高渗羟乙基淀粉对脑缺血大鼠颅内压的影响及机制探讨

2015-10-21 20:00袁向东江稳强蒋鑫朱高峰曾红科
中华急诊医学杂志 2015年3期
关键词:脑水肿

袁向东 江稳强 蒋鑫 朱高峰 曾红科

DOI:10.3760/cma.j.issn.1671-0282.2015.03.015

基金項目:国家临床重点专科建设项目(2012649)

作者单位:510080 广州,广东省人民医院(广东省医学科学院)急诊科(袁向东、江稳强、蒋鑫、朱高峰、曾红科);南方医科大学研究生学院(蒋鑫)

通信作者:袁向东,Email:gzdong405@vip.163.com

【摘要】目的 探讨高渗羟乙基淀粉200/0.5氯化钠注射液对脑缺血-再灌注大鼠颅内压和脑水肿的影响及可能机制。方法 采用随机对照动物实验研究方法,实验在中山大学实验动物中心进行。取28只雄性SD大鼠,随机(随机数字法)分为高渗羟乙基淀粉组、羟乙基淀粉组、对照组和假手术组。右侧大脑中动脉阻塞(middle cerebral artery occlusion, MCAO)法建立脑梗死再灌注大鼠模型,造模不成功另选大鼠再行手术补足手术组,于再灌注开始时尾静脉泵入高渗羟乙基淀粉200/0.5氯化钠注射液和羟乙基淀粉130/0.4氯化钠注射液,分别为206 mL/(kg·d);造模后0、2、6、12、18、24 h时间点分别测量血浆胶体渗透压(plasma colloid osmotic pressure,COP)和颅内压(intracranial pressure,ICP);治疗24 h后测量右侧大脑半球含水量(brain water content,BWC)。结果 高渗羟乙基淀粉组、羟乙基淀粉组和对照组术后各时间点ICP均显著高于假手术组;高渗羟乙基淀粉组术后ICP明显低于对照组和羟乙基淀粉组, 但羟乙基淀粉组各时间点ICP和对照组比较差异无统计学意义。高渗羟乙基淀粉组和羟乙基淀粉组COP各时间点均显著高于对照组和假手术组,高渗羟乙基淀粉组和羟乙基淀粉组间差异均无统计学意义。高渗羟乙基淀粉组、羟乙基淀粉组和对照组脑含水量均显著高于假手术组[(81.24±0.36)%、(83.04±0.10)%、(83.14±0.41)% vs.(78.37±0.37)%,P=0.000];高渗羟乙基淀粉组脑含水率显著低于对照组[(81.24±0.36)% vs.(83.14±0.41)%,P=0.000)]和羟乙基淀粉组[(81.24±0.36)% vs.(83.04±0.10)%,P=0.000];羟乙基淀粉组和对照组比较差异无统计学意义[(83.04±0.10)% vs.(83.14±0.41)%, P=0.578]。结论 高渗羟乙基淀粉可明显改善脑缺血-再灌注大鼠急性期脑水肿、降低颅内压,但未能证实其提高COP对颅内压和脑水肿的影响。

【关键词】高渗羟乙基淀粉;缺血-再灌注损伤,脑; 胶体渗透压;颅内压; 脑水肿

Effects and its mechanisms of hypertonic saline hydroxyethyl starch 200/0.5 solution in rats with ischemic cerebral edema

Yuan Xiangdong,Jiang Wenqiang, Jiang Xin,Zhu Gaofeng, Zeng Hongke. Guangdong General Hospital,Guangdong Academy of Medical Sciences,Guangzhou 510080,China

