]。
赛译本:Now in the city of Ch’ing Ho was a great family who had a slave girl whose mother’s family was named Pan,and her own name was Golden Lotus.Her age was something over twenty and she was exceedingly beautiful.Because the lord of that house desired her, this maid wanted to tell his wife for she would not give in to him[5].
登译本:Now in Qinghe there was a family who had a maid called Pan Jinlian, or Goden Lotus. At the age of twenty she was rather pretty. Because the master was trying to force his attention upon her and she was unwilling to accede to his demands, she had gone to complain to his mistress[6].
沙译本:Now, it happened that a wealthy family there had a maidservant by the name of Pan Jinlian.In her early twenties,she was quite pretty,and the master of the house began pestering her.Jinlian, or Golden Lotus,didn't want him,and told his wife[7].
潘金莲本是一位出身卑微的女子,她是一个大户人家的丫鬟,因年轻貌美而常被主人骚扰。在翻译潘金莲“意下不肯依从”一句时,登和沙分别译为“she was unwilling to accede to(同意)his demands” 和“Golden Lotus, didn't want him ……”试想在那样的年代,一个柔弱女子要反抗自己的主人需要拿出多大的勇气?两位男性译者显然忽略了这一点。而赛珍珠用到了 “give in”,意为“屈从”,译者在这里融入了自己的声音,表达了自己对潘金莲不畏强权、不屈抗争的反叛精神的高度褒扬。众所周知,自打《水浒传》问世以来,潘金莲一直是一个遭千古后人唾骂的典型的荡妇形象。例3中,赛译本中潘金莲的形象远远不止于此。她能干、自信、健谈而泼辣。赛珍珠旨在引导并鼓励读者摒弃定式思维,重新全面客观地评价原著中带有污点的女性人物形象,用她的译笔为那些被侮辱和被损害的女性人物平反。
(三)女中豪杰“一丈青”
例4 原著:宋江措手不及,便拍马望东而走。背后一丈青紧追着。一丈青正赶上宋江,待要下手……[4]
赛译本:He had no time to withstand her and whipping his horse he escaped to the east. Behind him in hot pursuit came The Green Snake. She pursued him into the very village and even as she was about to capture him and put forth her hand to seize him ……[5]
登译本:He was unprepared for this, so he galloped off to the east with Steelbright in hot pursuit. The chase took them deep into enemy territory. Steelbright was gaining on him ……[6]
沙译本:He had no time to defend himself. He smote his steed and raced east, with the girl in close pursuit.Ten Feet of Steel was catching up, and was preparing to strike……[7]
例4中描绘了“一丈青”扈三娘同宋江激烈打斗的场景。为了再现女英雄的英武,赛珍珠用上了一连贯的动词,如pursue(追逐)、capture(抓捕)、seize(抓住),揭示了激烈打斗中的更多细节画面,再加上宋江的动作,如withstand(抵抗)、escape(逃跑),女英雄的咄咄逼人和宋江的狼狈不堪、甘拜下风形成了鲜明的对比。在翻译“一丈青正赶上宋江”一句时,登译本和沙译本都用到了介词结构“with Steelbright in hot pursuit”和“with the girl in close pursuit”;赛珍珠用了倒转句式“Behind him in hot pursuit came The Green Snake ”,进一步突出了女英雄的来势凶猛,使译文读来气势上显得更为强烈。女英雄的英姿飒爽在她的译笔下演绎得淋漓尽致,进一步颠覆了男性偏见和定式思维中女性柔弱无力的负面形象。字里行间,读者有一种身临其境的感觉,仿佛眼前再现了两人激烈交锋、殊死搏斗的场景。
再就扈三娘在《水浒传》中的称号“一丈青”而言,登译本和沙译本分别为“Steelbright”和“Ten Feet of Steel”,使这位本来风姿绰约的女英雄完全被男性化,丝毫没有显露出女性的柔美。而赛珍珠将其译为“The Green Snake”,她的译名保留了这位梁山女将阴柔和妖娆的一面。事实上,在原著中,扈三娘也的确是武功超群、风姿过人,且是梁山三大女将中唯一一位能够堪称才貌双全的女将。赛珍珠对其称号的翻译可谓更贴合其在原著中的外貌特征。
在我国古代封建社会,无论是在家庭还是社会中,女性一直被视为是男性的附属品。女性的这一形象在被男性垄断的男性文学中得以充分体现,甚至被夸大、歪曲和丑化。[9]而在赛珍珠译笔下,我们看到的则是另外一种截然不同的女性形象,她们勇敢善战、美丽多情、言辞泼辣、不畏强权、情感丰富、敢爱敢恨。赛译本在某种程度上颠覆了男性专属文学中女性负面消极的形象,唤起新时代女性读者自我意识的觉醒。
