刊首语

刊首语

近几年国内的专业期刊上刊登了许多有关地理设计的研究成果，地理设计引起了规划设计界的普遍关注，许多规划师也在尝试运用地理设计的方法进行规划和设计工作。

地理设计是一个新的词汇，如果仅仅简单地从字面上来理解，认为地理设计就是结合地理学进行的设计，那么地理设计应该是一种非常古老的设计方法，历史上许多伟大的工程都可以称作是地理设计的结果，从秦直道到长城、从临安城到诸葛村、从窑洞到土楼、从灵隐寺到拉卜楞寺、从乾陵到十三陵、从都江堰到灵渠……这些军事工程、城市、村庄、住宅、寺庙、陵墓、水利设施等都是依据地理条件而设计的，它们都满足了特定的功能，改变了原来的地理形态，同时又与当地的地理环境紧密地融合在一起。

由于技术手段的制约，历史上的工程多是要最大限度地依据当地的自然条件，利用当地的材料，经历几十年甚至几个世纪的时间，汇集以往各种建造的思想智慧和经验成果，采用合理有效的途径，通过一代代虔诚工匠们的艰辛劳动建造而成，期间随时都有调整、纠错、改良和重建的机会，最终建成一项项完美的工程也就不足为奇了。

而今天，科学和技术的发展使得人们有更多的机会和能力，为了某种目的和需要，在极短的时间内改造环境，改变地理形态。在工程实施期间，几乎没有任何试验的机会，也没有重建返工的可能。如果决策有误，对环境的伤害是巨大的，甚至是不可逆的。今天地球面临的许多生态问题以及大地景观支离破碎的原因多是由于不合理的规划和建设导致的，于是科学地决策，选择最优化的计划，成为每项工程成功与否的难题。成功的设计和决策的关键在于了解和掌握这个地块及其影响区域内的所有相关地理信息，以此科学地分析和判断地块的环境是怎样的，环境是如何演变的，存在哪些问题，环境需要改变吗，为了什么目的来改变，应该怎样改变，这种改变会产生怎样的影响。

与古代的工程相比，现代的工程数量更多，规模更大，影响范围更广，更加综合复杂，需要工种更多，设计和建造周期更短，所以几乎没有任何个人，任何单一的学科能够了解和把握工程的所有方面，仅仅依靠经验和直觉来完成上述的工作几乎是不可能的，需要有更好的设计方法来协同不同的学科、利用信息技术和现代科技手段，完成科学、合理、最优的规划和决策，这就是地理设计产生的背景，也是地理设计的目的。

地理设计是一种规划设计方法，这种方法建立在地理信息基础之上，将地理分析与设计过程结合，完成规划设计并可模拟规划实施后未来可能产生的影响，从而保证规划设计过程和决策的科学和高效。地理设计是一种设计方法上的革新，它能更直接、更准确、更有效地帮助设计师更好地理解和表达每个场所的复杂性，选择最优质的计划和决策。当然我相信，无论科学和技术怎样发展，地理设计也不能取代设计师的眼睛和头脑，人类史上的伟大工程都是设计师用眼睛去观察世界、用心灵与土地沟通的结果，那些设计师使用了千百年的思考和推敲设计的方法并不会随着科技的发展而消失。

In the last few years， many research achievements concerning Geodesign have been published in professional periodicals of China， drawing the common attention in the planning and design industry. As a result，many planners start to apply Geodesign in their planning and design works.

Geodesign， as a new term， can be explained literally that it is a design method integrating with Geography. In this way， Geodesign could be considered as a design method with long history. Many of the great projects in history could be regarded as the results of Geodesign： the Strategic Road of Qin， the Great Wall， the Ancient Linan City， Zhuge Village， Cave Dwellings， Earthen Buildings，the Lingyin Temple， the Labrang Monastery， the Qianling Mausoleum， the Ming Tombs， the Dujiang Weir， the Lingqu Canal， and so on… Those works， ranging from military engineering， cities， villages， residences， temples，tombs to water conservancy facilities， were designed in accordance with the geographical conditions， fulfilling their specified functions， changing the original geography appearance and at the same time integrating tightly with local geographical environments.

Due to the limitation of technological means， most engineering in history had to depend on the local natural conditions and materials to. Decades and even centuries of preparation being made， generation of generation of craftsmen employed， past ideas， experiences and achievements referred， reasonable and valid methods applied， adjustments， corrections， improvements and reconstruction committed， and finally pieces of fine works were completed.

Today， the booming of science and technologies brings us more opportunities and makes us more capable of reforming the environment and geographic pattern in a extremely short time for certain purposes and needs. During the construction period， there are few trials or chances for reconstructions. Therefore， wrong decisions could be destructive and irreversible to environment. Many of the ecological problems and the fragmentation of earthscape we are facing today are caused by unreasonable planning and constructions. So scientific decision-making and optimized planning selection become vital to a successful engineering. The key to a successful design or decision lies on the understanding and mastering of the block and the relevant geographic information within its area of influence， and thereby analyzing and judging scientifically how the environment condition of the block is like， how does the environment change， what problems are there to be solved， is changing the environment necessary， to what end dose such change lead， how to make such change， and what influences will such change causes.

Compared with the ancient engineering， modern engineering is larger in quantity and scale and of wider impact area； it is more comprehensive and complicated；and it requires wider range of professions while its designing and constructing period is shorter. Therefore there is hardly any individual or single discipline being able to comprehend and master every aspect of a engineer. It is scarcely possible to finish any engineering mentioned above only by one’s experience or instinct. Better design methods are required to coordinate with various disciplines， and information technologies and modern science and techniques must be employed to develop a scientific， reasonable and optimal planning and decision. And that is the background of the origin of Geodesign， it is also the goal of Geodesign.

Geodesign is a planning and design method established on the basis of geographic information. It integrates the geography analysis with design process to finish planning and design， making it possible to simulate potential impacts when implemented， ensuring the scientificity and effectiveness of the planning and design and decision making process. Geodesign is also a revolution of design method. It helps designers to comprehend and express the complexity of every site more directly， more precisely and more effectively， and thereby select the optimal plan and decision. Surely， I believe that no matter how science and technology will be developing， Geodesign can not replace the eyes or brains of designers. It can be said that all great engineering in human history are the results of the designers’communication and interaction with the world and landscape through their eyes and minds. Those design methods of ancient designers， which have gone through centuries of reflection and deliberation will remain highly valued as science and technology develop through time.

March 18， 2015 WANG Xiang-rong

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