Corresponding author:Yuan Xiangdong, Email:gzdong405@vip.163.com

【Abstract】Objective To investigate effects and its mechanisms of hypertonic saline hydroxyethyl starch 200/0.5 solution on intracranial pressure and brain water content in rats with ischemic cerebral edema. Methods All experiments were conducted in the animal experimental center of Sun Yat-sen University.The 28 male Sprague-Dawle(SD) rats were randomly(random number) divided into hypertonic saline hydroxyethyl starch group, hydroxyethyl starch group, control group and sham operation group, each n=7. Ischemic cerebral edema model was reproduced by middle cerebral artery occlusion(MCAO),followed by reperfusion after ischemia for 2 hours(If the moldel was not successful, other rats were operated to fill the missing models). Then reperfusion after ischemia 2 hours and received hypertonic saline hydroxyethyl starch and hydroxyethyl starch via tail vein at the beginning of reperfusion. The colloidal osmotic pressure (COP) and intracranial pressure(ICP) were evaluated on 0,2,6,12,18,24 hours after the surgery. The water content of the right hemisphere was measured on 24 h after the surgery. Results The ICP of hypertonic saline hydroxyethyl starch group,hydroxyethyl starch group and control group were significantly higher than that of sham operation group on 2,6,12,18,24 h after the surgery.The ICP of hypertonic saline hydroxyethyl starch group was significantly lower than those of hydroxyethyl starch group and control group on 2, 6,12,18 and 24 h.But there was no significant difference in ICP of the hydroxyethyl starch group compared with that of control group at all time points. The COP of hypertonic saline hydroxyethyl starch group and hydroxyethyl starch group were significantly higher than the control group and sham operation group at each time point; There was no significant difference in COP (mmHg)of the hydroxyethyl starch group compared with that of hypertonic saline hydroxyethyl starch group at all time points. The brain water content (BWC)of hypertonic saline hydroxyethyl starch group,hydroxyethyl starch group and control group were significantly higher than that of sham operation group on 24 hours after the surgery[(81.24±0.36)%,(83.04±0.10)%,(83.14±0.41)% vs. (78.37±0.37)%,all P=0.000], BWC of hypertonic saline hydroxyethyl starch group lower than these of hydroxyethyl starch group[(81.24±0.36)% vs. (83.04±0.10) %,P=0.000] and control group [(81.24±0.36)% vs.(83.14±0.41) %,P=0.000]. There was no significant difference in BWC of the hydroxyethyl starch group compared with that of control group [(83.04±0.10)% vs.(83.14±0.41) %,P=0.578]. Conclusion Hypertonic saline hydroxyethyl starch solution could significantly ameliorate ischemic cerebral edema and reduce ICP,but the relationship between its elevated COP and reduced ICP has not been confirmed.

【Key words】Hypertonic saline hydroxyethyl starch solution; Cerebral ischemia/reperfusion injury;Colloidal osmotic pressure; Intracranial pressure; Cerebral edema

缺血性脑卒中早期出现的颅内压升高的处理最常使用方法是脱水疗法,即通过提高血管内外渗透压差达到治疗效果,代表性药物有甘露醇和高渗盐水等。除了血浆晶体渗透压对颅内压的影响外,研究还发现调节胶体渗透压可能同样对颅内压有调控作用[1];高渗羟乙基淀粉200/0.5氯化钠作为一种高渗晶体和人工胶体的有机组合对缺血性脑水肿、颅高压的影响如何?其具体通过什么机制发挥作用?目前尚没有相关的研究报道。本研究拟采用脑缺血-再灌注大鼠模型观察应用高渗羟乙基淀粉200/0.5氯化钠和羟乙基淀粉130/0.4氯化钠对颅内压和血浆胶体渗透压的影响。