《水浒传》作为中国古代四大文学名著之一,它所撰写的年代正值元末明初。受封建王朝男尊女卑思想的影响,作者施耐庵笔下的女性人物社会及家庭地位极低,她们完全没有独立的人格。然而,随着时代的变迁,译者赛珍珠于20世纪30年代翻译这部男权主义作品时,为使其中的女性人物更加符合新时代女性的特征,对其中部分的女性人物形象做出了调整。她通过发挥译者主动性,实现在话语层的操控来尽量提升原著中处于边缘地位和失语状态的负面女性人物形象,使这些第三世界女性的声音能够被全世界聆听,也使得她们在译文中相对积极的形象更加顺应当今社会男女平等的思潮和西方激进的女权运动的政治气候。
赛译本中所体现出的女性形象大致可以归为这样几大类:女性人物摆脱封建礼教桎梏勇敢追求爱情;对父权社会的反抗;对婚姻自由的向往。赛珍珠的翻译动机也从中可见一斑:她倡导对女性的尊重和男女平等;她对其中弱女形象的翻译旨在激起读者对于那些生活在社会底层但却敢于同强权抗争的弱女子的同情和赞赏;对其中三位女将的传神翻译表现了她们英武和男性化的一面,颠覆了男性偏见中女性传统的弱者形象;她在翻译那些对丈夫不忠的女性人物时,也尽可能将她们长期压抑的内心情感世界展现在读者面前,揭露封建买办婚姻对她们身心的摧残和情感的禁锢,塑造她们作为封建婚姻中受害者的形象,从而使她们的不忠形象能够被读者所谅解。
译者赛珍珠在传译女性形象时,并没有拘泥于传统的字面意义对等的束缚,而是成功地突破了传统译论所要求的译者的“隐身”,融入了译者自己的声音,在译文中添加了女性主义彩色,使译者自身的女性主义意识也得以彰显。对原文中被丑化和贬低的女性人物形象,她也并没有完全忠实于原作者施耐庵的女性观去认同原文中的性别偏见和对女性的负面评价,而是从另一角度引导读者关注女性人物性格中的亮点所在,使她们在译本中的形象较之原著及其它译本更加立体、丰富和生动,同时她也鼓励读者大胆摒弃定式思维和固有偏见,重新评价并接纳原文中被打上封建意识形态历史烙印的女性人物,这也是赛译本不同于其他译本的一大亮点。赛珍珠在《水浒传》这样一部充满男权政治的男性文学中,尽量发掘和兼顾女性之美,这也是值得其他译者借鉴的做法[9]。
注 释
① 1917年赛珍珠同美国农学家John. L. Buck 结婚,1935年两人正式离婚。
[1] Flotow, L. Translation and gender: Translating in the “Era of the Feminism”[M].Shanghai: Shanghai Foreign Languages Education Press,2004.
[2] 姚君伟.男权大厦里的怨恨与反抗者——记赛珍珠笔下的中国妇女群像[J].当代外国文学,1995(3): 104-108.
[3] 魏崇新.《水浒传》:一个反女性的文本[J].明清小说研究,1997 (4): 137-146.
[4] 施耐庵.金圣叹批评本《水浒传》[M].罗德荣,校点.长沙:岳麓书社,2006.
[5] Pearl S. Buck.All Men Are Brothers[M].New York:The John Day Company,1933.
[6] Dent-Young, J. Dent-Young, A. The Marshes of Mount Liang[M].Hong Kong:The Chinese University Press, 2002.
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[8] Simon, S. Gender in Translation[M].London & New York: Routledge, 1996.
[9] 吴静.从女性主义视角看赛珍珠对《水浒传》中女性形象的传译[J].广州大学学报(社会科学版),2012(11):92-96.
(责任编辑 龚 勤)
On Images of Female Figures in Pearl S. Buck'sTranslation of Shui Hu Zhuan
HUChanLIUPing
(School of Foreign Languages, Hubei Polytechnic University, Huangshi Hubei 435003)
Using Sidney Shapiro and Dent-Yang's translations of Shui Hu Zhuan for
and combining Pearl S. Buck's bilingual and bicultural background as well as her female identity, this thesis is to discuss different translation strategies adopted by translators of different genders while translating female images of Shui Hu Zhuan. Male translators tend to translate from the standpoint of male domination and female subordination, which is consistent with the original text. On the contrary, Pearl translates from a feminist perspective and her translation has guided target readers to reappraise the degraded female characters with feudal ideology imprint in order to correct their distorted images in original text and rebuild their rebellious images, which are more in line with culture identity and value orientation of western ideology.
Translations ofShuiHuZhuan; Genders of translators; Translations of female images;Translation strategies
2015-09-01
湖北理工学院科学研究项目“赛珍珠水浒传英译本中的女性形象翻译研究”,项目编号:13xjr12Q 。
胡婵(1982— ),女,讲师,硕士,研究方向:翻译理论与实践。
10.3969/j.ISSN.2095-4662.2015.04.010
H059
A
2095-4662(2015)04-0056-06