1 材料与方法

1.1 实验动物分组与动物模型的制作

28只6~8周成年SD雄鼠,实验动物由中山大学实验动物中心提供,体质量230~250 g。随机(随机数字法)分为高渗羟乙基淀粉组、羟乙基淀粉组、对照组和假手术组,每组7只。大鼠禁食12 h、禁水6 h后,氯胺酮100 mg/kg肌注麻醉。⑴左侧颅顶钻孔硬脑膜下置入Camino Parenchymal catheter (110-4B)型颅内压监测探头,外接Camino MPM-1型颅内压监测仪(Integra-neurosciences,英国),以速凝型牙托粉封闭骨孔,缝合皮肤;⑵采用改良MCAO法[4],将预先经多聚赖氨酸处理过的直径0.26 mm的线栓经大鼠右侧颈内动脉置入约18~22 mm(根据动物大小调整插入线栓的深度),阻塞右侧大脑中动脉,记录梗阻开始时间,并以此时间点为记录起点;固定外端的线栓并标记留在皮肤外面线栓的长度,缝合皮肤。大鼠麻醉未苏醒时应注意保暖。颈总动脉近心端置入16号静脉留置管,肝素盐水封闭抗凝;血浆胶体渗透压测量采用BMT-923型胶体渗透压测量仪(Okometer,德国),肝素化微量注射器通过颈动脉留置管每次抽取100 μL动脉血,并注意肝素盐水封闭。所用线栓均术前浸渍多聚赖氨酸,60 ℃烘干备用。缺血2 h后,拔出线栓约10 mm,使线栓退至颈总动脉杈处,实现脑缺血-再灌注。并进行动物模型评分(Zea longa评分标准[4]);评分1~3分为符合实验要求,第一批21只造模,成功16只,另选大鼠再行手术补足手术组(11只造模成功5只);21只造模成功大鼠分为A、B、C组:A组经鼠尾静脉泵入高渗羟乙基淀粉200/0.5氯化钠注射液(森尤斯卡比公司,德国),速度为1 mL/h,为高渗羟乙基淀粉组;B组经鼠尾静脉泵入羟乙基淀粉130/0.4氯化钠注射液费(森尤斯卡比公司,德国),速度为1 mL/h,为羟乙基淀粉组;C组不给予任何处理,为对照组;假手术组:除不插线栓外,其余操作与对照组相同。

1.2 颅内压和血浆胶体渗透压监测

于术后2、6、12、18和24 h时点分别采用Okometer BMT-923型胶体渗透压测量仪测量血浆胶体渗透压(COP),Integraneurosciences Camino MPM-1型颅内压监测仪监测大鼠颅内压(ICP)变化。

1.3 脑含水量测定

大鼠治疗24 h后处死,进行脑含水量测定。快速断头取右侧大脑半球,蘸去表面血迹,测量湿质量,将脑组织放入恒温80 ℃干燥箱内干燥72 h,取出称干质量(g)。脑含水率=(湿质量-干质量)/湿质量×100%。

1.4 统计学方法

所有数据经SPSS 13.0统计软件处理,根据资料不同类型进行相应的统计处理。服从正态分布的计量资料以均数±标准差(x±s)表示;單因素组间比较采用one-way ANOVA方差分析。方差齐,组间多重比较采用LSD-t分析,方差不齐,组间多重比较采用Dunnetts T3分析;以P<0.05为差异具有统计学意义。

2 结果

2.1 24 h ICP变化

0 h各组ICP比较差异无统计学意义(F=0.924,P=0.444),在术后2、6、12、18、24 h各时间点,高渗羟乙基淀粉组ICP显著低于羟乙基淀粉组(组间两两比较,P<0.05)和对照组(组间两两比较,P<0.05);但显著高于假手术组,组间两两比较,P=0.000);羟乙基淀粉组和对照组各时间点ICP差异无统计学意义(组间两两比较,P>0.05),见表1。

2.2 24 h COP变化

0 h时间点COP各组间比较均差异无统计学意义(F=0.586,P=0.630),在术后2、6、12、18、24 h时间点,高渗羟乙基淀粉组和羟乙基淀粉组COP比较均差异无统计学意义(组间两两比较,P>0.05);高渗羟乙基淀粉组和羟乙基淀粉组COP显著高于对照组(高渗羟乙基淀粉组与对照组组间两两比较,P<0.05;羟乙基淀粉组与对照组组间两两比较,P<0.05)和假手术组(高渗羟乙基淀粉组与假手术组组间两两比较,P<0.05;羟乙基淀粉组与假手术组组间两两比较,P<0.05);对照组与假手术组在各时间点均差异无统计学意义(组间两两比较,P>0.05),结果见表2。

2.3 脑含水量

高渗羟乙基淀粉组、羟乙基淀粉组和对照组脑含水量均显著高于假手术组[(81.24±0.36)%、(83.04±0.10)%、(83.14±0.41)%vs.(78.37±0.37)%,均P=0.000)];高渗羟乙基淀粉组脑含水率显著低于对照组[(81.24±0.36)%vs.(83.14±0.41)%,P=0.000)]和羟乙基淀粉组[(81.24±0.36)%vs.(83.04±0.10)%,P=0.000)];羟乙基淀粉组和对照组比较差异无统计学意义[(83.04±0.10)%vs.(83.14±0.41)%, P=0.578]。结果见图1。

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